Introduction and Authority

1. Bibliology And
Hermeneutics
Copyright © 2002-2005, The Theology Program

2. ―Every scripture is inspired by God
and useful for teaching, for reproof,
for correction, and for training in
righteousness, that the person
dedicated to God may be capable and
equipped for every good work.‖
—2 Timothy 3:16–17
Copyright © 2002-2005, The Theology Program

3. Outline
I. Class Introduction and Authority
II. Sola Scriptura
III. Transmission of Scripture
IV. Canonization of the OT
V. Canonization of the NT
VI. Inspiration
VII. Proving Inspiration
VIII.Inerrancy
IX. History of Interpretation
X. Historical-Grammatical Hermeneutics

4. LXX Genre
Canon
Dual-source theory
Apocrypha Sola Scriptura
Regula Fidei Bible Translations
Manuscripts
Authorial Intent Autographa
Inspiration Revelation
Interpretation Mechanical Dictation
Inerrancy
Hermeneutics
Prima Scriptura Authority

5. Session 1
Authority
Who do we trust?
Copyright © 2002-2005, The Theology Program

6. Authority
Questions:
1. What does sola Scriptura mean?
2. What is the Roman Catholic
understanding of Tradition?
3. What does Eastern Orthodoxy
believe concerning Tradition?
4. What is the difference between sola
Scriptura and Solo Scriptura?

7. The Story of the
Reformation

8. Authority
"Unless I am convinced by the testimony from
scripture or by evident reason—for I confide neither
in the Pope nor in a Council alone, since it is
certain they have often erred and contradicted
themselves—I am held fast by the scriptures
adduced by me, and my conscience is held captive
by God‘s Word, and I neither can nor will revoke
anything, seeing it is not safe or right to act
against conscience. God help me. Amen.―
—Martin Luther
Diet of Worms, April 18, 1521

9. Authority
Five Primary Views:
1. Sola Ecclesia
2. Prima Scriptura
3. Regula Fidei
4. Sola Scriptura
5. Solo Scriptura

10. Authority
What Is Tradition?
American Heritage Dictionary:
• The passing down of elements of a culture from
generation to generation, especially by oral
communication.
• A mode of thought or behavior followed by a
people continuously from generation to
generation; a custom or usage.
• A body of unwritten religious precepts.
• A time-honored practice or set of such
practices.

11. Authority
Two Types of Tradition in
Ecclesiastical History:

12. Authority
Tradition 1: A ―summary‖ of Christian
orthodoxy that has been held by the
universal/catholic Church since its
inception. It is infallible only
because it accurately represents
Scripture. If it does not accurately
represent Scripture, it is not true
Tradition. Therefore, it is subject to
the Scripture. Often referred to as
the regula fidei.

13. Authority
Tradition 2: An infallible unwritten body of material
that contains information beyond that
which is contained in Scripture (e.g.
Marian dogmas, infallibility of the pope).
This Tradition began with the Apostles’
teaching and is passed on through a
succession of bishops. It is only revealed
when issues arise that make it necessary
for a pope or a council to speak
authoritatively from this ―deposit‖ of
information. Often referred to as ―living
Tradition.‖

14. Authority
Regula Fidei
―Rule of Faith‖
This is a Greek phrase used often in the early Church to refer
to the summation of the Christian faith. The regula fidei was
seen as the faith which was held ―always, everywhere, and by
all.‖ It was seen as being inherited and passed on, not through
an avenue of inspired or infallible information distinct from
that of Scripture, but as representative of the essential
doctrinal and moral elements of the faith contained in
Scripture.

15. Authority
Sola Ecclesia: Belief that Tradition, represented
by the magisterial authority of the
Roman Catholic Church, is
infallible and equal to Scripture as
a basis for doctrine; it is the final
authority in all matters of faith
and practice since it must define
and interpret Scripture.
Adherents: Roman Catholics
Tradition: Tradition 2
Alternate: Dual-source theory

16. ―. . . contend earnestly for the
Sola Ecclesia faith that was once for all
entrusted to the saints.‖
—Jude 1:3
Catholic Church
Unwritten Infallible Tradition
Responsible for
interpretation
defining and
Deposit
of Faith
Scripture
Written Infallible Tradition
400 AD 1000 AD
Age of the Apostles Age of the Church

17. Authority
Catechism of the Catholic Church
81 ―Sacred Scripture is the speech of God as it is put
down in writing under the breath of the Holy
Spirit. And [Holy] Tradition transmits in its entirety
the Word of God which has been entrusted to the
apostles by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit. It
transmits it to the successors of the apostles so that,
enlightened by the Spirit of truth, they may
faithfully preserve, expound and spread it abroad
by their preaching.

18. Authority
Catechism of the Catholic Church
82 As a result, the Church, to whom the
transmission and interpretation of
Revelation is entrusted, ―does not derive her
certainty about all revealed truths from the
holy Scriptures alone. Both Scripture and
Tradition must be accepted and honored with
equal sentiments of devotion and reverence‖
(emphasis added).

19. Authority
Back
Experience Emotions
General Revelation
Reason
Tradition Scripture
Front

20. Authority
What makes a teaching infallible?
1. Pope speaking alone concerning matters of
faith or morals (ex cathedra): e.g., papal
bulls, encyclicals
2. When the pope and bishops speaking
together concerning matters of faith or
morals: e.g., ecumenical councils and creeds

21. Authority
Prima Scriptura: Belief that the Body of Christ has
two separate sources of
authority for faith and practice:
1) the Scriptures and 2)
Tradition. Scripture is the
primary source for authority,
but by itself it is insufficient for
all matters of faith and practice.
Tradition also contains essential
elements needed for the
productive Christian life.
Adherents: Some Roman Catholics, some
Eastern Orthodox, some Protestants.
Tradition: Tradition 2

22. ―. . . contend earnestly for the
Prima Scriptura faith that was once for all
entrusted to the saints.‖
—Jude 1:3
Church
Unwritten Tradition (paradosis).
Interprets Scripture and contains
doctrine and morals that are
extrabiblical. Tradition can never
Deposit contradict Scripture.
of Faith
Scripture
Written Infallible Tradition
400 AD 1000 AD
Age of the Apostles Age of the Church

23. Authority
Back
Experience Emotions
General Revelation
Reason
Tradition Scripture
Front

24. Authority
Regula fidei: Lit. ―Rule of faith.‖ Belief
that tradition is an infallible
―summary‖ of Scripture
passed on through apostolic
succession. Ultimately, there
is only one source of
revelation, but two sources
of authority. In other words,
Tradition is Scripture.
Adherents: Eastern Orthodoxy, early
Church, some evangelicals.
Tradition: Tradition 1

25. ―. . . contend earnestly for the
Regula Fidei faith that was once for all
entrusted to the saints.‖
—Jude 1:3
Church
Unwritten Tradition (paradosis)/
summary of the Gospel message.
Deposit
of Faith
Scripture
Written Infallible Tradition
400 AD 1000 AD
Age of the Apostles Age of the Church

26. Authority
―Any disjunction between Scripture and Tradition
such as would treat them as two separate ‗sources of
revelation‘ must be rejected. The two are correlative. We
affirm (1) that Scripture is the main criterion
whereby the church tests traditions to determine
whether they are truly part of the Holy Tradition or
not; (2) that Holy Tradition completes Holy
Scriptures in the sense that it safeguards the
integrity of the biblical message.‖
—Anglican-Orthodox Dialogue:
The Dublin Agreed Statement 1984
(Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1985), 50–51

27. Authority
―Regarding the relation of Scripture and Tradition, for
centuries there seemed to have been a deep difference
between Orthodox and Lutheran teaching. Orthodox
hear with satisfaction the affirmation of the Lutheran
theologians that the formula sola Scriptura was always
intended to point to God‘s revelation, God‘s saving act
through Christ in the power of the Holy Spirit, and
therefore to the holy Tradition of the Church . . . against
human traditions that darken the authentic teaching
in the Church.‖
—Lutheran-Orthodox Dialogue:
The Agreed Statements 1985–1989
(Geneva: Lutheran World Federation, 1992), 11

28. Authority
Back
Experience Emotions
General Revelation
Reason
Tradition= Scripture
Front

29. Authority
Sola Scriptura: Belief that Scripture is the
final and only infallible
authority for the Christian in
all matters of faith and
practice.
Adherents: Evangelicals, Reformers
Tradition: Tradition 1

30. ―. . . contend earnestly for the
Sola Scriptura faith that was once for all
entrusted to the saints.‖
—Jude 1:3
Church
Unwritten tradition (paradosis)/
summary of the Gospel message
Deposit
of Faith
Scripture
Written Infallible Tradition
400 AD 1000 AD
Age of the Apostles Age of the Church

31. Authority
Back
Experience Emotions
General Revelation
Tradition Reason
Scripture
Front

32. Authority
Solo Scriptura: Belief that Scripture is the sole
basis and authority in the life of
the Christian. Tradition is
useless and misleading, and
creeds and confessions are the
result of man-made traditions.
Adherents: Fundamentalism, Restoration
Churches
Tradition: None (or Tradition 0)

33. ―. . . contend earnestly for the
Solo Scriptura faith that was once for all
entrusted to the saints.‖
—Jude 1:3
Deposit Scripture
of Faith Written Infallible Tradition
400 AD 1000 AD
Age of the Apostles Age of the Church

34. Authority
Back
Scripture
Front

35. Authority
―I have endeavored to read the Scriptures
as though no one has read them before me,
and I am as much on my guard against
reading them today, through the medium
of my own views yesterday, or a week ago,
as I am against being influenced by any
foreign name, authority system
whatever.‖
–Alexander Campbell
Founder of the Disciples of Christ

36. Individualistic
Respect for
Authority
Absolute Absolute
Authoritarianism Individualism
Sola Prima Regula fidei Sola Solo
Ecclesia Scriptura Scriptura Scriptura
Dual-source view of Single-source view of
authority and revelation authority and revelation

37. Roman Eastern Reformed Radical
Catholicism Orthodoxy (Protestants) (Protestants)
Individualistic
Respect for
Authority
Absolute Absolute
Authoritarianism Individualism
Sola Prima Regula fidei Sola Solo
Ecclesia Scriptura Scriptura Scriptura
Dual- source view of Single-source view of
authority and revelation authority and revelation

38. High View of Supreme View
Scripture of Scripture
Supreme View Low View of
of Tradition Tradition
Individualistic
Respect for
Authority
Absolute Absolute
Authoritarianism Individualism
Sola Prima Regula fidei Sola Solo
Ecclesia Scriptura Scriptura Scriptura
Tradition, represented by the Scripture is the primary and only infallible Scripture is the sole basis
magisterial authority of the Roman and authority in the life of
Catholic Church, is infallible and authority for the Christian in all matters of faith
the Christian; Tradition is
equal to Scripture as a basis for and practice. Tradition, as represented by the
doctrine; it is the final authority in
useless and misleading.
Church, is important and useful, but not Creeds and confessions
all matters of faith and practice
since it must define and interpret paramount and infallible. Tradition is true to the are the result of man-made
Scripture. degree that it agrees with Scripture. traditions.

39. Roman Eastern Reformed Radical
Catholicism Orthodoxy (Protestants) (Protestants)
Individualistic
Respect for
Authority
Absolute Absolute
Authoritarianism Individualism
Sola Prima Regula fidei Sola Solo
Ecclesia Scriptura Scriptura Scriptura
Catholic Counter- Radical
Early Church Through Reformation
Reformation Reformation

40. Anglicans Bible Churches
Reformed
Independent Churches
Roman Catholic Lutherans
Eastern Orthodox Disciples of Christ
Methodists
Baptists
Presbyterians Church of Christ
Sola Prima Regula fidei Sola Solo
Ecclesia Scriptura Scriptura Scriptura

41. Moral certainty found in
Absolute certainty community and Spirit-led Absolute certainty
found in institutions individual found in individual
Sola Prima Regula fidei Sola Solo
Ecclesia Scriptura Scriptura Scriptura
Dual-source view of Single-source view of authority
authority and revelation and revelation

42. Discussion Groups
Copyright © 2002-2005, The Theology Program