1. Chapter 22

3. Good Neighbor Policy
 US continued to dominate Latin America
politically and economically
 Beginning to rely less on direct military
intervention
 FDR differs from his predecessors by
substituting cooperation for coercion
 “US would be a good neighbor to Latin
America”
 However, domination of this area would remain
unchallenged
 The Monroe Doctrine still lived on in many ways

4. U.S. Isolationism
 Business-minded people in America did
not want to give up profitable overseas
markets like Germany and Japan just
because Europe was hacked off
 US refuses to recognize the Soviet
Union and quarrels with England and
France over repayment of loans they
had received in World War I

5. U.S. Isolationism
 US was too afraid to get involved in
another “meaningless war” after World
War I
 Neutrality Acts typified the 1930s as the
US was gripped with depression and
scared to commit to its allies in Europe

6. War in Europe
 Germany invaded Poland on 1 September
1939
 For nearly two years, Britain stood virtually
alone in fighting Germany
 Battle of Britain
 First major campaign in World War II
 Fought entirely by air forces
 Britain prevailed against almost overwhelming odds
 Germany’s loss was the significant and was one of
the first turning points in the war
 FDR wanted to help Britain, but public support
limited him

7. The Road to Intervention
 FDR runs for an unprecedented third
term as he pushes the country to
“keep someone with experience” in
office if the US gets brought into the
war (1940)
 Lend Lease Act (1941)
 US begins shipments of war material to
Great Britain
 Also freezes Japanese assets

8. The Road to Intervention
 Atlantic Charter
 FDR signs on with his good friend, British
Prime Minister Winston Churchill
 The blueprint for the world after WWII;
sets the foundation for international
treaties and organizations that would
bring the world back to its feet
economically

10. War Breaks Out in Europe
 Germany invades Poland on 1
September 1939
 German Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) appeared
unstoppable
 It was definitely getting Britain’s attention
 For almost two years, Britain is alone in
the fight against German aggression
 FDR wants to help Britain, but public
opinion in the US greatly limited him
during this time period

12. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Japan had long been interested in an
Asian empire and occupied Korea
and key parts of Manchuria before
1920
 When Japan sought to gain
supremacy in China, the US protested
with the “Open Door Policy”

13. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Open Door Policy
 Basically stated that the US and all
European nations could trade with China,
free to use their treaty ports
 Within the spheres of influence in China
 China’s power as a nation is declining during
this period
 The theory had been that trade was a basic
right of all nations, even though sovereign
countries could counter with isolationist
attitudes

14. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Open Door Policy
 Isolationism would essentially be
unnatural for trade and communication;
based in the arguments of John Locke
 Ironic as the US had no problem
promoting isolationism during the Great
Depression

15. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Japan’s utter disregard of the Open
Door policy
 Leads to the Washington Conference in
1922
 The conference again declares the
independence of China via the Open
Door Policy; helped through the “Nine
Power Treaty”
○ Yet the treaty lacked any enforcement
regulations

16. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Japan’s utter disregard of the Open
Door policy
 Japan violated these agreements by
seizing Manchuria, but the US did not
respond
 After war breaks out in Europe, the US
begins to realize where Japan
stands…taking sides with the fascists
 US responds by limiting exports to Japan
○ Strategic materials such as oil

17. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Japan’s utter disregard of the Open
Door policy
 This did not restrain Japan, but make the
country angry
○ So, they side with Germany and Italy
○ Push further into Indochina

18. U.S. Relations with Japan
 The US response – end all trade with
Japan
 Sounds a lot like how we got into the War
of 1812
 Japan tries to negotiate with the US
○ Plan B was to attack if their demands were not
granted

19. U.S. Relations with Japan
 The US response – end all trade with
Japan
 Japan wanted a large stake in China for
restoration of normal trade patterns
 The US demanded that Japan withdraw
its troops
 Negotiation fails and Japan attacks

21. Pearl Harbor
 December 7, 1941
 “FDR’s Date that Will Live in Infamy”
 This attack in the Pacific greatly
changes Americans’ minds about
neutrality
 everyone’s angry and ready to go to
war

23. Pearl Harbor
 FDR finally asks for a declaration of
war
 The US suffered significant early
defeats after entering the war
because the country was unprepared
for a naval and air war halfway across
the world

24. The War in the Pacific
 The first few months of American
involvement witnessed an unbroken
string of military disasters
 The tide turned with the battles at Coral
Sea and Midway
 May and June 1942

26. D-Day
 6 June 1944
 Allied invasion of Normandy, France
(Operation Neptune)
 2 phases of Allied attack
 Air assault by the Americans, British, and
French shortly after midnight
 Amphibious landing of Allied infantry and
armored divisions on the coast of
Normandy, France at 0630

29. D-Day
 Significance
 The absolute largest amphibious invasion
of all time (175,000 troops)
 195,700 Naval personnel involved overall
 Established the much needed second
front in Western Europe
○ A majority of the fighting was fought initially in
North Africa and Italy

30. The Home Front
 Mobilizing the War
 World War II transformed the role of the
national government
 The government built housing for war
workers and forced civilian industries to
retool for war production

32. The Home Front
 Business and War
 FDR offered incentives to business to spur
production
○ Low interest loans
○ Tax concessions
○ Contracts with guaranteed profits
 Americans produced an astonishing amount
of wartime goods and utilized science and
technology

34. The Home Front
 Business and War
 The West Coast emerged as a focus of
military-industrial production
○ Nearly 2 million Americans moved to
California for jobs in defense-related
industries
 The South remained very poor despite the
influx of manufacturing

35. The Home Front
 Labor in Wartime
 Organized labor entered a three-sided
arrangement with government and business
that allowed union membership to soar to
unprecedented levels
 Unions became firmly established in many
sectors of the economy during World War II

36. The Four Freedoms
 To FDR, the Four
Freedoms
expressed deeply
held American
values worthy of
being spread
worldwide

38. The Four Freedoms
 Freedom of Speech
 Gold standard for the Constitution
(democracy)
 Freedom of Religion
 Gold standard for the critique of the
Holocaust
 Even though most Americans and
politicians at the time considered it a
farce and could not believe humans
would treat each other so poorly

39. Freedom of Speech

41. The Four Freedoms
 Freedom from Want
 The gold standard for economic policies for the rest
of the 20th century
 Elimination of barriers to international trade
○ Protecting the standard of living from falling after the war
 Freedom from Fear
 The gradual disarmament of the entire world
 Help prevent tyranny (Italy, Germany) from
happening again
 “human security” paradigm
 the gradual shift from the collective to the individual,
Rockwell’s painting shows this very well

42. Freedom from Want

43. Freedom from Fear

46. The Fifth Freedom
 The war witnessed a burst of messages
marketing advertisers’ definition of
freedom
 The emergence of free enterprise

50.  Audience
 Slogans
 Ideas
 Energy & Capital

60.  Gum
 Lingerie
 Grease
 Juke Boxes
 Toasters
 Blenders
 Cars
 Toothpaste
 Shoes
 Coffee
 Kettles
 Nylon hose
 Erasers
 Glass jars
 Tin cans
 Tea

62.  Right to work.
 Right to fair pay.
 Right to adequate food.
 Right to security.
 Right to live in a society of free enterprise.
 Right to come and go.
 Right to speak or be silent.
 Right to equality before the law.
 Right to rest.
 Right to an education.

63.  Right to work, if you are white.
 Right to fair pay, if you are male.
 Right to adequate food, if you register for and comply with food
rationing programs.
 Right to security, if you were not drafted.
 Right to live in a society of free enterprise, if one excludes the
government’s price and wage ceilings and orders that halted
production on all the common items one needs to live.
 Right to come and go, if the person does not need new shoes,
more gasoline, decent tires, a new car, or a new bicycle.
 Right to speak or be silent, as long as one speaks positively
about the war, and is silent about the legitimacy of rationing
claims.
 Right to equality before the law, if it is “Separate but Equal” before
the law.
 Right to rest, but only on Christmas Day.
 And a right to an education, if the cotton is not in bloom and ready
to be picked by child laborers.

64. Women at War
 Women in 1944 made up over 1/3 of the
civilian labor force
 New opportunities opened up for married
women and mothers
 Women’s work during the war was viewed
by men and the government as temporary
 The advertisers’ “world of tomorrow” rested
on a vision of family-centered prosperity

67. The American Dilemma
 Patriotic Assimilation
 World War II created a vast melting pot,
especially for European immigrants and their
children
○ Roosevelt promoted pluralism as the only
source of harmony in a diverse society
 Government and private agencies eagerly
promoted group equality as the definition of
Americanism and a counterpoint to Nazism

68. The American Dilemma
 Patriotic Assimilation
 By the war’s end, racism and nativism had
been stripped of its intellectual respectability
○ However, intolerance hardly disappeared from
American life

70. The American Dilemma
 Asian-Americans in Wartime
 Asian-Americans’ war experience was filled
with paradox
 Chinese exclusion was abolished
 Japanese were viewed by American as a
detested foe
 The American government viewed every
person of Japanese ethnicity as a potential
spy

72. The American Dilemma
 Japanese-American Internment
 The military persuaded FDR to issue
Executive Order 9066
 Internment revealed how easily war can
undermine basic freedoms
○ Hardly anyone spoke out against internment
○ The courts refused to intervene
 The government marketed war bonds to the
internees and drafted them into the army

74. Blacks and the War
 The wartime message of freedom ushered a
major transformation in the status of blacks
 The war spurred a movement of black
population from the rural South to the cities of
the North and West
 Detroit race riot
 During the war, over 1 million blacks served in
the armed forces
 Black soldiers sometimes had to give up their
seats on railroad cars to accommodate Nazi
prisoners of war

76. Birth of the Civil Rights
Movement
 The war years witnessed the birth of the
modern civil rights movement
 March on Washington
 Black labor leader A. Philip Randolph called
for the march in July 1941
 Executive Order 8802
 Prohibited government contractors from
engaging in employment discrimination
based on race, color, or national origin

77. Birth of the Civil Rights
Movement
 The Double V
 The double-V meant that victory over Germany and
Japan must be accompanied by victory over
segregation at home
 What the Negro Wants
 During the war, a broad political coalition on the left
called for an end to racial inequality in America
○ The status of blacks becomes an issue at the forefront
of enlightened liberalism
 CIO unions made significant efforts to organize black
workers and win access to skilled positions
 The South reacts by attempting to preserve
white supremacy

78. The End of the War
 The Atomic Bomb
 One of the most momentous decisions ever
confronted by an American president fell to
Harry Truman
 The bomb was a practical realization of the
theory of relativity
 The Manhattan Project developed an atomic
bomb

80. The End of the War
 The Dawn of the Atomic Age
 On 6 August 1945, an American bomber
dropped an atomic bomb that detonated over
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
 Because of the enormous cost in civilian lives,
the use of the bomb remains controversial
○ Allied military forces reasoned the use of the
bomb saved roughly half a million Allied soldiers’
lives
 The dropping of the atomic bombs was the
logical culmination of the war World War II had
been fought
○ A total threat requires a total response