SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 78
Baixar para ler offline
Secret        The hidden archaeology of
                   the graveyards of Killora &
    Histories:     Killogilleen, Craughwell, Co.
                               Galway




Robert M Chapple
What I want to do:
examine a number of quantifiable elements of gravestone
  morphology:
Going deeper ...
Look at the apparent sexual and family politics of
  commemoration.
1) the problem of a male/female dynamic in commemorative
   practice
2) the social question of the family relationships between the
   deceased and the individual commissioning the memorial
In the beginning ...
March 1995 to October 1997


Craughwell Community Council and FÁS


Job description: monitor cutting back of overgrowth and the
  trimming of ivy at Killora & Killogilleen.


Also produced two books of gravestone inscriptions
A little bit of history ...
Killora and Killogilleen: typical of small Irish Medieval churches.




                                                        As such, they
                                                        represent      the
                                                        two         chief,
                                                        traditional burial
                                                        grounds for the
                                                        modern
                                                        ecclesiastical
                                                        parish          of
                                                        Craughwell and
                                                        Ballymanagh.
Killora & Killogilleen
 standing remains appear to date to
    the late 15th to early 16th
    centuries


 evidence for construction and
   alteration from at least the late
   12th to early 13th centuries
Killora
Name: Cill Eóra (Church of St Eora) or Cill Óthra (church of
  prayers)
Earliest reference: 1333 (AFM records death of Archdeacon of
  Killora – disputed)
1586: taxed at £1 6s 8d
1588: lands leased to Bryan Fitzwilliams
1593: lands leased to John Lye
1625-49: sold to Robert Blake for £5
1661: sold to John Eyre
Killogilleen
Papal letters of Innocent VIII
March 27th 1491: vacancy in the Canonry at Killogilleen. Dispute:
  On the death of the perpetual vicar (Geoffery Ocuan) lands
  illegally taken over by Florence Ogerbayn
February 18th 1492: Florence & his brother (William) get Papal
  sanction to unite Killogilleen with the vicarage of Kilchreest.


Name: the church of the O’Killeens
The gravestones
Killora: 181 gravestones.
Directly dated examples: 1619 to1987.


Killogilleen: 119 gravestones.
Directly dated examples: 1654 to 1995.


55 stones removed, leaving a corpus of 245, on which the
  analyses are based

Some removed: because they did not contain an extant or legible date sufficient to
  categorise them by decade.
As the survival rate of the earliest gravestones is somewhat sporadic, three further stones
   which date to before the 1740s were not included
Problems & caveats
Accurately assess the decade of construction
frequent delay in the erection of the gravestone after the initial
   burial.
Reasons: Financial
           Engineering - ensuring that the earth has sufficiently
  settled to prevent the stone sinking or toppling forward
Gravestone may include a date of erection below the
  commemorative text - 14 recorded instances (6%) from 1795
  to 1865.


One stone bears the same date for both erection and the primary
  memorial, the average hiatus is 9.43 years with a maximum
  gap of 23 years.


Usually construction date was deduced from the primary
  inscription. 90 cases (37%) commemorated a single individual
Majority: estimation based on the analysis carving techniques
  etc. and on the order of commemoration.
Total number of stones (all types)
       erected by decade
Differences
       Killora is characterised by a
          rising series of peaks
          during the 1810s, 1870s
          and 1970s
Differences
       Killora is characterised by a
          rising series of peaks
          during the 1810s, 1870s
          and 1970s


       with corresponding lulls in
          usage during the 1840s
          and 1930s
Differences
                                         Although Killogilleen displays
                                            a similar peak during the
                                            1970s, the primary period
                                            of grave marker erection
                                            appears in the 1790s and
                                            is relatively sustained until
                                            the 1830s, falling off
                                            sharply after this point


It is in this relict framework of gravestone erection and survival that
the rising and waning of individual styles and fashions in popular
religion and culture must be observed
Killora & Killogilleen are broadly similar to other parts of Ireland
   where the use of durable grave-markers did not begin to
   flourish until the 17th century, with a marked expansion during
   the first half of the 18th century
The reasons for this sudden increase in grave marker production
  may be related to a number of factors, including the
  burgeoning of a relatively affluent middle-class of local
  merchants, craftsmen, farmers etc., keen to display their
  wealth and importance in long-lasting, public forms.
Recumbent slabs & table tombs




sharp increase in their use in the period after 1760, culminating in
  the 1770s & falling off sharply in the 1780s-1790s (though still
  comprising c.50% of all monuments erected)
Recumbent slabs & table tombs




The 1800s saw a resurgence in popularity for the type, with a
  steady decline over following decades
Headstones




Killogilleen: headstones are a (relatively) constant feature 1740s-1980s
Killora: only effectively appearing during the 1820s & rise to domination
Rubrics (introductory phrases)
                    Just like any other
                      aspect of mortuary
                      practice, these
                      phrases go through
                      phases of popularity
                      and decline
‘Pray for the soul of’ first appears: 1750s, disappearing in the following
   decade before rising in popularity until the 1790s – decline after.
   Minor resurgence: 1860s to 1920s.
‘Sacred heart of Jesus have mercy on the soul of’: 1900 to 1920.
‘Sacred to the memory of’: 1870s to 1900s
‘Erected by’: falls out of use: 1840s & 1950s
Popular from 1770s to the 1960s.
Erected by
by implication, commemorates
  less the deceased in favour of
  the individual responsible for
  commissioning the memorial
‘now these points of data make a beautiful line …'




 ‘Lord have mercy on the soul of’: from 1790s, to 1920s, with a
    peak in the 1840s


 ‘In loving memory’: 1870s to 1980s.
IHS   variously interpreted as
        Iesous a rendering of
        the Greek
        orthography for
        ‘Jesus’, Iesus
        Hominum Salvator
        (Jesus, saviour of
        mankind) or In Hoc
        Signo [Vince] (In this
        sign, conquer)
      easily the most popular
        single      ideogram
        represented- occurs
        in various styles on
        some 151 examples
        (62%)
continuing popularity from the 1760s until its sudden decline in
  the 1870s.
two graveyards show markedly different distributions of the
  symbol.
Killora: defined peaks during the 1770s, 1840s and 1910s.
Killogilleen: remained highly popular from the 1770s to the 1860s
   with a secondary peak culminating during the 1930s and
   1940s.
Changes to the IHS form




IHS with a cross (usually springing from the cross-bar of the
  ‘H’) first appeared in the 1760s and enjoyed a high
  popularity until the 1860s
‘IHS’ monogram with a cross where the ‘I’ was carved in the
   form of a ‘J’ appeared during the 1810s, peaking during
   the 1840s
plain form of the monogram (without a cross) – introduced:
   1860s, peaked: 1890s and 1940s.
Entwined 'IHS': introduced 1880s, with peaks in the 1920s
  and 1940s.
The omega Ω
                                       Omega: most popular of the
                                        shapes used for the cross-bar
                                        of the 'H' in the ‘IHS'
                                        monogram.
                                       Omega may be construed as a
                                        symbol of death or memento
                                        mori.


Represented on 25 gravestones (17%).
Introduced: 1780s
Most popular: 1810s.
Decline: 1820s-1830s
Revival: 1850s.
Variation
Occasionally the omega is
  inverted, so that the ‘loop’
  is open towards the top
Does it have a meaning?
Speculation: may be a deconstruction of a death symbol - turning
  it into a symbol of life and resurrection.
Does it have a meaning?
Speculation: may be a deconstruction of a death symbol - turning
  it into a symbol of life and resurrection.


Any evidence?
Does it have a meaning?
Speculation: may be a deconstruction of a death symbol - turning
  it into a symbol of life and resurrection.


Any evidence? … maybe
Analogy: in Medieval sculpture dragons and other mythical and
  monstrous beasts are used as emblems of Satan, but are
  shown with knotted tails, indicating that they have been
  defeated by Christianity.
Carving at St. Nicholas'
                 Collegiate Church, Galway
                 (15th Century)




Inversion of monster
  shows same process:
Red Crosse Knight
  Slaying the Dragon -
  Illustration from "The
  Fairie Queen" (1590)
St George & the
  Dragon by Gustave
  Moreau 19th century
  French Symbolist
  painter               19th/20th century
                          illustration
21st century …
'Primeval' TV show on
   ITV!
                        19th/20th century
                          illustration
Hearts




The use of hearts has a long history within Christian symbolism
  as a whole. Plain, upright heart. Popular from 1780s to 1940s,
  peaking in the 1880s and 1890s.
Earlier examples: usually in
  low false relief
Later ones: frequently cut in
  high relief and display
  additional       attributes
  including bands of thorns,
  gushing blood and puncture
  wounds to the heart.


This particular evolution of form
  may be as much the result of
  changes in fashion as
  developments in carving
  techniques and technology.
Inverted hearts




The form enjoyed popularity from the 1780s to 1850s, especially
  at either end of the period.
The symbol is most often found appended beneath the cross-bar
  of the ‘H’ in the ‘IHS’ monogram
The symbol may be interpreted as an image of death, similar to
                     the use of the omega.




Occasionally, the inverted heart occurs in conjunction with the
inverted omega.
Exact meaning of this combination is (at best) obscure.
Hearts have largely gone out of fashion.
Today: frequently incorporated into representations of Christ.
Flowers (various forms) relatively rare & infrequent.
Found from 1790s to 1940s.
Flower as a symbol of resurrection
Killora cemetery - arrangement of the symbols presents an
   explicit narrative of journey from death to resurrection.
Symbol of death or ‘memento mori’ (a skull and cross-bones)
the ‘last day’ (Archangel Michael with a trumpet)
Judgement (a set of scales)
Salvation (rosette)
Central panel represents
  heaven?
   IHS & cross: Jesus
   Cherubim
   Hand with key: St. Peter


Decorative border: the wall
  around heaven (?)
Revelations 21: 144 cubits
  high (roughly 216 feet)
Just a little aside ...
    This stone: dedicated to Patrick Cloonan &
      erected in 1839




     Weighing of souls (Psychostasis): East Side
      of the Muiredach's Cross, Monasterboice,
      County Louth (900-923 AD)
West tympanum of Notre
 Dame Cathedral in Paris
 (1163-1250).




Origin? … Egyptian theology?
  … the heart weighed
  against the feather Maat
A few words about peacocks …
                  Ancient belief that the
                    flesh of the peafowl
                    did not decay – led to
                    an association with
                    immortality – adopted
                    in Early Christianity
Happy families?




165 memorials (67.35%) give details of family relationships
  between the deceased and the commissioner of the
  monument
Sons for parents (29.70%)            Wives for husbands (20.60%)
Husbands for wives (9.70%)    Fathers for children (8.48%)
Daughters for parents (8.48%) Families as a group for parents (6.06%)
These figures are not static through time, but display marked
  changes.
Detailing of family relationships is absent before the 1780s, at
  which point sons begin to be included in the inscriptions
  commemorating parents. Peaked: 1790s. Popular (if in
  decline) until 1880s.
First instance of a daughter commemorating her parents did not
   occur until the 1830s. Increasing until the 1910s (reached a
   level comparable with the numbers of sons commissioning
   monuments).
Husbands commemorating wives : intermittent dedications from
  the 1780s to 1980s
Wives commemorating husbands: did not start until the 1800s, is
  much higher, peaking in the 1890s.
Expectation:
The chief group responsible for the erection of stones should be
  a close second generation relative, such as a son or daughter.
True for sons commissioning monuments for parents (29.7%).
But daughters comprise only the fourth largest named group
  (8.48%).
This is at variance with what should be expected if we are to
  presume a roughly 50:50 male/female split in the population.
But why?
We should see these figures as evidence of the perceived
 demands of graveyard (and societal) propriety where the
 eldest surviving son (or sons) was expected to shoulder the
 financial/organisational, burden of commemoration.
Simple advantages: choice of sculptor; type/variety of symbols
  used
opportunity to have their own names included on the inscription.
But why?
More complex benefits: public display of family continuity
Display of continued wealth and prestige on the parochial stage.


Economically: eldest son is most likely to inherit the bulk of the
  family property & therefore the one expected to commemorate
  the deceased.
In this way, the act of commemoration of one’s parents (in
   particular one’s father) becomes a very public statement that
   the role of head of the family had passed to the next
   generation.
Problems with this approach
Undoubted ‘stylistic’ element: times when such inscriptions were
  considered appropriate
Other factors:
relative ages of husbands to wives (older males predeceased
   their spouses)
mothers dying in childbirth
families which produced no issue, or only female children.
A different approach ...
The order in which the names of the deceased are placed within
  the inscriptions.


109 gravestones (44.49%) list a husband and a wife.


Of these, 81 (74.31%) list the deceased in the order in which they
  died: husband predeceasing the wife (67 cases, 61.47%); wife
  predeceasing the husband (13 cases, 12.84%).
Minor component: female who predeceased her husband is listed
  after him (13 cases). Sporadically from the 1860s to 1980s
Gaps between deaths: four days to 36 years.
Where a wife predeceased her husband (but is listed after him) –
 was there no personal property available to be inherited by
 the next generation? … any private property went to the
 surviving husband.
Result: no change in the fiscal power within the family structure.
It would make greatest financial and social sense to wait until
   the (male) head of the family died before commissioning a
   memorial to them both.
In the 13 cases where wives predeceased their husbands and
   are listed chronologically within the inscription, all but one
   post-dates the 1900s.
The single example from the 1830s was erected by the daughter
  of the family – significant?
Numbers of gravestones commemorating one individual only …
  with the exception of the 1900s more men than women
  received stones … what does it say about how women were
  valued in rural Ireland from the 1750s to the 1980s?
The theme of family power and
  precedence are also reflected in the
  non-chronological ordering of
  children in relation to their parents.
21 instances (8.57%) where children
  who predeceased one or both
  parents are placed lower on the
  inscription than would be from a
  simple list.
These are considered as ‘internal
  relatives’, such as sons, daughters
  and grandchildren – part of the
  lineal descent of the family.
There are a further 4 cases
  (1.63%) where ‘external
  relatives’ (i.e. uncles,
  aunts, brothers- and sisters-
  in-law etc. of the
  commissioners)
  predeceased the primary
  individual, but are listed in a
  secondary position.
It should be noted that this is the only
    position in which predeceased
    children are commemorated, there
    being no instance where a
    predeceased child is listed before its
    parents.
There is only one stone within the two
  graveyards where a child alone is
  commemorated. The stone is
  particularly small (0.93m high x
  0.51m wide) and commemorates
  Francy Cawley (d. 1884, age 4
  years). It may be significant that of all
  the stones analysed, this is the only
  one to include a verse.
Worth a mention ...
with the exception of the previous case; the three individuals who
   died in the 1970s & one grandchild from the 1940s, all the
   predeceased children were juveniles to mature adults,
   whose ages range from 8 to 32, (average: 20.42 years).
Probably a significant portion of the local dead (from post-
  baptismal infants to young juveniles) are wholly unrepresented
  within the until the 1940s at the very earliest.
Those who are, are relegated to a secondary position within the
  inscriptions.
Final thoughts and conclusions
Observed a rural community whose conscious and
  unconscious actions in choosing gravestones betrays some
  of their ideas & concerns about how they perceive the
  workings of intra-family power and organisation, and indeed
  what constitutes the family in the first place.
Structure: father as head of the family, with wife and children
  taking up secondary roles.
Family: clearly defined as a nuclear, linear unit where uncles,
  aunts, and various in-laws, or ‘external relations’ are
  accorded commemoration, but in a position inferior to the
  perceived head of the family and its core of ‘internal relations’
  (as viewed by the commissioning individual!).
Change: From the beginning of the 20th century, we see a slow
  democratisation entering (but not eclipsing) this view of the
  traditional family structure - predeceased wives accorded the
  primary position within the inscriptions.
Study of decoration: image of how individuals saw
  themselves within their communities.
My argument: examination of 'non-chronological ordering'
  within inscriptions allows us to see into local society.
Also: how individual families saw themselves and how they
  understood their internal organisation and power structures
  - something that other avenues of research are largely unable
  to!
While this trend towards non-chronological ordering of the
 inscription is a very minor element of the corpus as a whole, it
 still warrants further investigation to establish its wider
 temporal and physical distribution.
Publications on the subject:
1995 The Church of Prayers: gravestone inscriptions from the
  graveyard of Killora, Craughwell, Co. Galway.


1997 Cillogcillín: gravestone inscriptions from the graveyard of
  Killogilleen, Craughwell, Co. Galway.


2000 ‘A statistical analysis and preliminary classification of gravestones
  from Craughwell, Co. Galway’ in Journal of the Galway
  Archaeological and Historical Society Vol. 52, pp. 155-71.


2011 ‘Rules, Rubrics and Relations: The conscious and subconscious
  construction of family structures and public images through
  gravestone art in Craughwell, Co. Galway, Republic of Ireland’
  Academia.edu
www.academia.edu


    rmchapple@hotmail.com


Thank you all for listening!!!!

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Destaque

Chapple, R. M. 2013 Building the ultimate Library of Irish archaeology and hi...
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Building the ultimate Library of Irish archaeology and hi...Chapple, R. M. 2013 Building the ultimate Library of Irish archaeology and hi...
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Building the ultimate Library of Irish archaeology and hi...Robert M Chapple
 
Review: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown Bypass
Review: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown BypassReview: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown Bypass
Review: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown BypassRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference | Institute of Techn...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference | Institute of Techn...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference | Institute of Techn...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference | Institute of Techn...Robert M Chapple
 
Billy Dunlop: an archaeological legacy
Billy Dunlop: an archaeological legacyBilly Dunlop: an archaeological legacy
Billy Dunlop: an archaeological legacyRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2013 George and the giant archaeological theory. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 George and the giant archaeological theory. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2013 George and the giant archaeological theory. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 George and the giant archaeological theory. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...
Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...
Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...Robert M Chapple
 
A bog butter vessel from Mount Jubilee, Erris, Co. Mayo
A bog butter vessel from Mount Jubilee, Erris, Co. MayoA bog butter vessel from Mount Jubilee, Erris, Co. Mayo
A bog butter vessel from Mount Jubilee, Erris, Co. MayoRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Psst!?! Fantastic book offers to be had. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Psst!?!  Fantastic book offers to be had. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2013 Psst!?!  Fantastic book offers to be had. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Psst!?! Fantastic book offers to be had. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Irish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles Mount
Irish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles MountIrish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles Mount
Irish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles MountRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2012 St. Patrick’s gravestone: a Bigger fake! Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2012 St. Patrick’s gravestone: a Bigger fake! Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2012 St. Patrick’s gravestone: a Bigger fake! Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2012 St. Patrick’s gravestone: a Bigger fake! Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 European Heritage Open Days 2013 - An East Belfast Experi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 European Heritage Open Days 2013 - An East Belfast Experi...Chapple, R. M. 2014 European Heritage Open Days 2013 - An East Belfast Experi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 European Heritage Open Days 2013 - An East Belfast Experi...Robert M Chapple
 
5. primera evaluación 7mo 2016
5.  primera evaluación 7mo 20165.  primera evaluación 7mo 2016
5. primera evaluación 7mo 2016Makyta
 
The DUO brand - Juggling a personal brand with a corporate brand.
The DUO brand - Juggling a personal brand with a corporate brand.The DUO brand - Juggling a personal brand with a corporate brand.
The DUO brand - Juggling a personal brand with a corporate brand.Gustavo Hernando
 
Chapple, R. M. 2013 'Wingnut' the archaeology cat. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 'Wingnut' the archaeology cat. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2013 'Wingnut' the archaeology cat. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 'Wingnut' the archaeology cat. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Review: Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of southern Bri...
Review: Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of southern Bri...Review: Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of southern Bri...
Review: Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of southern Bri...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'A little box full of Egypt: ancient amulets and Victoria...
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'A little box full of Egypt: ancient amulets and Victoria...Chapple, R. M. 2012 'A little box full of Egypt: ancient amulets and Victoria...
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'A little box full of Egypt: ancient amulets and Victoria...Robert M Chapple
 
Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...
Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...
Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'Workingman’s dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century me...
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'Workingman’s dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century me...Chapple, R. M. 2012 'Workingman’s dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century me...
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'Workingman’s dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century me...Robert M Chapple
 
Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...
Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...
Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 ‘Oh, Margaret the lapping waves are licking quietly at ou...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 ‘Oh, Margaret the lapping waves are licking quietly at ou...Chapple, R. M. 2014 ‘Oh, Margaret the lapping waves are licking quietly at ou...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 ‘Oh, Margaret the lapping waves are licking quietly at ou...Robert M Chapple
 

Destaque (20)

Chapple, R. M. 2013 Building the ultimate Library of Irish archaeology and hi...
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Building the ultimate Library of Irish archaeology and hi...Chapple, R. M. 2013 Building the ultimate Library of Irish archaeology and hi...
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Building the ultimate Library of Irish archaeology and hi...
 
Review: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown Bypass
Review: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown BypassReview: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown Bypass
Review: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown Bypass
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference | Institute of Techn...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference | Institute of Techn...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference | Institute of Techn...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference | Institute of Techn...
 
Billy Dunlop: an archaeological legacy
Billy Dunlop: an archaeological legacyBilly Dunlop: an archaeological legacy
Billy Dunlop: an archaeological legacy
 
Chapple, R. M. 2013 George and the giant archaeological theory. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 George and the giant archaeological theory. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2013 George and the giant archaeological theory. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 George and the giant archaeological theory. Blogspot post
 
Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...
Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...
Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...
 
A bog butter vessel from Mount Jubilee, Erris, Co. Mayo
A bog butter vessel from Mount Jubilee, Erris, Co. MayoA bog butter vessel from Mount Jubilee, Erris, Co. Mayo
A bog butter vessel from Mount Jubilee, Erris, Co. Mayo
 
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Psst!?! Fantastic book offers to be had. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Psst!?!  Fantastic book offers to be had. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2013 Psst!?!  Fantastic book offers to be had. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 Psst!?! Fantastic book offers to be had. Blogspot post
 
Irish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles Mount
Irish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles MountIrish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles Mount
Irish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles Mount
 
Chapple, R. M. 2012 St. Patrick’s gravestone: a Bigger fake! Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2012 St. Patrick’s gravestone: a Bigger fake! Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2012 St. Patrick’s gravestone: a Bigger fake! Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2012 St. Patrick’s gravestone: a Bigger fake! Blogspot post
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 European Heritage Open Days 2013 - An East Belfast Experi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 European Heritage Open Days 2013 - An East Belfast Experi...Chapple, R. M. 2014 European Heritage Open Days 2013 - An East Belfast Experi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 European Heritage Open Days 2013 - An East Belfast Experi...
 
5. primera evaluación 7mo 2016
5.  primera evaluación 7mo 20165.  primera evaluación 7mo 2016
5. primera evaluación 7mo 2016
 
The DUO brand - Juggling a personal brand with a corporate brand.
The DUO brand - Juggling a personal brand with a corporate brand.The DUO brand - Juggling a personal brand with a corporate brand.
The DUO brand - Juggling a personal brand with a corporate brand.
 
Chapple, R. M. 2013 'Wingnut' the archaeology cat. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 'Wingnut' the archaeology cat. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2013 'Wingnut' the archaeology cat. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2013 'Wingnut' the archaeology cat. Blogspot post
 
Review: Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of southern Bri...
Review: Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of southern Bri...Review: Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of southern Bri...
Review: Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of southern Bri...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'A little box full of Egypt: ancient amulets and Victoria...
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'A little box full of Egypt: ancient amulets and Victoria...Chapple, R. M. 2012 'A little box full of Egypt: ancient amulets and Victoria...
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'A little box full of Egypt: ancient amulets and Victoria...
 
Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...
Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...
Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'Workingman’s dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century me...
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'Workingman’s dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century me...Chapple, R. M. 2012 'Workingman’s dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century me...
Chapple, R. M. 2012 'Workingman’s dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century me...
 
Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...
Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...
Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 ‘Oh, Margaret the lapping waves are licking quietly at ou...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 ‘Oh, Margaret the lapping waves are licking quietly at ou...Chapple, R. M. 2014 ‘Oh, Margaret the lapping waves are licking quietly at ou...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 ‘Oh, Margaret the lapping waves are licking quietly at ou...
 

Semelhante a Secret Histories: The Hidden Archaeology of the Graveyards of Killora & Killogilleen, Craughwell, Co. Galway

Baroque art history final notes
Baroque art history final notesBaroque art history final notes
Baroque art history final notesAlex Carraway
 
An Aural History of Calypso
An Aural History of Calypso An Aural History of Calypso
An Aural History of Calypso Stefan Walcott
 
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)dneesio
 
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)dneesio
 
Chapple, R. M. 2012 Review: Archaeology Ireland 26.2 (issue 100). blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2012 Review: Archaeology Ireland 26.2 (issue 100). blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2012 Review: Archaeology Ireland 26.2 (issue 100). blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2012 Review: Archaeology Ireland 26.2 (issue 100). blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
CLASSICAL REVIVAL.pptx
CLASSICAL REVIVAL.pptxCLASSICAL REVIVAL.pptx
CLASSICAL REVIVAL.pptxPrakartiLulla2
 
COLONIALISM AND THE ARCHITECTURE PROJECT
COLONIALISM AND THE ARCHITECTURE PROJECTCOLONIALISM AND THE ARCHITECTURE PROJECT
COLONIALISM AND THE ARCHITECTURE PROJECTTony Ward
 
GOTHIC ARC (BILINGUAL - 2º ESO)
GOTHIC ARC (BILINGUAL - 2º ESO)GOTHIC ARC (BILINGUAL - 2º ESO)
GOTHIC ARC (BILINGUAL - 2º ESO)Mencar Car
 
Gothic art - 2º ESO - IES DIEGO TORRENTE - BIL INGLÉS
Gothic art - 2º ESO - IES DIEGO TORRENTE - BIL INGLÉSGothic art - 2º ESO - IES DIEGO TORRENTE - BIL INGLÉS
Gothic art - 2º ESO - IES DIEGO TORRENTE - BIL INGLÉSMencar Car
 
Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity PART 1
Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity PART 1Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity PART 1
Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity PART 1Jacques de Beaufort
 
UVC100_Summer16_MondayJune6
UVC100_Summer16_MondayJune6UVC100_Summer16_MondayJune6
UVC100_Summer16_MondayJune6Jennifer Burns
 
Gothic Ivory Sculpture_files
Gothic Ivory Sculpture_filesGothic Ivory Sculpture_files
Gothic Ivory Sculpture_filescstandifer
 
Freemasonry 152 pillars
Freemasonry 152 pillarsFreemasonry 152 pillars
Freemasonry 152 pillarsColinJxxx
 
ART100_Fall2016_Class10.2
ART100_Fall2016_Class10.2ART100_Fall2016_Class10.2
ART100_Fall2016_Class10.2Jennifer Burns
 
GPR Presentation Notes, Tolomato
GPR Presentation Notes, TolomatoGPR Presentation Notes, Tolomato
GPR Presentation Notes, Tolomatomrkear
 

Semelhante a Secret Histories: The Hidden Archaeology of the Graveyards of Killora & Killogilleen, Craughwell, Co. Galway (20)

Baroque art history final notes
Baroque art history final notesBaroque art history final notes
Baroque art history final notes
 
An Aural History of Calypso
An Aural History of Calypso An Aural History of Calypso
An Aural History of Calypso
 
Baroque presentation
Baroque presentationBaroque presentation
Baroque presentation
 
Baroque.pdf
Baroque.pdfBaroque.pdf
Baroque.pdf
 
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
 
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
15thitaly (Pp Tminimizer)
 
Chapple, R. M. 2012 Review: Archaeology Ireland 26.2 (issue 100). blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2012 Review: Archaeology Ireland 26.2 (issue 100). blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2012 Review: Archaeology Ireland 26.2 (issue 100). blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2012 Review: Archaeology Ireland 26.2 (issue 100). blogspot post
 
Human Alphabets 1
Human Alphabets 1Human Alphabets 1
Human Alphabets 1
 
CLASSICAL REVIVAL.pptx
CLASSICAL REVIVAL.pptxCLASSICAL REVIVAL.pptx
CLASSICAL REVIVAL.pptx
 
COLONIALISM AND THE ARCHITECTURE PROJECT
COLONIALISM AND THE ARCHITECTURE PROJECTCOLONIALISM AND THE ARCHITECTURE PROJECT
COLONIALISM AND THE ARCHITECTURE PROJECT
 
GOTHIC ARC (BILINGUAL - 2º ESO)
GOTHIC ARC (BILINGUAL - 2º ESO)GOTHIC ARC (BILINGUAL - 2º ESO)
GOTHIC ARC (BILINGUAL - 2º ESO)
 
Gothic art - 2º ESO - IES DIEGO TORRENTE - BIL INGLÉS
Gothic art - 2º ESO - IES DIEGO TORRENTE - BIL INGLÉSGothic art - 2º ESO - IES DIEGO TORRENTE - BIL INGLÉS
Gothic art - 2º ESO - IES DIEGO TORRENTE - BIL INGLÉS
 
Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity PART 1
Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity PART 1Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity PART 1
Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity PART 1
 
UVC100_Summer16_MondayJune6
UVC100_Summer16_MondayJune6UVC100_Summer16_MondayJune6
UVC100_Summer16_MondayJune6
 
Gothic Ivory Sculpture_files
Gothic Ivory Sculpture_filesGothic Ivory Sculpture_files
Gothic Ivory Sculpture_files
 
Freemasonry 152 pillars
Freemasonry 152 pillarsFreemasonry 152 pillars
Freemasonry 152 pillars
 
Elizabethan London Essay
Elizabethan London EssayElizabethan London Essay
Elizabethan London Essay
 
ART100_Fall2016_Class10.2
ART100_Fall2016_Class10.2ART100_Fall2016_Class10.2
ART100_Fall2016_Class10.2
 
ARTID121 Early Medieval Art
ARTID121 Early Medieval ArtARTID121 Early Medieval Art
ARTID121 Early Medieval Art
 
GPR Presentation Notes, Tolomato
GPR Presentation Notes, TolomatoGPR Presentation Notes, Tolomato
GPR Presentation Notes, Tolomato
 

Mais de Robert M Chapple

Chapple, R. M. 2014 Three Sides Live - Professor Etienne Rynne Lectures - Oct...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Three Sides Live - Professor Etienne Rynne Lectures - Oct...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Three Sides Live - Professor Etienne Rynne Lectures - Oct...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Three Sides Live - Professor Etienne Rynne Lectures - Oct...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Stratified Desks - Stratified Minds - An archaeological S...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Stratified Desks - Stratified Minds - An archaeological S...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Stratified Desks - Stratified Minds - An archaeological S...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Stratified Desks - Stratified Minds - An archaeological S...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 St Patrick and the tale of the non-disappearing cross
Chapple, R. M. 2014 St Patrick and the tale of the non-disappearing crossChapple, R. M. 2014 St Patrick and the tale of the non-disappearing cross
Chapple, R. M. 2014 St Patrick and the tale of the non-disappearing crossRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. 3D images. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. 3D images. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. 3D images. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. 3D images. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Romanes eunt domus - Racist attack in East Belfast - July...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Romanes eunt domus - Racist attack in East Belfast - July...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Romanes eunt domus - Racist attack in East Belfast - July...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Romanes eunt domus - Racist attack in East Belfast - July...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Return of the Phantom Earthwork - a 'fake' ring barrow at...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Return of the Phantom Earthwork - a 'fake' ring barrow at...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Return of the Phantom Earthwork - a 'fake' ring barrow at...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Return of the Phantom Earthwork - a 'fake' ring barrow at...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. 3D images. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. 3D images. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. 3D images. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. 3D images. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Nendrum Monastic Site. The Stone Carving Collection & Vis...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Nendrum Monastic Site. The Stone Carving Collection & Vis...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Nendrum Monastic Site. The Stone Carving Collection & Vis...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Nendrum Monastic Site. The Stone Carving Collection & Vis...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mount Stewart, Co. Down. Restoration in action. Blogspot ...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mount Stewart, Co. Down. Restoration in action. Blogspot ...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mount Stewart, Co. Down. Restoration in action. Blogspot ...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mount Stewart, Co. Down. Restoration in action. Blogspot ...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mahee Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mahee Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Mahee Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mahee Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 John Bradley 1954-2014. A brief tribute. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 John Bradley 1954-2014. A brief tribute. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 John Bradley 1954-2014. A brief tribute. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 John Bradley 1954-2014. A brief tribute. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Additional Photog...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Additional Photog...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Additional Photog...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Additional Photog...Robert M Chapple
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part II. White Island. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part II. White Island. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part II. White Island. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part II. White Island. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
 

Mais de Robert M Chapple (20)

Chapple, R. M. 2014 Three Sides Live - Professor Etienne Rynne Lectures - Oct...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Three Sides Live - Professor Etienne Rynne Lectures - Oct...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Three Sides Live - Professor Etienne Rynne Lectures - Oct...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Three Sides Live - Professor Etienne Rynne Lectures - Oct...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Stratified Desks - Stratified Minds - An archaeological S...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Stratified Desks - Stratified Minds - An archaeological S...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Stratified Desks - Stratified Minds - An archaeological S...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Stratified Desks - Stratified Minds - An archaeological S...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 St Patrick and the tale of the non-disappearing cross
Chapple, R. M. 2014 St Patrick and the tale of the non-disappearing crossChapple, R. M. 2014 St Patrick and the tale of the non-disappearing cross
Chapple, R. M. 2014 St Patrick and the tale of the non-disappearing cross
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. Blogspot post
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. 3D images. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. 3D images. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. 3D images. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. 3D images. Blogspot post
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Romanes eunt domus - Racist attack in East Belfast - July...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Romanes eunt domus - Racist attack in East Belfast - July...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Romanes eunt domus - Racist attack in East Belfast - July...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Romanes eunt domus - Racist attack in East Belfast - July...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Return of the Phantom Earthwork - a 'fake' ring barrow at...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Return of the Phantom Earthwork - a 'fake' ring barrow at...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Return of the Phantom Earthwork - a 'fake' ring barrow at...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Return of the Phantom Earthwork - a 'fake' ring barrow at...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. 3D images. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. 3D images. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. 3D images. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. 3D images. Blogspot post
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 People and Their Worlds. UCD Archaeological Research Semi...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Nendrum Monastic Site. The Stone Carving Collection & Vis...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Nendrum Monastic Site. The Stone Carving Collection & Vis...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Nendrum Monastic Site. The Stone Carving Collection & Vis...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Nendrum Monastic Site. The Stone Carving Collection & Vis...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mount Stewart, Co. Down. Restoration in action. Blogspot ...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mount Stewart, Co. Down. Restoration in action. Blogspot ...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mount Stewart, Co. Down. Restoration in action. Blogspot ...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mount Stewart, Co. Down. Restoration in action. Blogspot ...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mahee Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mahee Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Mahee Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mahee Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot post
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 John Bradley 1954-2014. A brief tribute. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 John Bradley 1954-2014. A brief tribute. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 John Bradley 1954-2014. A brief tribute. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 John Bradley 1954-2014. A brief tribute. Blogspot post
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Blogspot post
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Additional Photog...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Additional Photog...Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Additional Photog...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Additional Photog...
 
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part II. White Island. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part II. White Island. Blogspot postChapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part II. White Island. Blogspot post
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part II. White Island. Blogspot post
 

Último

Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 

Último (20)

Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 

Secret Histories: The Hidden Archaeology of the Graveyards of Killora & Killogilleen, Craughwell, Co. Galway

  • 1. Secret The hidden archaeology of the graveyards of Killora & Histories: Killogilleen, Craughwell, Co. Galway Robert M Chapple
  • 2. What I want to do: examine a number of quantifiable elements of gravestone morphology:
  • 3. Going deeper ... Look at the apparent sexual and family politics of commemoration. 1) the problem of a male/female dynamic in commemorative practice 2) the social question of the family relationships between the deceased and the individual commissioning the memorial
  • 4. In the beginning ... March 1995 to October 1997 Craughwell Community Council and FÁS Job description: monitor cutting back of overgrowth and the trimming of ivy at Killora & Killogilleen. Also produced two books of gravestone inscriptions
  • 5. A little bit of history ... Killora and Killogilleen: typical of small Irish Medieval churches. As such, they represent the two chief, traditional burial grounds for the modern ecclesiastical parish of Craughwell and Ballymanagh.
  • 6. Killora & Killogilleen standing remains appear to date to the late 15th to early 16th centuries evidence for construction and alteration from at least the late 12th to early 13th centuries
  • 7. Killora Name: Cill Eóra (Church of St Eora) or Cill Óthra (church of prayers) Earliest reference: 1333 (AFM records death of Archdeacon of Killora – disputed) 1586: taxed at £1 6s 8d 1588: lands leased to Bryan Fitzwilliams 1593: lands leased to John Lye 1625-49: sold to Robert Blake for £5 1661: sold to John Eyre
  • 8. Killogilleen Papal letters of Innocent VIII March 27th 1491: vacancy in the Canonry at Killogilleen. Dispute: On the death of the perpetual vicar (Geoffery Ocuan) lands illegally taken over by Florence Ogerbayn February 18th 1492: Florence & his brother (William) get Papal sanction to unite Killogilleen with the vicarage of Kilchreest. Name: the church of the O’Killeens
  • 9. The gravestones Killora: 181 gravestones. Directly dated examples: 1619 to1987. Killogilleen: 119 gravestones. Directly dated examples: 1654 to 1995. 55 stones removed, leaving a corpus of 245, on which the analyses are based Some removed: because they did not contain an extant or legible date sufficient to categorise them by decade. As the survival rate of the earliest gravestones is somewhat sporadic, three further stones which date to before the 1740s were not included
  • 10. Problems & caveats Accurately assess the decade of construction frequent delay in the erection of the gravestone after the initial burial. Reasons: Financial Engineering - ensuring that the earth has sufficiently settled to prevent the stone sinking or toppling forward
  • 11. Gravestone may include a date of erection below the commemorative text - 14 recorded instances (6%) from 1795 to 1865. One stone bears the same date for both erection and the primary memorial, the average hiatus is 9.43 years with a maximum gap of 23 years. Usually construction date was deduced from the primary inscription. 90 cases (37%) commemorated a single individual Majority: estimation based on the analysis carving techniques etc. and on the order of commemoration.
  • 12. Total number of stones (all types) erected by decade
  • 13. Differences Killora is characterised by a rising series of peaks during the 1810s, 1870s and 1970s
  • 14. Differences Killora is characterised by a rising series of peaks during the 1810s, 1870s and 1970s with corresponding lulls in usage during the 1840s and 1930s
  • 15. Differences Although Killogilleen displays a similar peak during the 1970s, the primary period of grave marker erection appears in the 1790s and is relatively sustained until the 1830s, falling off sharply after this point It is in this relict framework of gravestone erection and survival that the rising and waning of individual styles and fashions in popular religion and culture must be observed
  • 16. Killora & Killogilleen are broadly similar to other parts of Ireland where the use of durable grave-markers did not begin to flourish until the 17th century, with a marked expansion during the first half of the 18th century The reasons for this sudden increase in grave marker production may be related to a number of factors, including the burgeoning of a relatively affluent middle-class of local merchants, craftsmen, farmers etc., keen to display their wealth and importance in long-lasting, public forms.
  • 17. Recumbent slabs & table tombs sharp increase in their use in the period after 1760, culminating in the 1770s & falling off sharply in the 1780s-1790s (though still comprising c.50% of all monuments erected)
  • 18. Recumbent slabs & table tombs The 1800s saw a resurgence in popularity for the type, with a steady decline over following decades
  • 19. Headstones Killogilleen: headstones are a (relatively) constant feature 1740s-1980s Killora: only effectively appearing during the 1820s & rise to domination
  • 20. Rubrics (introductory phrases) Just like any other aspect of mortuary practice, these phrases go through phases of popularity and decline
  • 21. ‘Pray for the soul of’ first appears: 1750s, disappearing in the following decade before rising in popularity until the 1790s – decline after. Minor resurgence: 1860s to 1920s.
  • 22. ‘Sacred heart of Jesus have mercy on the soul of’: 1900 to 1920.
  • 23. ‘Sacred to the memory of’: 1870s to 1900s ‘Erected by’: falls out of use: 1840s & 1950s Popular from 1770s to the 1960s.
  • 24. Erected by by implication, commemorates less the deceased in favour of the individual responsible for commissioning the memorial
  • 25. ‘now these points of data make a beautiful line …' ‘Lord have mercy on the soul of’: from 1790s, to 1920s, with a peak in the 1840s ‘In loving memory’: 1870s to 1980s.
  • 26. IHS variously interpreted as Iesous a rendering of the Greek orthography for ‘Jesus’, Iesus Hominum Salvator (Jesus, saviour of mankind) or In Hoc Signo [Vince] (In this sign, conquer) easily the most popular single ideogram represented- occurs in various styles on some 151 examples (62%)
  • 27. continuing popularity from the 1760s until its sudden decline in the 1870s.
  • 28. two graveyards show markedly different distributions of the symbol. Killora: defined peaks during the 1770s, 1840s and 1910s.
  • 29. Killogilleen: remained highly popular from the 1770s to the 1860s with a secondary peak culminating during the 1930s and 1940s.
  • 30. Changes to the IHS form IHS with a cross (usually springing from the cross-bar of the ‘H’) first appeared in the 1760s and enjoyed a high popularity until the 1860s
  • 31. ‘IHS’ monogram with a cross where the ‘I’ was carved in the form of a ‘J’ appeared during the 1810s, peaking during the 1840s
  • 32. plain form of the monogram (without a cross) – introduced: 1860s, peaked: 1890s and 1940s.
  • 33. Entwined 'IHS': introduced 1880s, with peaks in the 1920s and 1940s.
  • 34. The omega Ω Omega: most popular of the shapes used for the cross-bar of the 'H' in the ‘IHS' monogram. Omega may be construed as a symbol of death or memento mori. Represented on 25 gravestones (17%). Introduced: 1780s Most popular: 1810s. Decline: 1820s-1830s Revival: 1850s.
  • 35. Variation Occasionally the omega is inverted, so that the ‘loop’ is open towards the top
  • 36. Does it have a meaning? Speculation: may be a deconstruction of a death symbol - turning it into a symbol of life and resurrection.
  • 37. Does it have a meaning? Speculation: may be a deconstruction of a death symbol - turning it into a symbol of life and resurrection. Any evidence?
  • 38. Does it have a meaning? Speculation: may be a deconstruction of a death symbol - turning it into a symbol of life and resurrection. Any evidence? … maybe Analogy: in Medieval sculpture dragons and other mythical and monstrous beasts are used as emblems of Satan, but are shown with knotted tails, indicating that they have been defeated by Christianity.
  • 39. Carving at St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church, Galway (15th Century) Inversion of monster shows same process: Red Crosse Knight Slaying the Dragon - Illustration from "The Fairie Queen" (1590)
  • 40. St George & the Dragon by Gustave Moreau 19th century French Symbolist painter 19th/20th century illustration
  • 41. 21st century … 'Primeval' TV show on ITV! 19th/20th century illustration
  • 42. Hearts The use of hearts has a long history within Christian symbolism as a whole. Plain, upright heart. Popular from 1780s to 1940s, peaking in the 1880s and 1890s.
  • 43. Earlier examples: usually in low false relief
  • 44. Later ones: frequently cut in high relief and display additional attributes including bands of thorns, gushing blood and puncture wounds to the heart. This particular evolution of form may be as much the result of changes in fashion as developments in carving techniques and technology.
  • 45. Inverted hearts The form enjoyed popularity from the 1780s to 1850s, especially at either end of the period.
  • 46. The symbol is most often found appended beneath the cross-bar of the ‘H’ in the ‘IHS’ monogram
  • 47. The symbol may be interpreted as an image of death, similar to the use of the omega. Occasionally, the inverted heart occurs in conjunction with the inverted omega. Exact meaning of this combination is (at best) obscure.
  • 48. Hearts have largely gone out of fashion. Today: frequently incorporated into representations of Christ.
  • 49. Flowers (various forms) relatively rare & infrequent. Found from 1790s to 1940s.
  • 50. Flower as a symbol of resurrection Killora cemetery - arrangement of the symbols presents an explicit narrative of journey from death to resurrection.
  • 51. Symbol of death or ‘memento mori’ (a skull and cross-bones) the ‘last day’ (Archangel Michael with a trumpet)
  • 52. Judgement (a set of scales) Salvation (rosette)
  • 53. Central panel represents heaven?  IHS & cross: Jesus  Cherubim  Hand with key: St. Peter Decorative border: the wall around heaven (?) Revelations 21: 144 cubits high (roughly 216 feet)
  • 54. Just a little aside ... This stone: dedicated to Patrick Cloonan & erected in 1839 Weighing of souls (Psychostasis): East Side of the Muiredach's Cross, Monasterboice, County Louth (900-923 AD)
  • 55. West tympanum of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris (1163-1250). Origin? … Egyptian theology? … the heart weighed against the feather Maat
  • 56. A few words about peacocks … Ancient belief that the flesh of the peafowl did not decay – led to an association with immortality – adopted in Early Christianity
  • 57. Happy families? 165 memorials (67.35%) give details of family relationships between the deceased and the commissioner of the monument Sons for parents (29.70%) Wives for husbands (20.60%) Husbands for wives (9.70%) Fathers for children (8.48%) Daughters for parents (8.48%) Families as a group for parents (6.06%)
  • 58. These figures are not static through time, but display marked changes. Detailing of family relationships is absent before the 1780s, at which point sons begin to be included in the inscriptions commemorating parents. Peaked: 1790s. Popular (if in decline) until 1880s.
  • 59. First instance of a daughter commemorating her parents did not occur until the 1830s. Increasing until the 1910s (reached a level comparable with the numbers of sons commissioning monuments).
  • 60. Husbands commemorating wives : intermittent dedications from the 1780s to 1980s Wives commemorating husbands: did not start until the 1800s, is much higher, peaking in the 1890s.
  • 61. Expectation: The chief group responsible for the erection of stones should be a close second generation relative, such as a son or daughter. True for sons commissioning monuments for parents (29.7%). But daughters comprise only the fourth largest named group (8.48%). This is at variance with what should be expected if we are to presume a roughly 50:50 male/female split in the population.
  • 62. But why? We should see these figures as evidence of the perceived demands of graveyard (and societal) propriety where the eldest surviving son (or sons) was expected to shoulder the financial/organisational, burden of commemoration. Simple advantages: choice of sculptor; type/variety of symbols used opportunity to have their own names included on the inscription.
  • 63. But why? More complex benefits: public display of family continuity Display of continued wealth and prestige on the parochial stage. Economically: eldest son is most likely to inherit the bulk of the family property & therefore the one expected to commemorate the deceased. In this way, the act of commemoration of one’s parents (in particular one’s father) becomes a very public statement that the role of head of the family had passed to the next generation.
  • 64. Problems with this approach Undoubted ‘stylistic’ element: times when such inscriptions were considered appropriate Other factors: relative ages of husbands to wives (older males predeceased their spouses) mothers dying in childbirth families which produced no issue, or only female children.
  • 65. A different approach ... The order in which the names of the deceased are placed within the inscriptions. 109 gravestones (44.49%) list a husband and a wife. Of these, 81 (74.31%) list the deceased in the order in which they died: husband predeceasing the wife (67 cases, 61.47%); wife predeceasing the husband (13 cases, 12.84%).
  • 66. Minor component: female who predeceased her husband is listed after him (13 cases). Sporadically from the 1860s to 1980s Gaps between deaths: four days to 36 years.
  • 67. Where a wife predeceased her husband (but is listed after him) – was there no personal property available to be inherited by the next generation? … any private property went to the surviving husband. Result: no change in the fiscal power within the family structure. It would make greatest financial and social sense to wait until the (male) head of the family died before commissioning a memorial to them both.
  • 68. In the 13 cases where wives predeceased their husbands and are listed chronologically within the inscription, all but one post-dates the 1900s. The single example from the 1830s was erected by the daughter of the family – significant?
  • 69. Numbers of gravestones commemorating one individual only … with the exception of the 1900s more men than women received stones … what does it say about how women were valued in rural Ireland from the 1750s to the 1980s?
  • 70. The theme of family power and precedence are also reflected in the non-chronological ordering of children in relation to their parents. 21 instances (8.57%) where children who predeceased one or both parents are placed lower on the inscription than would be from a simple list. These are considered as ‘internal relatives’, such as sons, daughters and grandchildren – part of the lineal descent of the family.
  • 71. There are a further 4 cases (1.63%) where ‘external relatives’ (i.e. uncles, aunts, brothers- and sisters- in-law etc. of the commissioners) predeceased the primary individual, but are listed in a secondary position.
  • 72. It should be noted that this is the only position in which predeceased children are commemorated, there being no instance where a predeceased child is listed before its parents. There is only one stone within the two graveyards where a child alone is commemorated. The stone is particularly small (0.93m high x 0.51m wide) and commemorates Francy Cawley (d. 1884, age 4 years). It may be significant that of all the stones analysed, this is the only one to include a verse.
  • 73. Worth a mention ... with the exception of the previous case; the three individuals who died in the 1970s & one grandchild from the 1940s, all the predeceased children were juveniles to mature adults, whose ages range from 8 to 32, (average: 20.42 years). Probably a significant portion of the local dead (from post- baptismal infants to young juveniles) are wholly unrepresented within the until the 1940s at the very earliest. Those who are, are relegated to a secondary position within the inscriptions.
  • 74. Final thoughts and conclusions Observed a rural community whose conscious and unconscious actions in choosing gravestones betrays some of their ideas & concerns about how they perceive the workings of intra-family power and organisation, and indeed what constitutes the family in the first place.
  • 75. Structure: father as head of the family, with wife and children taking up secondary roles. Family: clearly defined as a nuclear, linear unit where uncles, aunts, and various in-laws, or ‘external relations’ are accorded commemoration, but in a position inferior to the perceived head of the family and its core of ‘internal relations’ (as viewed by the commissioning individual!). Change: From the beginning of the 20th century, we see a slow democratisation entering (but not eclipsing) this view of the traditional family structure - predeceased wives accorded the primary position within the inscriptions.
  • 76. Study of decoration: image of how individuals saw themselves within their communities. My argument: examination of 'non-chronological ordering' within inscriptions allows us to see into local society. Also: how individual families saw themselves and how they understood their internal organisation and power structures - something that other avenues of research are largely unable to! While this trend towards non-chronological ordering of the inscription is a very minor element of the corpus as a whole, it still warrants further investigation to establish its wider temporal and physical distribution.
  • 77. Publications on the subject: 1995 The Church of Prayers: gravestone inscriptions from the graveyard of Killora, Craughwell, Co. Galway. 1997 Cillogcillín: gravestone inscriptions from the graveyard of Killogilleen, Craughwell, Co. Galway. 2000 ‘A statistical analysis and preliminary classification of gravestones from Craughwell, Co. Galway’ in Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society Vol. 52, pp. 155-71. 2011 ‘Rules, Rubrics and Relations: The conscious and subconscious construction of family structures and public images through gravestone art in Craughwell, Co. Galway, Republic of Ireland’ Academia.edu
  • 78. www.academia.edu rmchapple@hotmail.com Thank you all for listening!!!!