Ireland from 1814 to 1850

1. Protestant Ascendancy Early Georgian Ireland

7. Irish Parliament of 1692 Attempt to reject Treaty of Limerick 1691 English Parliament prevents Catholics from being elected Penal Laws

8. House of Commons 300 members 32 county constituencies 8 county boroughs (including Dublin and Cork) Trinity College Pot-walloping boroughs Many pocket boroughs

9. Irish House of Lords Spiritual Majority English - supported administration Temporal Majority “Old Protestant” [from Tudor or early Stuart periods] – supported administration “Old English” - More sympathetic to Catholic causes Few Catholics

10. Penal LawsProtestant Ascendancy Acts Against “papists” Requiring an oath of “supremacy,” “abjuration” or against transubstantiation Preventing “the further Growth of Popery”

11. Penal Laws Restrict occupations: lawyers, doctors, teachers, civil or military officeholders Restrict education in Ireland or abroad Restrict leases; land sales; inheritance

12. 1697 Banish Bishops, etc. Three leave voluntarily One transported Two acquitted Two pass as parish priests 424 monastics transported

13. Test Act - Marriages Only Church of England marriages valid Catholic parish registers often not kept Mixed marriages Daughters in mother’s faith Sons in father’s faith

14. Test Act - Marriages Presbyterian marriages clandestine 1737 Bill of Indemnity’ exempts Presbyterian marriage contracts from prosecution 1782 Presbyterian ministers allowed to marry Presbyterians 1845 Marriages of Presbyterians and others legalized

15. Land and Catholics Leases less than 31 years Rent not less than two thirds of the improved yearly value No Catholics in Limerick, Galway or their suburbs except sailors, fishermen or day laborers

16. Exceptions Brownes of Westport Brownes of Kenmare

17. Quaker Influence English Parliament exercised right to return bills to Dublin Quaker concerns about forced tithes Quaker concerns about marriage restrictions Quaker concerns about oaths

18. 1703Catholic Land Reduced to ~14%

19. Penal Laws – Consequences? Absenteeism Balance of payments Failure to improve property Conversion of tilled land to pasture

20. Mass Rocks

21. Hedge Schools

22. Scotland & Presbyterian migration 1688-1697 30,000 from Scotland to Ulster 1698-9 20,000 “ “ 1707 Scotland Act of Union Forced on Scotland for economic reasons Establishes Kirk (Presbyterian Church in Scotland) Irish request for union ignored

23. Presbyterians Traditional County Armagh Presbyterian prayer“May the Lord protect his ain Kirk [own Church] from the Whore that sits on the Seven Hills and her bastard daughter, the Church of Ireland” Regulation of marriage and inheritance

24. William Molyneux 1698 The Case of Ireland's being Bound by Acts of Parliament in England, Stated

25. The Case for Ireland England and Ireland were separate Kingdoms, i.e. Ireland is not a colony The happiness of a constitution, depended on a proper balance between the king's and the people's rights. “All men are by nature in a state of equity” and have the right of “being free from all subjection to positive laws till by their own consent they give up their freedom by entering into civil societies.”

26. Jacobites 1715 Jacobite Rising in Scotland Most Presbyterians support the government 1745 Bonnie Price Charlie Lack of support from Catholic middle class

27. Economic issues – 1720’s Dependence on and cost of imported coal Rising debt Demands for “no new taxes” Outflow of silver Need to regulate baking industry

28. Swift a Modest Proposal . . .

29. Buy Irish Promoted by Swift in 1729 1731 Dublin Society to foster textile industry Wearing Irish linens Non-importation boycotts

30. The Proposal for the Uniform Use of Irish Manufacture Burn every Thing that came from England . . . except their Coals Printer tried nine times but grand juries refuse to indict

31. Wood Half Penny

32. 1729 Famine Embargo on exports Riots in Cork, Limerick, Clonmel and Waterford in early 1729 Mobs in Drogheda and Dublin prevent export of oats and potatoes Put down by Army with support of Catholic Church Prices lowered; public collections for poor

33. Immigration through Delaware River Ports

34. 1740-41 Famine Pan European cooling Inability to land coal Frozen mills Frozen potatoes Spring drought

35. Diet – Farm Family of 6 Bread from 40 bushels Potatoes 52 bushels 6 qts. buttermilk or skim milk/day Hundred of skim milk cheese Hundred of butter Beef from one carcass

36. Prison Diet – 1840s Bread diet—2 lbs. bread, 1 quart of pure milk. Potato—9 lbs potatoes, 1 pint of new milk, 1 pint buttermilk. Mixed diet—8oz. meal for stirabout, 4 lbs. potatoes, 1 pint of new milk and 1 pint of buttermilk

37. Potatoes and oats

38. Potatoes and Nutrition

39. Potatoes and Nutrition (1 Kg raw) 330 % of Vitamin C (DV) 140 % of Iron 60-90 % of Mg, P, K Thiamine, niacin Milk – Ca, Vitamins A and D, B12