2. Check my SlideShare page
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Lectures posted for:
United States History before 1877
United States History after 1877
Texas History
United States (Federal) Government
Texas Government
If you would like a great study resource
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exam), check out the following:
AP U.S. History Exam Study
3.
4. Good Neighbor Policy
U.S. continued to dominate Latin
America politically and economically
Began to rely less on direct military
intervention
FDR differed from his predecessors by
substituting cooperation for coercion
Agenda: “U.S. would be a good
neighbor to Latin America”
However, domination of this area would
remain unchallenged
The Monroe Doctrine still lived on
5. U.S. Isolationism
Business-minded people in America did
not want to give up profitable overseas
markets like Germany and Japan just
because Western Europe was turning
toward war
U.S refused to recognize the Soviet
Union
Quarreled with England and France over
repayment of loans they received after
World War I
6. U.S. Isolationism
U.S. was overly cautious to get involved
in another “meaningless war” after
World War I
Neutrality Acts typified the 1930s in
America
The U.S. was battling their own war – the
Great Depression
○ Politicians were hesitant to fund another
European war while fighting a war against
poverty at home
7. War in Europe
Germany invaded Poland on 1 September
1939
For nearly two years, Britain stood virtually
alone in fighting Germany
Battle of Britain
First major campaign in World War II
Fought entirely by air forces
Britain prevailed against almost overwhelming odds
Germany’s loss was significant and was the first
turning point in WW II
FDR wanted to help Britain, but public support
in the U.S. limited him
8.
9.
10. The Road to Intervention
FDR ran for an unprecedented third
term as he urged the country to “keep
someone with experience” in office if
the U.S. got involved in WW II (1940)
Lend Lease Act (1941)
US began war shipments to Great Britain
Signaled the end of non-interventionist
foreign policy
11. The Road to Intervention
Atlantic Charter
The blueprint for the world after WW II
○ Laid the foundation for international treaties
and organizations that would bring the world
back to its feet economically
FDR was persuaded to sign the charter by
Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of Great
Britain)
12. U.S. Relations with Japan
Japan had long been interested in an
Asian empire
Actively occupied Korea and key parts of
Manchuria before 1920
When Japan sought to gain
supremacy in China, the U.S.
protested with the “Open Door Policy”
13. U.S. Relations with Japan
Open Door Policy
Declared that the U.S. and all European
nations could trade with China and were free
to use China’s treaty ports
○ Western nations were trying to retain their spheres
of influence in China
○ China’s power as a nation was declining during
this period, so they had little recourse
Political/Economic Theory: trade is a basic
right of all nations
○ However, this theory doesn’t address the fact that
sovereign Western nations often limited trades
with isolationist policies
14. U.S. Relations with Japan
Open Door Policy
Arguments for the policy were based on
political theorist John Locke: Isolationism
is essentially unnatural for trade and
communication between nations
It’s ironic that the U.S. actively promoted
Locke’s theory during the same period
America was staunchly supporting
isolationism to deal with the Great
Depression
15. U.S. Relations with Japan
Japan disregarded the Open Door
Policy
Led to the Washington Conference in 1922
The conference again declared the
independence of China via the Open Door
Policy
○ Was reinforced through the “Nine Power Treaty”
○ Yet, the treaty lacked any enforcement regulations
or sanctions for disregarding the Open Door Policy
or Treaty
16. U.S. Relations with Japan
Japan disregarded the Open Door
Policy
Japan clearly violated these agreements
when it began occupying Manchuria
○ The U.S. and Europe didn’t respond though
After war breaks out in Europe, the U.S. began
to realize Japan was allying with Germany
US responded by limiting strategic exports
to Japan
○ Primarily oil
17. U.S. Relations with Japan
Japan disregarded the Open Door
Policy
Economic sanctions did not deter Japan
○ Instead, it entrenched anti-U.S. and Western
sentiments
○ So, Japan officially allied with Germany and
Italy
○ Japan also began pushing further into
Indochina
18. U.S. Relations with Japan
The U.S. response – end all trade
with Japan
Sounds a lot like how we got into the War
of 1812
○ Trade restrictions and a lack of
communication
Japan attempted to negotiate with the
U.S.
○ Their backup plan was to launch an attack on
the U.S.
19. U.S. Relations with Japan
The US response – end all trade with
Japan
Japan wanted a large stake in China for
restoration of normal trade patterns
The US demanded that Japan withdraw
all military personnel from Indochina
Negotiations failed and Japan ultimately
launched an invasion at Pearl Harbor
20.
21. Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
FDR’s “Date that Will Live in Infamy”
This attack in the Pacific greatly
changed Americans sentiment about
neutrality
The attack united the country
Popular opinion greatly favored entering
the war after the attack
22.
23. Pearl Harbor
FDR asked Congress for a
declaration of war
The U.S. suffered significant early
defeats after entering the war
The country was unprepared for a naval
and air combat halfway across the world
24. The War in the Pacific
The first few months of American
involvement witnessed an unbroken
string of military disasters
The tide turned with Allied victories at
Coral Sea and Midway
May and June 1942
25.
26. D-Day
6 June 1944
Allied invasion of Normandy, France
(Operation Neptune)
2 phases of Allied attack
Air assault by the Americans, British, and
French shortly after midnight
Amphibious landing of Allied infantry and
armored divisions on the coast of
Normandy, France at 0630
27.
28.
29. D-Day
Significance
The absolute largest amphibious invasion
of all time (175,000 troops)
195,700 Naval personnel overall
Established the much needed second
front in Western Europe
○ A majority of the conflict was fought initially in
North Africa and Italy
30. The Home Front
Mobilizing the War
World War II transformed the role of the
national government
The government built housing for war
workers and forced civilian industries to
retool for war production
31.
32. The Home Front
Business and War
FDR offered incentives to businesses to
spur production
○ Low interest loans
○ Tax concessions
○ Contracts with guaranteed profits
Americans produced an astonishing amount
of wartime goods and effectively utilized
science and technology
33.
34. The Home Front
Business and War
The West Coast emerged as a focus of
military-industrial production
○ Nearly 2 million Americans moved to
California for jobs in defense-related
industries
The South remained very poor despite the
influx of manufacturing
35. The Home Front
Labor in Wartime
Organized labor entered a three-sided
arrangement with government and business
that allowed union membership to soar to
unprecedented levels
Unions became firmly established in many
sectors of the economy during World War II
36. The Four Freedoms
To FDR, the Four
Freedoms
expressed deeply
held American
values worthy of
being spread
worldwide
37.
38. The Four Freedoms
Freedom of Speech
Prime example for defense of democracy
and the Constitution
Freedom of Religion
Gold standard for the critique of the
Holocaust
Championed despite the fact that most
Americans and politicians at the time
believed the Holocaust was a farce
○ This ultimately illustrates that Americans at this
time could not believe humans would treat each
other so poorly
41. The Four Freedoms
Freedom from Want
The chief argument of economic policies for the
rest of the 20th century
Elimination of barriers to international trade
○ Goal was to protect the standard of living from falling
after the war
Freedom from Fear
The gradual disarmament of the entire world
Help prevent tyranny (Italy, Germany) from
happening again
“human security” paradigm
Illustrates a gradual shift from the collective to
the individual
46. The Fifth Freedom
WW II America witnessed a burst of
messages defining advertisers’ version of
freedom: the emergence of free enterprise
While private businesses enjoyed profit during
the war period, many businesses resented the
federal government’s intervention in virtually all
aspects of business ownership
Furthermore, the expansion of labor unions
greatly strained relations between workers and
employers
62. Right to work.
Right to fair pay.
Right to adequate food.
Right to security.
Right to live in a society of free enterprise.
Right to come and go.
Right to speak or be silent.
Right to equality before the law.
Right to rest.
Right to an education.
63. Right to work, if you are white.
Right to fair pay, if you are male.
Right to adequate food, if you register for and comply with food
rationing programs.
Right to security, if you were not drafted.
Right to live in a society of free enterprise, if one excludes the
government’s price and wage ceilings and orders that halted
production on all the common items one needs to live.
Right to come and go, if the person does not need new shoes,
more gasoline, decent tires, a new car, or a new bicycle.
Right to speak or be silent, as long as one speaks positively
about the war, and is silent about the legitimacy of rationing
claims.
Right to equality before the law, if it is “Separate but Equal” before
the law.
Right to rest, but only on Christmas Day.
And a right to an education, if the cotton is not in bloom and ready
to be picked by child laborers.
64. Women at War
Women in 1944 made up over 1/3 of the
civilian labor force
New opportunities opened up for married
women and mothers
Women’s work during the war was viewed
by men and the government as temporary
The advertisers’ “world of tomorrow” rested
on a vision of family-centered prosperity
(with women not in the workplace)
65.
66.
67. The American Dilemma
Patriotic Assimilation
World War II created a vast melting pot,
especially for European immigrants and their
children
○ FDR promoted pluralism as the only source of
harmony in a diverse society
Government and private agencies eagerly
promoted group equality as the definition of
Americanism and a counterpoint to Nazism
68. The American Dilemma
Patriotic Assimilation
By the war’s end, racism and nativism had
been stripped of its intellectual respectability
○ However, racial and cultural intolerance hardly
disappeared from American life after the war
69.
70. The American Dilemma
Asian-Americans in Wartime
Asian-Americans’ war experience was
paradoxical
Chinese exclusion was abolished
However, the Japanese were viewed by
American as a detested foe
○ The American government viewed every
person of Japanese ethnicity as a potential
spy
71.
72. The American Dilemma
Japanese-American Internment
The military persuaded FDR to issue
Executive Order 9066
Internment revealed how easily war can
erode basic freedoms
○ Hardly anyone spoke out against internment
Viewed as unpatriotic
○ The courts refused to intervene
The government marketed war bonds to the
internees and drafted them into the army
73.
74. Blacks and the War
The wartime message of freedom ushered a
major transformation for blacks’ status
The war spurred a movement of black
population from the rural South to the cities of
the North and West
Detroit race riot
During the war, over 1 million blacks served in
the armed forces
Black soldiers often had to give up their seats on
railroad cars to accommodate Nazi prisoners of war
Illustrates cultural vs. racist tensions in the military
75.
76. Birth of the Civil Rights
Movement
The war years witnessed the birth of the
modern civil rights movement
March on Washington
Black labor leader A. Philip Randolph called
for the march in July 1941
Executive Order 8802
Prohibited government contractors from
engaging in employment discrimination
based on race, color, or national origin
77. Birth of the Civil Rights
Movement
The Double V
The double-V meant that victory over Germany and
Japan must be accompanied by victory over
segregation at home
What the Negro Wants
During the war, a broad political coalition on the left
called for an end to racial inequality in America
○ The status of blacks becomes an issue at the forefront
of enlightened liberalism
CIO unions made significant efforts to organize black
workers and win access to skilled positions
The South reacted by attempting to preserve
white supremacy
Resurgence of the KKK in the post-war years
78. The End of the War
The Atomic Bomb
One of the most momentous decisions ever
confronted by an American president fell on
Harry Truman
The Manhattan Project developed the
atomic bomb
○ Practical realization of Einstein’s theory of
relativity
○ Testing was conducted in Alamagordo, New
Mexico (1945)
79.
80. The End of the War
The Dawn of the Atomic Age
On 6 August 1945, an American bomber
dropped an atomic bomb that detonated over
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
Because of the enormous cost in civilian lives,
the use of the bomb remains controversial
○ Allied military forces reasoned the use of the
bomb saved roughly half a million Allied soldiers’
lives
The use of atomic weapons was the logical
culmination of the type of war World War II had
become
○ A total threat requires a total response
81.
82. Check my SlideShare page
(rfair07) for more lectures
Lectures posted for:
United States History before 1877
United States History after 1877
Texas History
United States (Federal) Government
Texas Government
If you would like a great study resource
for United States History (college or AP
exam), check out the following:
AP U.S. History Exam Study