1. Renewable/Low Carbon Energy Opportunities for Businesses
Report Details:
Published:August 2012
No. of Pages: 146
Price: Single User License – US$2875
The report offers technical and commercial guidance on a range of renewable and low carbon
generation technologies for business operators to work out what solutions suit them and how they
can implement these solutions for maximum benefit to the business.
Features and benefits
•The report will help business operators to identify the most cost-effective way of meeting their
environmental targets.
•This report will help business operators to manage the risk to their business through improving
security of supply.
•The report will empower business operators to adopt a balanced approach towards assessment
of their energy supply options.
Highlights
The report provides straightforward access to the technical, environmental, and commercial
principles of renewable/low carbon energy generation systems, providing the knowledge needed
to follow an appropriate path for the business.
The report gives valuable guidance on project delivery options that achieve a balance of risk and
reward appropriate to the business.
The report equips the reader with analytical methodology that will be applicable even with
inevitable changes in technical and economic data with time and changing circumstances.
Your key questions answered
•What is the best balance between renewable energy generation and energy efficiency measures?
•Which renewable/low carbon energy supply options are likely to give the best return on
investment for businesses?
•How can the risk to the business be minimized through renewable/low carbon energy supply
measures and the way they are delivered and operated?
•What is the required level of intervention in system delivery and operation by the business
operator for different renewable/low carbon generation?
•Is it better to invest in on-site or off-site generation for your business?
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Major points covered in Table of Contents of this report include
Table of Contents
About the author
Disclaimer
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Drivers for renewable energy in business
Energy Hierarchy and prioritizing of energy measures
Balancing energy supply and demand
Technology option overview
Economics of renewable energy systems
Environmental impacts of energy systems
Risks to business operator
On-site versus off-site
Delivery of renewable energy systems
Business internal change
Summary comparison of options and energy system approach
Introduction
Summary
Introduction
Report overview
Drivers for renewable energy in business
Summary
Introduction
Environmental/planning drivers for renewable energy
Building regulations
Carbon Reduction Commitment
EU Emissions Trading Scheme
Economic drivers for renewable energy
Reputational drivers for renewable energy
Energy Hierarchy and prioritizing of energy measures
Summary
Introduction
Introduction to concept
Priority 1: energy conservation
Priority 2: energy efficiency
Priority 3: utilization of renewable resources
Priority 4: efficient supply of energy
Balancing energy supply and demand
Summary
Introduction

3. Approach towards energy/CO2 balancing
Technology option overview
Summary
Introduction
General characteristics of renewable energy
Solar photovoltaics
Maintenance of PV
Solar thermal
Introduction
Solar hot water
Solar space heating
Solar cooling
Wind energy
Biomass heating
Log stove
Log boiler
Pellet boiler
Wood chip boiler
Oil boiler
Other fuel types
Anaerobic digestion
Biomethane mains injection
Bioenergy electricity generation and combined heat and power
General
Direct combustion with steam turbine
Organic Rankine cycle with steam turbine/Stirling engine
Advanced thermal conversion (pyrolysis and gasification) with gas engine/gas turbine/fuel cells
Natural gas-fired combined heat and power
Absorption chilling
Co-firing of biomass with fossil fuels or waste
Heat pumps
Ground source heat pumps
Air source heat pumps
Energy storage
Thermal energy storage
Cooling energy storage
Electrical energy storage
Smart energy systems
Definition
Smart metering
Smart control systems

4. Economics of renewable energy systems
Summary
Introduction
Capital cost
Operational cost
Lifecycle costing
Funding
Feed-in tariffs
Renewables Obligation Certificates (UK)
Electricity Market Reform – Contract for Difference
Renewable Heat Incentive
Green Deal
Financing
Environmental impacts of energy systems
Summary
Introduction
Wind energy environmental impacts
Visual
Noise
Shadow flicker
Ecological and archaeological
Technical impacts – aviation and telecommunications
Bioenergy environmental impacts
Emissions
PV environmental impacts
Hydroelectric environmental impacts
Risks to business operator
Summary
Introduction
Risks with ownership option
Managing risks with outsourcing option
Combination of ownership and outsourcing
On-site versus off-site
Summary
Introduction
On-site
Green electricity/gas
Definition
Commercial
Environmental
Opportunities for investment in off-site projects

5. Delivery of renewable energy systems
Summary
Introduction
Delivery by business operator
Consolidation of the business drivers
Energy survey
Technical and economic assessment of renewable energy generation potential
Specification
Evaluation of quotations and appointment
Overseeing project delivery
Setting up of appropriate operational regime
Third party ownership delivery
Scope of work
Determination of benefits to the business operator
Length of contract
Project Development Agreement
Length of delivery program
Level of interference with business operator’s core business
Selection of energy service provider
Combined client and third party delivery
Project delivery and operational responsibility
Equity in project
Modularization, project planning
Business internal change
Summary
Introduction
Level of commitment required
Third party delivery and operation
In-house delivery and operation
Cultural/behavioral change
Energy management
Metering, monitoring, and administration
Summary comparison of options and energy system approach
Summary
Introduction
Approach towards comparison of options and energy systems
Future developments
Appendix
Scope
Methodology
Primary research
Secondary research

6. Glossary/abbreviations
Bibliography/references
List of Tables
Table: Limiting fabric parameters (non-domestic buildings), UK Building Regulations, 2010
Table: Recommended minimum energy efficiency standards for building services – biomass
boilers (%), 2011
Table: Recommended minimum energy efficiency standards for building services – heat pumps
(%), 2011
Table: Recommended minimum energy efficiency standards for building services – heat pumps
(seasonal performance factor), 2010
Table: UK Building Regulations fuel emissions factors (kgCO 2 /kWh), 2009
Table: Types of renewable energy and their general applicability to businesses, 2012
Table: Commercial solar PV module efficiency, 2010
Table: Products of pyrolysis for different temperatures and residence times, 1997
Table: CHP prime movers, indicative summary comparison, 2012
Table: Wood fuel costs in the UK, July 2012
Table: Maintenance requirements for different renewable energy technologies, 2012
Table: Current and proposed ROC banding, 2012
Table: RHI tariff banding in the UK, 2012
List of Figures
Figure: Energy Hierarchy, 2012
Figure: CO 2 emissions displaced by renewable energy/low carbon generation, 2012
Figure: Grid-tied PV system configuration and components, 2012
Figure: Indicative variation of PV efficiency with orientation in the UK, 2012
Figure: PV shading, 2012
Figure: Solar (thermal) island, Almere, the Netherlands, 2011
Figure: Comparison of solar thermal cooling and cooling using electricity from PV, 2012
Figure: Wind turbine at chemical factory, 2012
Figure: Calculation of annual generation of a wind turbine from capacity factor, 2012
Figure: Heat pump schematic, 2012
Figure: Hale Village biomass boiler, 2011
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