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The Changing Geography
of Quinoa
Ricardo Bohl
Geographer

Oxford, Ohio. October 2013
THEMES
•Perú
•Geography of Peru
•Agriculture
•Quinua
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcQmBCM3JMs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvmEzTb9aS8
24

Regiones
Departamentos
Destinos
Coast
Andes
Rainforest
8

Regiones
Naturales

Javier Pulgar Vidal (Geógrafo)
•Relieve
•Clima
•Hidrografía
•Suelos
•Fauna
•Flora
•Actividades Humanas
CAPACIDAD DE USO MAYOR DE LA TIERRA

PROTECCIÓN
42%

AGRICOLA
6%

PASTOS
NATURALES
14%

FORESTAL
38%

AGRICOLA

PASTOS NATURALES

FORESTAL

PROTECCIÓN
PERU
Sistema de
ciudades
Caral 4000 AC
900 BC to 200 BC
VII - XIII AC
XIII – XVI AC
QUINOA
•Spanish: quinua, from Quechua: kinwa)
•domesticated 3,000 to 4,000 years ago
•non-domesticated use 5,200 to 7,000 years ago
• It is a pseudocereal rather than a true cereal
•Related to species such as beetroots, spinach
and tumbleweeds.
www.wikipedia.com
ANDEAN REGION
•Ecuador
•Bolivia
•Colombia
•Peru
•Dicotyledonous
•Annual plant
•1–2 m high
•Bisexual and self-fertilizing
•The fruits are 1-4 mm in diameter
•Various colours from white to red or black.
•In its natural state has a coating of bitter-tasting saponins
www.wikipedia.com
HISTORY AND CULTURE
Domesticated by the Andean peoples around 3000 years ago.

The Incas, held the crop to be sacred, referred to quinoa as chisaya
mama or "mother of all grains", and it was the Inca emperor who
would traditionally sow the first seeds of the season using "golden
implements".
During the Spanish conquest of South America, the Spanish colonists
scorned quinoa as "food for Indians“, and even actively suppressed
its cultivation, due to its status within indigenous religious

ceremonies. In fact, the conquistadores forbade quinoa cultivation
for a time and the Incas were forced to grow wheat instead.
www.wikipedia.com
World Quinoa Production (thousand metric tons)
country

1961

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2011

Peru

22.5

7.3

16.3

6.3

28.2

41.1

41.2

Bolivia

9.2

9.7

8.9

16.1

23.8

36.1

38.3

Ecuador

0.7

0.7

0.5

0.7

0.7

0.9

0.8

Total

32.4

17.7

25.8

23.0

52.6

78.1

80.2

$0.080

$0.492

$0.854

$1.254

$3.029

Export
price[21] US
D/Kg

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) [22]
Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
Perú: Superficie y Producción de Quinua
60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0
1950

1955

1960

Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/

1965

1970

1975

Producción TM

1980

1985

1990

1995

Hectáreas

2000

2005

2010
PERÚ: Productividad de la Quinua
Kg/ha
1,400

1,200

Produtividad Kg/Ha

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

1950

1955

1960

Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010
PERÚ: Producción de
Quinua por Departamento
AMAZONAS
ANCASH
APURIMAC
AREQUIPA
AYACUCHO
CAJAMARCA
CALLAO
CUZCO
HUANCAVELICA
HUANUCO
ICA
JUNIN
LA LIBERTAD
LAMBAYEQUE
LIMA
LORETO
M. DE DIOS
MOQUEGUA
PASCO
PIURA
PUNO
SAN MARTIN
TACNA
TUMBES
UCAYALI

2010

2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

1980

1975

1970

1950
1955
1960
1965

35,000
30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
PERÚ: Productividad de la Quinua. Kilos por hectárea
2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
1950

1955

1960

AMAZONAS
CAJAMARCA
ICA
LORETO
PUNO
Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/

1965

1970

ANCASH
CALLAO
JUNIN
M. DE DIOS
SAN MARTIN

1975

1980

1985

APURIMAC
CUZCO
LA LIBERTAD
MOQUEGUA
TACNA

1990

1995

AREQUIPA
HUANCAVELICA
LAMBAYEQUE
PASCO
TUMBES

2000

2005

2010

AYACUCHO
HUANUCO
LIMA
PIURA
UCAYALI
PERÚ: Comparación de la producción de 4 productos agrícolas.
2011 (TM)
4,500,000
4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
1950

1955

1960

1965

Quinua
Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/

1970

1975

Kiwicha

1980

1985

1990

1995

Esparragos

2000

2005

Papa

2010
PERÚ: Comparación de la producción de 3 productos agrícolas.
2011 (TM)
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1950

1955

1960

1965

Quinua
Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/

1970

1975

1980

Kiwicha

1985

1990

1995

Esparragos

2000

2005

2010
PERÚ: Comparación de la producción de 4 productos agrícolas.
2011 (TM)
10,000,000

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

10

1
1950

1955

1960

Quinua
Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/

1965

1970

1975

Kiwicha

1980

1985

1990

Esparragos

1995

2000

Papa

2005

2010
250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

TUMBES

SAN MARTIN

PIURA

MOQUEGUA

LORETO

LIMA

ICA

LA LIBERTAD

Perú: Producción de
Espárragos por Departamento
2010

CALLAO

AYACUCHO

APURIMAC

2005

AMAZONAS

1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000

HUANCAVELICA

0

Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
Toneladas métricas

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

TUMBES

SAN MARTIN

PIURA

MOQUEGUA

LIMA

LA LIBERTAD

ICA

CALLAO

2010

AYACUCHO

PERÚ: Producción de
Papa por Departamento

APURIMAC

2005

AMAZONAS

2000

HUANCAVELICA

1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995

LORETO

0

Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
2010

2005

1990
1995
2000
AYACUCHO
CAJAMARCA
CALLAO
CUZCO
HUANCAVELICA
HUANUCO
ICA
JUNIN
LA LIBERTAD
LAMBAYEQUE
LIMA
LIMA METROPOLITANA
LORETO
M. DE DIOS
MOQUEGUA
PASCO
PIURA
PUNO
SAN MARTIN
TACNA
TUMBES
UCAYALI

AREQUIPA

APURIMAC

ANCASH

AMAZONAS

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Perú: Producción de Kiwicha 2011 (TM)
Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/
PERÚ: Producción Nacional 2011 (Kg)
espárrago, kiwicha, papa y quinua
10,000,000

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

10

Espárrago
Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/

Kiwicha

Papa

Quinua

UCAYALI

UCAYALI

TUMBES

TACNA

SAN MARTIN

PUNO

PIURA

PASCO

MOQUEGUA

M. DE DIOS

LORETO

LIMA

LAMBAYEQUE

LA LIBERTAD

JUNIN

ICA

HUANUCO

HUANCAVELICA

CUZCO

CALLAO

CAJAMARCA

AYACUCHO

AREQUIPA

APURIMAC

ANCASH

AMAZONAS

1
Perú: Productividad Kg/Ha
16,000

14,000

12,000

Kg/Ha

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0

Espárrago
Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/

Kiwicha

Papa

Quinua
Perú: Precio de los prductos en Chacra en nuevos
soles s/.
4.00

Nuevos Soles (1 dolar: 2.7 soles)

3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00

Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl
http://www.minag.gob.pe/

Esparrago

Kiwicha

Papa

Quinua

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

0.00

1991

0.50
Quinoa Thabule
CONCLUSIONES

•Quinua is a very important product due to cultural,
social, health and economical reasons
•Quinua does no compete with other crops
•Quinua is cultivated in some of the poorest areas in
the country
•Quinua es not the most important agricultural product
in Peru and it is not a big change at a national level,

but it can make a difference al a local level.
TABULE
• Boil 1/2 cup quinoa (soaked for 20min or change
water when boiled)
• 2-4 tomatoes (diced)
• chopped parsley, mint or pepermint
• 1 green onion (chopped)
• Touch of garlic
• ½ cucumber 1/3 cup olive oil
• Lemon juice
• Salt and pepper
Quinoa Tabule
Thank you very much for your atention
Your comments will be appreciated

Ricardobohl@hotmail.com

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Confrencia quinua miami 2013 chica

  • 1. The Changing Geography of Quinoa Ricardo Bohl Geographer Oxford, Ohio. October 2013
  • 5. 8 Regiones Naturales Javier Pulgar Vidal (Geógrafo) •Relieve •Clima •Hidrografía •Suelos •Fauna •Flora •Actividades Humanas
  • 6. CAPACIDAD DE USO MAYOR DE LA TIERRA PROTECCIÓN 42% AGRICOLA 6% PASTOS NATURALES 14% FORESTAL 38% AGRICOLA PASTOS NATURALES FORESTAL PROTECCIÓN
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 11. 900 BC to 200 BC
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. QUINOA •Spanish: quinua, from Quechua: kinwa) •domesticated 3,000 to 4,000 years ago •non-domesticated use 5,200 to 7,000 years ago • It is a pseudocereal rather than a true cereal •Related to species such as beetroots, spinach and tumbleweeds. www.wikipedia.com
  • 21. ANDEAN REGION •Ecuador •Bolivia •Colombia •Peru •Dicotyledonous •Annual plant •1–2 m high •Bisexual and self-fertilizing •The fruits are 1-4 mm in diameter •Various colours from white to red or black. •In its natural state has a coating of bitter-tasting saponins www.wikipedia.com
  • 22. HISTORY AND CULTURE Domesticated by the Andean peoples around 3000 years ago. The Incas, held the crop to be sacred, referred to quinoa as chisaya mama or "mother of all grains", and it was the Inca emperor who would traditionally sow the first seeds of the season using "golden implements". During the Spanish conquest of South America, the Spanish colonists scorned quinoa as "food for Indians“, and even actively suppressed its cultivation, due to its status within indigenous religious ceremonies. In fact, the conquistadores forbade quinoa cultivation for a time and the Incas were forced to grow wheat instead. www.wikipedia.com
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. World Quinoa Production (thousand metric tons) country 1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 Peru 22.5 7.3 16.3 6.3 28.2 41.1 41.2 Bolivia 9.2 9.7 8.9 16.1 23.8 36.1 38.3 Ecuador 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 Total 32.4 17.7 25.8 23.0 52.6 78.1 80.2 $0.080 $0.492 $0.854 $1.254 $3.029 Export price[21] US D/Kg Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) [22]
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 30. Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 31. Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 32. Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 33. Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 34. Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 35. Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 36.
  • 37. Mapa elaborado por Pilar Delpino http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 38. Perú: Superficie y Producción de Quinua 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 1950 1955 1960 Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/ 1965 1970 1975 Producción TM 1980 1985 1990 1995 Hectáreas 2000 2005 2010
  • 39. PERÚ: Productividad de la Quinua Kg/ha 1,400 1,200 Produtividad Kg/Ha 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 1950 1955 1960 Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/ 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
  • 40. PERÚ: Producción de Quinua por Departamento AMAZONAS ANCASH APURIMAC AREQUIPA AYACUCHO CAJAMARCA CALLAO CUZCO HUANCAVELICA HUANUCO ICA JUNIN LA LIBERTAD LAMBAYEQUE LIMA LORETO M. DE DIOS MOQUEGUA PASCO PIURA PUNO SAN MARTIN TACNA TUMBES UCAYALI 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1950 1955 1960 1965 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 41. PERÚ: Productividad de la Quinua. Kilos por hectárea 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1950 1955 1960 AMAZONAS CAJAMARCA ICA LORETO PUNO Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/ 1965 1970 ANCASH CALLAO JUNIN M. DE DIOS SAN MARTIN 1975 1980 1985 APURIMAC CUZCO LA LIBERTAD MOQUEGUA TACNA 1990 1995 AREQUIPA HUANCAVELICA LAMBAYEQUE PASCO TUMBES 2000 2005 2010 AYACUCHO HUANUCO LIMA PIURA UCAYALI
  • 42. PERÚ: Comparación de la producción de 4 productos agrícolas. 2011 (TM) 4,500,000 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 Quinua Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/ 1970 1975 Kiwicha 1980 1985 1990 1995 Esparragos 2000 2005 Papa 2010
  • 43. PERÚ: Comparación de la producción de 3 productos agrícolas. 2011 (TM) 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 Quinua Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/ 1970 1975 1980 Kiwicha 1985 1990 1995 Esparragos 2000 2005 2010
  • 44. PERÚ: Comparación de la producción de 4 productos agrícolas. 2011 (TM) 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 1950 1955 1960 Quinua Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/ 1965 1970 1975 Kiwicha 1980 1985 1990 Esparragos 1995 2000 Papa 2005 2010
  • 45. 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 TUMBES SAN MARTIN PIURA MOQUEGUA LORETO LIMA ICA LA LIBERTAD Perú: Producción de Espárragos por Departamento 2010 CALLAO AYACUCHO APURIMAC 2005 AMAZONAS 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 HUANCAVELICA 0 Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 46. Toneladas métricas 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 TUMBES SAN MARTIN PIURA MOQUEGUA LIMA LA LIBERTAD ICA CALLAO 2010 AYACUCHO PERÚ: Producción de Papa por Departamento APURIMAC 2005 AMAZONAS 2000 HUANCAVELICA 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 LORETO 0 Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 47. 2010 2005 1990 1995 2000 AYACUCHO CAJAMARCA CALLAO CUZCO HUANCAVELICA HUANUCO ICA JUNIN LA LIBERTAD LAMBAYEQUE LIMA LIMA METROPOLITANA LORETO M. DE DIOS MOQUEGUA PASCO PIURA PUNO SAN MARTIN TACNA TUMBES UCAYALI AREQUIPA APURIMAC ANCASH AMAZONAS 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Perú: Producción de Kiwicha 2011 (TM) Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/
  • 48. PERÚ: Producción Nacional 2011 (Kg) espárrago, kiwicha, papa y quinua 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 Espárrago Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/ Kiwicha Papa Quinua UCAYALI UCAYALI TUMBES TACNA SAN MARTIN PUNO PIURA PASCO MOQUEGUA M. DE DIOS LORETO LIMA LAMBAYEQUE LA LIBERTAD JUNIN ICA HUANUCO HUANCAVELICA CUZCO CALLAO CAJAMARCA AYACUCHO AREQUIPA APURIMAC ANCASH AMAZONAS 1
  • 49. Perú: Productividad Kg/Ha 16,000 14,000 12,000 Kg/Ha 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Espárrago Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/ Kiwicha Papa Quinua
  • 50. Perú: Precio de los prductos en Chacra en nuevos soles s/. 4.00 Nuevos Soles (1 dolar: 2.7 soles) 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Mapa elaborado por Ricardo Bohl http://www.minag.gob.pe/ Esparrago Kiwicha Papa Quinua 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 0.00 1991 0.50
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  • 67.
  • 68. CONCLUSIONES •Quinua is a very important product due to cultural, social, health and economical reasons •Quinua does no compete with other crops •Quinua is cultivated in some of the poorest areas in the country •Quinua es not the most important agricultural product in Peru and it is not a big change at a national level, but it can make a difference al a local level.
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71. TABULE • Boil 1/2 cup quinoa (soaked for 20min or change water when boiled) • 2-4 tomatoes (diced) • chopped parsley, mint or pepermint • 1 green onion (chopped) • Touch of garlic • ½ cucumber 1/3 cup olive oil • Lemon juice • Salt and pepper
  • 73. Thank you very much for your atention Your comments will be appreciated Ricardobohl@hotmail.com