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Loneliness	
  and	
  Social	
  Networks	
  
July	
  16th	
  ,	
  2012,	
  08:38	
  PM	
  	
  

By	
  Ricardo	
  Murer	
  
B.S.	
  in	
  Computer	
  Science	
  (USP)	
  and	
  Master's	
  Degree	
  in	
  Communications	
  (USP).	
  
Specialist	
  in	
  digital	
  strategy	
  and	
  new	
  technologies.	
  
Follow@rdmurer	
  

People	
  are	
  not	
  made	
  of	
  bits,	
  and	
  chats	
  are	
  not	
  conversations.	
  Meeting	
  others	
  is	
  
beyond	
  digital	
  interfaces.	
  

Is	
  it	
  possible	
  to	
  imagine	
  a	
  planet	
  of	
  connected	
  loners?	
  Is	
  it	
  possible	
  for	
  us	
  to	
  be	
  
together	
  yet	
  completely	
  distant	
  from	
  one	
  another?	
  Are	
  we	
  building	
  or	
  breaking	
  
down	
  our	
  interpersonal	
  relations,	
  increasingly	
  more	
  frequent	
  today	
  via	
  electronic	
  
interfaces?	
  On	
  the	
  other	
  hand,	
  our	
  society	
  experiences	
  a	
  moment	
  of	
  transition,	
  
especially	
  in	
  the	
  major	
  cities,	
  where	
  more	
  and	
  more	
  people	
  are	
  living	
  by	
  themselves.	
  
Could	
  the	
  social	
  networks	
  be	
  playing	
  a	
  psychological	
  support	
  role	
  to	
  millions	
  of	
  
loners	
  around	
  the	
  globe?	
  How	
  much	
  of	
  this	
  psychological	
  comfort	
  is	
  there	
  in	
  having	
  
"hundreds"	
  of	
  friends,	
  or	
  in	
  receiving	
  hundreds	
  of	
  "likes"	
  to	
  a	
  photo	
  at	
  the	
  beach?	
  
What	
  is	
  more,	
  to	
  what	
  extent	
  is	
  the	
  virtual	
  community's	
  space,	
  its	
  remoteness	
  and	
  
illusion	
  perceived	
  as	
  such	
  by	
  million	
  of	
  users?	
  According	
  to	
  Sherry	
  Turkley:	
  "We	
  live	
  
in	
  a	
  technological	
  universe	
  where	
  we	
  remain	
  in	
  constant	
  communication	
  with	
  each	
  
other.	
  And	
  by	
  doing	
  so,	
  we	
  have	
  sacrificed	
  conversations	
  for	
  a	
  simple	
  connection."	
  
(TURKLE,	
  2011).	
  	
  

The	
  Internet	
  has	
  ceased	
  to	
  be	
  a	
  technological	
  innovation	
  for	
  quite	
  some	
  time	
  now.	
  
Psychologists,	
  sociologists	
  and	
  anthropologists	
  today	
  are	
  attracted	
  to	
  social	
  
networks	
  like	
  bees	
  to	
  honey.	
  After	
  all,	
  millions	
  people	
  around	
  the	
  world	
  are	
  
migrating	
  to	
  "the	
  other	
  side	
  of	
  the	
  screen",	
  and	
  into	
  Facebook,	
  in	
  particular,	
  
revealing	
  their	
  feelings,	
  ideas	
  and	
  day-­‐to-­‐day	
  explicitly	
  and	
  unrestrained.	
  Stephen	
  
Marche	
  (MARCHE,	
  2012),	
  mentions	
  an	
  Australian	
  study	
  by	
  Tracii	
  Ryan	
  and	
  Sophia	
  
Xenos	
  of	
  the	
  University	
  of	
  Melbourne,	
  where	
  the	
  researchers	
  found	
  a	
  correlation	
  
between	
  Facebook	
  users	
  and	
  narcissism:	
  "Facebook	
  users	
  have	
  higher	
  narcissism,	
  
exhibitionism	
  and	
  leadership	
  levels	
  than	
  those	
  who	
  do	
  not	
  use	
  Facebook".	
  Actually,	
  
social	
  networks	
  (an	
  on	
  Facebook	
  in	
  particular)	
  it	
  is	
  commonplace	
  to	
  speak	
  of	
  one's	
  
self,	
  "sharing"	
  feelings,	
  writing	
  and	
  posting	
  anything	
  frenetically,	
  reaching	
  the	
  
highest	
  volume	
  and	
  audience	
  possible.	
  	
  

Could	
  this	
  be	
  a	
  symptom	
  from	
  being	
  lonely?	
  Since	
  loneliness	
  can	
  be	
  quite	
  subjective	
  
where	
  one	
  would	
  feel	
  alone	
  despite	
  being	
  among	
  many.	
  Therefore,	
  by	
  raising	
  my	
  
interaction	
  level	
  I	
  could	
  be	
  desiring	
  to	
  "receive	
  more	
  than	
  giving",	
  to	
  be	
  noticed,	
  and	
  
to	
  gain	
  more	
  psychological	
  support.	
  The	
  quantity	
  of	
  social	
  interaction	
  to	
  this	
  people	
  
is	
  important.	
  And	
  in	
  this	
  case,	
  their	
  loneliness	
  is	
  not	
  because	
  of	
  the	
  social	
  networks	
  
like	
  Facebook.	
  The	
  Internet	
  is	
  just	
  another	
  form	
  of	
  expression,	
  accessible,	
  easy	
  to	
  
use,	
  and	
  which	
  despite	
  being	
  superficial,	
  serves	
  to	
  relieve	
  the	
  feeling	
  of	
  being	
  alone.	
  
Meanwhile,	
  lonely	
  individual	
  continue	
  to	
  grow	
  in	
  numbers	
  around	
  the	
  world.	
  

                                                                   1	
  
	
  
According	
  to	
  data	
  from	
  American	
  consulting	
  firm	
  Euromonitor,	
  over	
  270	
  million	
  
people	
  in	
  the	
  world,	
  almost	
  4%	
  of	
  the	
  world's	
  population,	
  lived	
  alone	
  in	
  2011,	
  
representing	
  a	
  growth	
  of	
  27.6%	
  since	
  2006,	
  and	
  77%	
  since	
  1996.	
  Developing	
  nations	
  
currently	
  hold	
  almost	
  half	
  of	
  one-­‐person	
  homes,	
  or	
  130.7	
  million	
  people,	
  against	
  
107.5	
  million	
  in	
  2006,	
  representing	
  a	
  growth	
  of	
  21.6%.	
  With	
  that,	
  I	
  do	
  not	
  mean	
  to	
  
say	
  that	
  social	
  networks	
  are	
  harboring	
  the	
  lonely	
  individuals	
  of	
  the	
  planet,	
  but	
  that,	
  
when	
  we	
  are	
  connected,	
  including	
  in	
  synchronous	
  interactions	
  such	
  as	
  a	
  chat,	
  for	
  
example,	
  we	
  are	
  not	
  engaged	
  in	
  a	
  face	
  to	
  face	
  conversation	
  with	
  the	
  other	
  person.	
  
We	
  are	
  alone.	
  Just	
  look	
  around	
  you	
  and	
  you	
  will	
  realize	
  how	
  lonely	
  "being	
  
connected"	
  is	
  when	
  we	
  sit	
  in	
  front	
  of	
  a	
  computer	
  or	
  some	
  other	
  gadget.	
  	
  	
  

If	
  the	
  TV	
  is	
  a	
  collective	
  experience	
  that	
  obliterated	
  dialog	
  (watching	
  a	
  soap	
  opera	
  
with	
  the	
  family,	
  for	
  instance),	
  the	
  computer	
  and	
  the	
  new	
  interactive	
  gadgets	
  are	
  
suppressing	
  the	
  collective	
  presence.	
  The	
  collective	
  is	
  always	
  "virtualized",	
  on	
  the	
  
other	
  side	
  of	
  the	
  screen.	
  In	
  that	
  case,	
  social	
  isolation	
  is	
  real,	
  concrete	
  and	
  is	
  directly	
  
linked	
  to	
  online	
  activity.	
  In	
  the	
  social	
  networks	
  the	
  danger	
  is	
  even	
  greater	
  because	
  
social	
  isolation	
  becomes	
  worse	
  as	
  people	
  substitute	
  personal	
  contact	
  with	
  several	
  
interactive	
  tools.	
  It	
  is	
  impossible	
  to	
  learn	
  of	
  a	
  person's	
  character	
  through	
  his	
  or	
  her	
  
Facebook	
  profile,	
  photos	
  or	
  online	
  conversations.	
  Even	
  more	
  critical	
  is	
  the	
  fact	
  that	
  
this	
  virtual	
  presence	
  can	
  also	
  be	
  substituted	
  by	
  some	
  binary	
  construction.	
  Avatars	
  
are	
  being	
  used	
  to	
  treat	
  children	
  with	
  autism	
  (ZEYNEP,	
  2012),	
  chatbots	
  or	
  socialbots	
  
to	
  be	
  more	
  generic	
  (BOSHMAF,	
  2011),	
  software	
  programs	
  that	
  behave	
  like	
  people,	
  
converse	
  in	
  chat	
  rooms	
  or	
  tweet	
  (such	
  as	
  @trackgirl,	
  for	
  example),	
  and	
  completely	
  
false	
  profiles,	
  virtual	
  holograms,	
  proliferate	
  the	
  social	
  networks.	
  Which	
  takes	
  us	
  into	
  
the	
  dangerous	
  universe	
  of	
  digital	
  illusion,	
  where	
  even	
  the	
  relations	
  we	
  nurture	
  could	
  
be	
  false	
  and	
  deceptive.	
  

The	
  social	
  virtual	
  universe	
  is	
  today	
  an	
  essential	
  part	
  of	
  the	
  reality	
  and	
  daily	
  lives	
  of	
  
people,	
  but	
  as	
  Jaron	
  Lanier	
  well	
  put	
  it:	
  "the	
  first	
  principle	
  of	
  this	
  new	
  culture	
  is	
  that	
  
all	
  reality,	
  including	
  human	
  beings,	
  is	
  a	
  huge	
  information	
  system."	
  (LANIER,	
  2011).	
  
Once	
  converted	
  into	
  binary	
  codes,	
  we	
  are	
  standardized	
  according	
  to	
  pre-­‐defined	
  
data	
  structures.	
  It	
  is	
  not	
  just	
  our	
  conversations,	
  pictures	
  or	
  videos,	
  but	
  we	
  ourselves.	
  
Technology	
  is	
  not	
  yet	
  capable	
  of	
  simulating	
  (and	
  it	
  will	
  always	
  be	
  a	
  simulation)	
  any	
  
human	
  feeling.	
  In	
  essence,	
  we	
  could	
  teleport	
  from	
  this	
  side	
  of	
  the	
  machine	
  to	
  escape	
  
loneliness,	
  only	
  to	
  find	
  it	
  waiting	
  for	
  us	
  on	
  the	
  other	
  side.	
  	
  

References	
  

BARABÁSI,	
  A.-­‐L.	
  Linked:	
  The	
  New	
  Science	
  of	
  Networks.	
  Perseus	
  Publishing,	
  2002.	
  

BENEVENUTO,	
  F.	
  et	
  all	
  .	
  Characterizing	
  user	
  behavior	
  in	
  online	
  social	
  networks.	
  
Proceedings	
  of	
  the	
  9th	
  ACM	
  SIGCOMM	
  conference	
  on	
  Internet	
  measurement	
  
conference,	
  Chicago,	
  Illinois,	
  USA.	
  November	
  04-­‐06,	
  2009.	
  

BOSHMAF,	
  Y.	
  et	
  all.	
  The	
  Socialbot	
  Network:	
  	
  When	
  Bots	
  Socialize	
  for	
  Fame	
  and	
  
Money.	
  ACSAC	
  11	
  Dec.	
  5-­‐9,	
  Orlando,	
  Florida	
  USA.	
  2011.	
  



                                                                      2	
  
	
  
HAMPTON,	
  K.	
  et	
  all.	
  Why	
  most	
  Facebook	
  users	
  get	
  more	
  than	
  they	
  give	
  –	
  The	
  effect	
  
of	
  Facebook	
  ‘power	
  users’	
  on	
  everybody	
  else.	
  Pew	
  Research	
  Center’s	
  Internet	
  &	
  
American	
  Life	
  Project	
  1615	
  L	
  St.,	
  NW	
  –	
  Suite	
  700	
  Washington,	
  D.C.	
  20036.	
  February,	
  
3,	
  2012.	
  	
  

KIRKPATRICK,	
  D.	
  The	
  Facebook	
  Effect:	
  The	
  Inside	
  Story	
  of	
  the	
  Company	
  That	
  is	
  
Connecting	
  the	
  World.	
  London:	
  Virgin.	
  2010.	
  

LANIER,	
  J.	
  You	
  Are	
  Not	
  a	
  Gadget:	
  A	
  Manifesto,	
  London:	
  Allen	
  Lane.	
  2010.	
  

MARCHE,	
  S.	
  Is	
  Facebook	
  making	
  us	
  lonely?	
  The	
  Atlantic.	
  May,	
  2012.	
  

MILGRAM.	
  S.	
  The	
  small	
  world	
  problem.	
  Psychology	
  today,	
  2(1):60–67,	
  1967.	
  	
  

PARISER,	
  E.	
  The	
  filter	
  bubble:	
  What	
  the	
  Internet	
  is	
  hiding	
  from	
  you.	
  The	
  Penguin	
  Press	
  
HC.	
  2011.	
  

PESLAK,	
  A.	
  An	
  Empirical	
  Study	
  of	
  Social	
  Networking	
  Behavior	
  Using	
  Theory	
  of	
  
Reasoned	
  Action.	
  Conference	
  for	
  Information	
  Systems	
  Applied	
  Research.	
  
Proceedings	
  Wilmington	
  North	
  Carolina,	
  USA,	
  v4	
  n1807.	
  2011.	
  

TURKLE,	
  S.	
  The	
  Flight	
  From	
  Conversation.	
  The	
  New	
  York	
  Times	
  Sunday	
  Review.	
  April,	
  
21,	
  2012.	
  

TURKLE,	
  S.	
  Alone	
  Together:	
  Why	
  We	
  Expect	
  More	
  from	
  Technology	
  and	
  Less	
  from	
  
Each	
  Other.	
  Basic	
  Book,	
  New	
  York,	
  NY.	
  2011.	
  

ZEYNEP,	
  T.	
  Social	
  Media’s	
  Small,	
  Positive	
  Role	
  in	
  Human	
  Relationships.	
  The	
  Atlantic.	
  
April	
  25,	
  2012.	
  

	
  




                                                                 3	
  
	
  

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Loneliness and social networks

  • 1. Loneliness  and  Social  Networks   July  16th  ,  2012,  08:38  PM     By  Ricardo  Murer   B.S.  in  Computer  Science  (USP)  and  Master's  Degree  in  Communications  (USP).   Specialist  in  digital  strategy  and  new  technologies.   Follow@rdmurer   People  are  not  made  of  bits,  and  chats  are  not  conversations.  Meeting  others  is   beyond  digital  interfaces.   Is  it  possible  to  imagine  a  planet  of  connected  loners?  Is  it  possible  for  us  to  be   together  yet  completely  distant  from  one  another?  Are  we  building  or  breaking   down  our  interpersonal  relations,  increasingly  more  frequent  today  via  electronic   interfaces?  On  the  other  hand,  our  society  experiences  a  moment  of  transition,   especially  in  the  major  cities,  where  more  and  more  people  are  living  by  themselves.   Could  the  social  networks  be  playing  a  psychological  support  role  to  millions  of   loners  around  the  globe?  How  much  of  this  psychological  comfort  is  there  in  having   "hundreds"  of  friends,  or  in  receiving  hundreds  of  "likes"  to  a  photo  at  the  beach?   What  is  more,  to  what  extent  is  the  virtual  community's  space,  its  remoteness  and   illusion  perceived  as  such  by  million  of  users?  According  to  Sherry  Turkley:  "We  live   in  a  technological  universe  where  we  remain  in  constant  communication  with  each   other.  And  by  doing  so,  we  have  sacrificed  conversations  for  a  simple  connection."   (TURKLE,  2011).     The  Internet  has  ceased  to  be  a  technological  innovation  for  quite  some  time  now.   Psychologists,  sociologists  and  anthropologists  today  are  attracted  to  social   networks  like  bees  to  honey.  After  all,  millions  people  around  the  world  are   migrating  to  "the  other  side  of  the  screen",  and  into  Facebook,  in  particular,   revealing  their  feelings,  ideas  and  day-­‐to-­‐day  explicitly  and  unrestrained.  Stephen   Marche  (MARCHE,  2012),  mentions  an  Australian  study  by  Tracii  Ryan  and  Sophia   Xenos  of  the  University  of  Melbourne,  where  the  researchers  found  a  correlation   between  Facebook  users  and  narcissism:  "Facebook  users  have  higher  narcissism,   exhibitionism  and  leadership  levels  than  those  who  do  not  use  Facebook".  Actually,   social  networks  (an  on  Facebook  in  particular)  it  is  commonplace  to  speak  of  one's   self,  "sharing"  feelings,  writing  and  posting  anything  frenetically,  reaching  the   highest  volume  and  audience  possible.     Could  this  be  a  symptom  from  being  lonely?  Since  loneliness  can  be  quite  subjective   where  one  would  feel  alone  despite  being  among  many.  Therefore,  by  raising  my   interaction  level  I  could  be  desiring  to  "receive  more  than  giving",  to  be  noticed,  and   to  gain  more  psychological  support.  The  quantity  of  social  interaction  to  this  people   is  important.  And  in  this  case,  their  loneliness  is  not  because  of  the  social  networks   like  Facebook.  The  Internet  is  just  another  form  of  expression,  accessible,  easy  to   use,  and  which  despite  being  superficial,  serves  to  relieve  the  feeling  of  being  alone.   Meanwhile,  lonely  individual  continue  to  grow  in  numbers  around  the  world.   1    
  • 2. According  to  data  from  American  consulting  firm  Euromonitor,  over  270  million   people  in  the  world,  almost  4%  of  the  world's  population,  lived  alone  in  2011,   representing  a  growth  of  27.6%  since  2006,  and  77%  since  1996.  Developing  nations   currently  hold  almost  half  of  one-­‐person  homes,  or  130.7  million  people,  against   107.5  million  in  2006,  representing  a  growth  of  21.6%.  With  that,  I  do  not  mean  to   say  that  social  networks  are  harboring  the  lonely  individuals  of  the  planet,  but  that,   when  we  are  connected,  including  in  synchronous  interactions  such  as  a  chat,  for   example,  we  are  not  engaged  in  a  face  to  face  conversation  with  the  other  person.   We  are  alone.  Just  look  around  you  and  you  will  realize  how  lonely  "being   connected"  is  when  we  sit  in  front  of  a  computer  or  some  other  gadget.       If  the  TV  is  a  collective  experience  that  obliterated  dialog  (watching  a  soap  opera   with  the  family,  for  instance),  the  computer  and  the  new  interactive  gadgets  are   suppressing  the  collective  presence.  The  collective  is  always  "virtualized",  on  the   other  side  of  the  screen.  In  that  case,  social  isolation  is  real,  concrete  and  is  directly   linked  to  online  activity.  In  the  social  networks  the  danger  is  even  greater  because   social  isolation  becomes  worse  as  people  substitute  personal  contact  with  several   interactive  tools.  It  is  impossible  to  learn  of  a  person's  character  through  his  or  her   Facebook  profile,  photos  or  online  conversations.  Even  more  critical  is  the  fact  that   this  virtual  presence  can  also  be  substituted  by  some  binary  construction.  Avatars   are  being  used  to  treat  children  with  autism  (ZEYNEP,  2012),  chatbots  or  socialbots   to  be  more  generic  (BOSHMAF,  2011),  software  programs  that  behave  like  people,   converse  in  chat  rooms  or  tweet  (such  as  @trackgirl,  for  example),  and  completely   false  profiles,  virtual  holograms,  proliferate  the  social  networks.  Which  takes  us  into   the  dangerous  universe  of  digital  illusion,  where  even  the  relations  we  nurture  could   be  false  and  deceptive.   The  social  virtual  universe  is  today  an  essential  part  of  the  reality  and  daily  lives  of   people,  but  as  Jaron  Lanier  well  put  it:  "the  first  principle  of  this  new  culture  is  that   all  reality,  including  human  beings,  is  a  huge  information  system."  (LANIER,  2011).   Once  converted  into  binary  codes,  we  are  standardized  according  to  pre-­‐defined   data  structures.  It  is  not  just  our  conversations,  pictures  or  videos,  but  we  ourselves.   Technology  is  not  yet  capable  of  simulating  (and  it  will  always  be  a  simulation)  any   human  feeling.  In  essence,  we  could  teleport  from  this  side  of  the  machine  to  escape   loneliness,  only  to  find  it  waiting  for  us  on  the  other  side.     References   BARABÁSI,  A.-­‐L.  Linked:  The  New  Science  of  Networks.  Perseus  Publishing,  2002.   BENEVENUTO,  F.  et  all  .  Characterizing  user  behavior  in  online  social  networks.   Proceedings  of  the  9th  ACM  SIGCOMM  conference  on  Internet  measurement   conference,  Chicago,  Illinois,  USA.  November  04-­‐06,  2009.   BOSHMAF,  Y.  et  all.  The  Socialbot  Network:    When  Bots  Socialize  for  Fame  and   Money.  ACSAC  11  Dec.  5-­‐9,  Orlando,  Florida  USA.  2011.   2    
  • 3. HAMPTON,  K.  et  all.  Why  most  Facebook  users  get  more  than  they  give  –  The  effect   of  Facebook  ‘power  users’  on  everybody  else.  Pew  Research  Center’s  Internet  &   American  Life  Project  1615  L  St.,  NW  –  Suite  700  Washington,  D.C.  20036.  February,   3,  2012.     KIRKPATRICK,  D.  The  Facebook  Effect:  The  Inside  Story  of  the  Company  That  is   Connecting  the  World.  London:  Virgin.  2010.   LANIER,  J.  You  Are  Not  a  Gadget:  A  Manifesto,  London:  Allen  Lane.  2010.   MARCHE,  S.  Is  Facebook  making  us  lonely?  The  Atlantic.  May,  2012.   MILGRAM.  S.  The  small  world  problem.  Psychology  today,  2(1):60–67,  1967.     PARISER,  E.  The  filter  bubble:  What  the  Internet  is  hiding  from  you.  The  Penguin  Press   HC.  2011.   PESLAK,  A.  An  Empirical  Study  of  Social  Networking  Behavior  Using  Theory  of   Reasoned  Action.  Conference  for  Information  Systems  Applied  Research.   Proceedings  Wilmington  North  Carolina,  USA,  v4  n1807.  2011.   TURKLE,  S.  The  Flight  From  Conversation.  The  New  York  Times  Sunday  Review.  April,   21,  2012.   TURKLE,  S.  Alone  Together:  Why  We  Expect  More  from  Technology  and  Less  from   Each  Other.  Basic  Book,  New  York,  NY.  2011.   ZEYNEP,  T.  Social  Media’s  Small,  Positive  Role  in  Human  Relationships.  The  Atlantic.   April  25,  2012.     3