1. Rebeca García Olivares 4º
A 26th March 2012

2. INDEX
 Iron and Steel Architecture
 Realism (Sculpture and Painting)

3. IRON AND STEEL ARCHITECTURE
 The Industrial Revolution that
started in Britain in 1760, led to the
main changes in architecture in the
second half of the 19th century. New
materials like iron, steel, concrete,
glass… started to be used to build
because they were more resistant
that the older ones.
 The advantages of these materials
are that they are more resistant and
easier to work with. Their main
problems are oxidation and they
aren´t easy to cast with fire, because
steel loses its resistance with heat.
Sainte Geneviève Library

4.  The new necessities of industry and cities created a boom of construction
of infrastructures and facilities for transport communications, such as train
stations, bridges (one of the first important projects was The Iron Bridge
in Shropshire, a precedent setting structure made almost entirely of cast
iron), viaducts, storehouses, factories, department stores, libraries (Saint
Genevieve’s Library in Paris) , markets, greenhouses, aqueducts (such as
the world-famous Pontcysyllte Aqueduct in North Wales)… Large
diaphanous spaces were needed.
Iron Bridge Sainte Geneviève Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
Library

5.  Many architects continued using traditional materials, because they didn´t
trust the use of the new materials in architecture. Discussions between
architects and engineers started, because at the beginning, the engineers
were excluded from the buildings´ construction. The Academies of Fine
Arts, considered “not really artistic” the fantastic buildings built by the
engineers during the 19th century.

6. FIRST BUILDINGS
 The use of the new materials was spread out with the World Fairs, events
organized by the different states to show their science advances. Large
spaces were needed to keep the machines and the new inventions. For that
reason buildings were built with the most advanced techniques, to get the
maximum profit. The most important buildings were: Chrystal Palace in
London by Patxon, Gallery of the Machines by Dutert and Contamin and
finally Eiffel Tower by Gustave Eiffel.
Chrystal Palace Eiffel Tower Gallery of the Machines

7. CHRYSTAL PALACE
 It was built to host the first Great
Exhibition, by Joseph Paxton in
London in 1851. This building was a
complete innovation, because it was
totally different to the past built
structures. This palace had the
influence of greenhouses ´
architecture. It was only built with
iron and glass. The purpose was to
create a diaphanous building with
daylight. It was prefabricated, so it
could be assembled and disassembled.
It had decorative elements like,
arches, circular windows, pinnacles
and lattices, which embellished the
aesthetic appearance of the building.

8. EIFFEL TOWER
 The engineer Gustave Eiffel built
the tower from 1887 to 1889 in
Paris, next to Seine River. It´s made
of iron. It´s 321 meters high. At the
beginning it caused an unsightly
impression, because it seemed to
be a factory instead of a
monument. It´s formed by four
arches over four pillars in the
lower part and the arches become
narrower as they go to the upper
part .

9.  It was built for the World Fair in 1889 to commemorate the French Revolution. It
was considered to be the highest building until 1930, when the Chrysler building in
Manhattan was built. Its weigh is 7,300 tons. There were 300 workers in total
working during 2 years, 2 months and 5 days. The Eiffel Tower is formed by 18,083
iron pieces, 2 million rivets and 50 tons of paint. Every 7 years, the tower is painted
to improve its appearance and avoid corrosion.
 The tower is formed by three floors: in the first one
there is a post office, a cinema, a gift shop, the
conference and reception room and some pictures, in
the second one there is a restaurant and in the third
one, there is a bar, a gift shop and Gustave Eiffel’s office.
In 1909, it should have been destroyed, but its telegraph
antenna saved it. The Eiffel tower is visited by more than
6 million people every year.

10. FIRST SKYSCRAPERS
 With the use of iron and steel the first skyscrapers
appeared. The first one appeared in Chicago and it
had a commercial purpose. It was built by Sullivan
and it was called Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company
Building.

11. IRON AND STEEL ARCHITECRURE IN SPAIN
 In Spain, iron and steel
were used in railway
stations. An example is
Atocha Station in
Madrid by Alberto
Palacio. Another
example can be the
Chrystal Palace of the
Retiro Gardens in
Madrid, built by
Velázquez Bosco.

12. REALISM (PAINTING AND SCULPTURE)
 In the 2nd half of the 19th century there was a reaction against Romanticism. Artists
wanted to reflect and describe reality and they wanted to show the real world. This
was related to some facts, such as the failure of political revolutions, the
consequences of industrialization (child work, exploitation, misery…) and advances
in science, based on observation and description of reality. In Realism the main
topic is the common life: human beings and their work had to be the point of
inspiration. The artists didn´t idealize things, they showed the beautiful and the
ugly as they were. Realism was the reflection of the social ideas of the period.
The Gleaners The Third-wagon class

13. SCULPTURE
 In sculpture realism was reflected in more detailed sculptures with themes
like work and ordinary life. Sculptors didn´t have much artistic liberty like
painters. As the bourgeoisie was the richest class in this period, they
decorated the cities and their houses with sculptures made of
bronze, marble, terracotta and ceramic. The sculptures drew inspiration
from Renaissance Roman busts and animals.
Dalou Bust Monument to Colon

14.  The main sculptors were:
 -France: Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (Ugolino), Daumier( Cartoonish sculptures),
Rodin ( Dalou bust)
 -Italy: Vicenzo Vela( Vicenzo victim´s work),
 -Belgium: Constantin Meunier ( The forger, The driller)
 -Spain: Mariano Benlliure( Joselito´s funeral) , Ponciano Ponzano (Lions of the
Courts), Antonio Susillo( Monument to Colon).
Vicenzo victim s Lions of the
Ugolino The forger
work Courts

15. ANALYSIS OF A SCULPTURE
 Name: Dance
 Author: Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
 Made in: 1869
 Present Location: Paris Opera House
 Material: Stone
 Description:
It´s a nymphs´ dance around a genius. The main figure is in the middle, placed to
the left and he is naked. Under their feet there is a child who is encouraging some
naked women to dance around him. The figures are very natural and they express
happiness with their faces and their naughty looks. The sculpture has Rude´s
influence but with relaxed and playful figures.

16. PAINTING
 In painting, new techniques weren´t develop. The themes were the main difference
with respect to Romanticism: ordinary life, problems derived from industrialization
and disillusion for the failure of the liberal revolutions. Painters didn´t idealize the
pictures and they showed people in their ordinary life. The painters who best
represented these ideas were the painters who belonged to Barbizon School. They
showed the reality through landscape.
The Return of the Flock Landscape with two figures

17.  The main painters were:
 -Jean François Millet. He painted peasants ‘ life:
The The
Angelus lumberjack
The Gleaners The Sower

18.  -Gustave Courbet: his paintings were polemic and scandalous sometimes, due to
his crude realism:
The origin
The artist s of the world
studio
The man
A burial at with a
Ornans pipe

19.  -Honoré Daumier: his paintings had an important social content and his prints
were very critical.
The lawyer The Third-wagon
The Caricatures and class
Washerwoman drawings about
Don Quixote
The studio

20.  - Barbizon School:
The old
The Bridge at
forest
Mantes
Charles
Camille Corot
Émile Jacque
Landscape with
two figures The Old Oak
Henri Harpignies Jules Dupré

21. ANALYSIS OF A PAINTING
 Name: The artist´s studio or “ A Real Allegory of a Seven Year Phase of
my Artistic and Moral life”
 Author: Gustave Courbet
 Painted in: 1885
 Location: D´Orsay Museum (Paris)
 Material: Oil on canvas.

22. DESCRIPTION
 On the center part is the painter (Courbet), who is painting a landscape. This
landscape represents the place where he lived during his childhood There´s
also a child who is an innocent shepherd and he is looking to the painting. It´s
Courbet´s ideal viewer. There is also a naked woman, who is another ideal
viewer and his muse, who represents the Allegory of Truth. Some people are
visiting the artist´s studio, while his son is drawing on a paper; it represents
study and cultural interest. There is a window which illuminates the scene.
The light is reflected in the middle to enhance that figure as the main
character.
 On the left part is the low class, represented in a realistic manner. There is a
woman breastfeeding her child, she represents starvation and misery.
 On the right, a skull above a newspaper represents the press. For some
experts, a member of the middle class represents Courbet´s grandfather or for
others he represents the Finance minister collecting money for the coup
d´État. Baudelaire is representing poetry.
 On the background, a couple hugging represents free love. In this part are
Proudhon, his friends Bruyas, Promayet and Buchon, too. And in the left part
of the background is Saint Sebastian who represents the Academy.

23. EXPLANATION
 On this painting, Courbet represented his political ideas and his temperament. The colors used
are dark and brown. The characters represent Courbet´s different stages and influences. Courbet is
painting the landscape on his canvas, especially Ornans´ landscape. The painting represents a final
judgment: on the left side the low class and the intellectual people on the right side.
 It´s a realistic painting, because Courbet represented the real life, he avoided the representation of
the ideal world and he represented workers, the common life, the dead, women and the life in the
street… He painted with short strokes and he preferred dark colors because in this way he
represented the real life, without ornament and he avoided decadence been carefully with color
and technique. On his painting Courbet represented all the social classes without relationship
between them. Courbet considered himself as a free worker who wasn´t under the interests of a
pattern and for this reason he achieved freedom in his work, so he showed his ideas and
knowledge. The painting is modern and revolutionary. This painting is a Realism´ manifesto.
 Courbet said a sentence that showed that he was a Realistic painter: Painting is an essentially
concrete art, which only consists in the representation of real and living things.

24. REALISM IN SPAIN
 Realism arrived late in Spain. It appears in some painters, such
as :
 Joaquin Sorolla (fishermen´s paintings)
 Ignacio Zuloaga and Ramón Martí- Alsina (The nap )

25. SOURCES
 Books: Blanco Carrasco Cristina, Pérez Fons Paqui, Social Sciences History 4th Year Eso, Campo de Criptana ,
Ciudad Real
 Websites: Arqhys Architects Site, Copyright ArqHys®, http://www.arqhys.com/arquitectura-del-hierro.html
 http://www.arqhys.com/articulos/realismo.html
 Wikipedia , The Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia ®, November 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-
iron_architecture
 http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura_del_realismo
 Slideshare, 2012 SlideShare Inc. http://www.slideshare.net/archieg/hierro-y-acero2
 http://www.slideshare.net/tomperez/la-pintura-realista-del-s-xix-415909
 http://www.slideshare.net/nmenap/realismo-proyecto-de-arte
 ArteEspana, June 2005, http://www.arteespana.com/arquitecturadelhierro.htm
 http://www.arteespana.com/carpeaux.htm
 http://www.arteespana.com/pinturarealista.htm
 ArteHistoria, http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/arte/videos/777.htm
 Viajes.net, http://www.viajes.net/europa/francia/paris/monumentos/torreeiffel
 Wikillerato,2009 Fundación Telefónica, http://www.educared.org/wikiEducared/La_escultura_realista.html
 Arte torreherberos,Paco Hidalgo http://artetorreherberos.blogspot.com.es/2010/04/comentario-de-el-
estudio-del-pintor-de.html
 Obeservatario, una obra de arte diaria. Teresa Moreno, arte.observatorio.info