This document summarizes renewable energy policies and developments in the region covered by the Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE). It provides an overview of existing renewable energy capacities and targets among RCREEE countries, examples of policy developments in different countries, and rationales for various approaches to renewable energy projects and policies in the region.

1. Development in RE Policy Landscape in the Region
Solar Atlas for the Mediterranean, Final Workshop
Amman, Jordan
Tareq Emtairah,
Executive Director, RCREEE
Maged Mahmoud
Senior Expert, RCREEE
December 4th, 2012

2. About RCREEE (1)
RCREEE is an independent not-for-profit
organization with an international legal status.
It is fully owned by its Member States and
hosted by Egypt..
RCREEE set up is sponsored by Egypt,
Germany, Denmark and the EU
2

3. Vision and Mission
Vision
The energy systems in the Arab region are characterized by a
significant share of renewable resources and a highly
efficient use of energy.
Mission
RCREEE initiates regional policy dialogues
and promotes strategies and partnerships
favourable to Renewably Energy and Energy
Efficiency investments in the member states
of the Arab Region.
Strategic Objectives
 Policy Enhancement through regional
dialogue
 Facts and Figures Reliability through
consistent methodologies
 Institutions Effectiveness through
regional cooperation
 People Human Capacities through
regional learning and innovation
 Finance Accessibility to inter-
national and regional funds
through inter-regional exchange

4. Electricity Generated in RCREEE Countries in 2011
In 2011, the generated electricity from
RE reached about 0.6% in RCREEE
states. The highest share was in
Morocco with 2.9%
In the same year , the share of
Hydropower was more than 7%. The
highest percentage reached was in RCREEE 2012.
Sudan with 76.3%

5. RE in RCREEE Countries
Realized, under construction, awarded
and tendered RE projects in RCREEE
Countries
RCREEE 2012.
RCREEE 2012.
The countries considered are those members in the Regional Center of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE), i.e. the southern and eastern Mediterranean Arab Countries plus
Bahrain, Iraq, Sudan and Yemen.
The capacities include the awarded and under construction projects, e.g. the 60MW wind under construction in Libya and the recently awarded PV projects in Bahrain are taken into
consideration, the total capacity of wind in Egypt includes the operational 550MW plus the recently awarded 200MW, similarly, the Moroccan CSP capacity includes the operational
20MW plus 160MW recently awarded, and so on.

6. Operational Capacities and Targets
Solar Energy
Existing end 2011: ~75MW PV+ 65 CSP
1750MWPV+
~ 1700 MW 250MW CSP by
by 2030 2030
150MW by 200 MW
2020 by 2020
40MW PV+20MW
CSP by 2020
100MW PV+
2000 MW 500MW CSP
by 2020
2800MW
PV+7200MW 400 MW 2800 MW CSP +
CSP CSP+800MW PV 700MW PV
by 2030 by 2025 by 2027
20MWPV+40
MW CSP
by 2016
Only for RCREEE MS

7. Wind Energy Operational Capacities and Targets
Existing end 2011: ~957 MW
114 MW 2000MW
by 2030 200 MW
by 2020
400MW
~ 2700 MW by 2016
by 2030
18MW
291MW by 2020
1.4 MW
2000 MW 1200 MW
by 2020 by 2020
550 MW
~1750 MW >7200 MW
by 2030 1000 MW by 2020
by 2020
400 MW
~ 350 MW by 2025
by 2016
Only for RCREEE MS

8. Realized, under construction, awarded and Capacities
tendered RE projects (MW) - end 2011
Egypt
Morocco
Tunis
Wind
Sudan
CSP
Yemen PV
Libya
Syria
Jordan
Algeria
Bahrain
Palestine
Lebanon
Iraq RCREEE 2012.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Capacity (MW)
The countries considered are those members in the Regional Center of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE), i.e. the southern and eastern Mediterranean Arab Countries plus
Bahrain, Iraq, Sudan and Yemen.
The capacities include the awarded and under construction projects, e.g. the 60MW wind under construction in Libya and the recently awarded PV projects in Bahrain are taken into
consideration, the total capacity of wind in Egypt includes the operational 550MW plus the recently awarded 200MW, similarly, the Moroccan CSP capacity includes the operational
20MW plus 160MW recently awarded, and so on.

9. Accumulated investments for realized,
Investments
under construction, awarded and tendered RE projects ($ Million)
Egypt
Morocco
Tunis
2011
Sudan 2008
Yemen
Libya
Syria
Jordan
Algeria
Bahrain
Palestine
Lebanon
Iraq RCREEE 2012.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Investments ($ million)
The countries considered are those members in the Regional Center of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE), i.e. the southern and eastern Mediterranean Arab Countries plus Bahrain,
Iraq, Sudan and Yemen.
The capacities include the awarded and under construction projects, e.g. the 60MW wind under construction in Libya and the recently awarded PV projects in Bahrain are taken into consideration,
the total capacity of wind in Egypt includes the operational 550MW plus the recently awarded 200MW, similarly, the Moroccan CSP capacity includes the operational 20MW plus 160MW recently
awarded, and so on.
Some investments for projects were not disclosed , and accordingly estimations based on average regional market prices were used for different technologies , taking into account the year of
operation for relevant project and the corresponding cost trends , e.g. PV off grid systems prices used were $ 8,7,6, and 5/kWp for the years 2008, 2009,2010, and 2011 respectively

10. Targets
Renewable Energy Targets in RCREEE Countries
Morocco 42% by 2020 (electricity)
Tunis 40% by 2030 (electricity)
Algeria 40% by 2030 (electricity)
Palestine 25% by 2020 (energy)
Egypt 20% by 2020 (electricity)
Yemen 15% by 2025 (electricity)
Lebanon 12% by 2020 (electricity)
Sudan 10% by 2016 (electricity)
Libya 10% by 2025 (electricity)
Jordan 10% by 2020 (P.E.)
Syria 4% by 2030 (P.E.)
Iraq 2% by 2030 (electricity)
Bahrain 0% RCREEE 2012.
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
RE Share (%)
The countries considered are those members in the Regional Center of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE), i.e. the southern and eastern
Mediterranean Arab Countries plus Bahrain, Iraq, Sudan and Yemen.
The capacities include the awarded and under construction projects, e.g. the 60MW wind under construction in Libya and the recently awarded PV projects in
Bahrain are taken into consideration, the total capacity of wind in Egypt includes the operational 550MW plus the recently awarded 200MW, similarly, the

11. Examples of Policy development
in Arab Countries
Algeria Key players:
• Ministry of Energy and Mines
• Sonelgas (Utility)
• Algerian electricity and gas regulator
National RE Strategy announced in • CDER
April 2011. CSP in national RE Plan
300 MW
(2 projects × 150 2012-2013
Targets includes 40% of MW/project)
22GW RE 12GW for domestic 37% of 1200 MW
solar 2016-2020
capacity domestic electricity (4 projects total)
between demand will be from and 1500 MW
2011 and and 10GW RE sources 3% of wind. 2021 - 2023
2030, for export by 2030 (500 MW/year)
4200 MW (600 MW/year) 2024 - 2030
PV in national RE Plan
800 MW By 2020
2,000 MW
2021 -2030
(200 MW/year)

12. Examples of Policy development
in Arab Countries
Algeria
Electricity and the distribution of gas Law (2002)
Law (2004) : the promotion of renewable energy (FIT!!!)
Executive Decree (2004): Priority to using RE and the guarantee of transmission and
Existing distribution by the network operators are fixed by the regulation.
Order (2008): RE is given priority access to the grid without curtailment
Finance law for 2010 : national fund for RE financed by oil royalties and other resources and
contributions.
Tax advantages (customs duties) may be granted for projects promoting renewable energy.
For investments, financial support scheme in addition to FiT/FiP, and low interest bank
loans.
Planned Possible condition local partner (Rule of 51% for local and 49% for the foreign investor).
Grid issues: Rules on capacity allocation, congestion management and the use of
interconnections

13. Examples of Policy development
in Arab Countries
Morocco
Key players:
• the Ministry for Energy, Mines, Water
and Environment
• MASEN
National Strategy (2009) • SEI
• ADEREE
• L’Office National de l’Electricité (ONE)
RE Proposed sites for the
Includes
contributi capacity of 2000 MW Moroccan solar plan
14% solar,
on in the 2,000 MW of wind
14% wind
electricity of solar energy by
and 14%
mix will energy 2020
hydro
reach 42%

14. Examples of Policy development
in Arab Countries
Morocco RE Law 13-09 referring to renewable energy (2010) introduces 4 major
innovations: Free competition, Access to grid, export electricity , direct
transport lines.
Law 16-09 for creation of ADEREE (2010)
Existing
Law 57 -09 for creation of MASEN (2010)
Creation of Energy Development Fund (FDE) with 1 billion USD coming from
grants and creation of Energy Investments Company (SIE) funded by FDE
(2010)

15. Examples of Policy development
in Arab Countries
Egypt Key players:
• Ministry of Electricity & Energy
• EgyptERA
• NREA
• EETC/EEHC
National Strategy
Solar
targets
includes target
reaching The wind A state owned CSP project of
6% hydro, 700MW
20% of target
12% Wind PV+ 100 MW +20MW x 2 PV
total >7GW by
and 2% 2800MW projects are under
electricity 2020
solar and CSP by preparation.
generated (announced
other 2027
from RE 2008)
RETs. (announced
by 2020.
2011)

16. Examples of Policy development
in Arab Countries
Egypt
public investments in state owned project through the
government RE arm, NREA
Existing
private investments based on competitive bidding (only
wind currently)
Electricity law
RE fund Many incentives for
Planned
wind projects (LUA,
FiT < 50MW.
PPA, permits, EIA …..)!
Solar plan

17. Examples of Policy development
in Arab Countries
Jordan
RE&EE Law No. (3) Of 2010. Including the possibility of many incentives.:
Land use list
Public tenders
Direct proposals
Net metering (Attractive)
RE fund
Indicative Reference Price for each type of REs is announced in accordance with
Law for direct proposals
Direct proposals Indicative Price
Net Metering RE source Tariff US $ CENTS / kWh
Wind Energy 12
RE source Tariff US $ CENTS / kWh
Solar Energy 17 Solar Energy 19
Hybrid Systems 13.4 PV 17
Other sources 12
Bio mass 12.7
Bio gas 8.5

18. Examples of Policy development
in Arab Countries
Syria Lebanon
In December 2011, National Energy Efficiency
Action Plan (NEEAP) 2011-2015 was announced
confirming national target of 12% of RE by 2020
Electricity Law no. 32 issued in 2010
Net Metering concept is approved to allow grid-
connected users to generate and sell electricity
In 2011, a decree for the feed in tariff
for some preferred RES up to 10MW
NEEAP initiative 7 targets Electricity Generation
from Solar Energy (PV+CSP) FS

19. RE Policies Landscape
in Arab Countries
Public Most of
operational
Public ownership model for the first large
projects projects
!!!!!
scale RE projects
Public utilities/agencies could take advantage of :
Rationale:
• Grants and soft loans availed through international
cooperation
• lower cost debt compared to private developers,
• longer debt payment periods
• loan sovereign guarantees.
• Public utilities/agency would also require very low ROE
compared to private developers.

20. RE Policies Landscape
in Arab Countries
Most of
Public operational
projects projects
!!!!!
Several positive measures are being taken by some
governments to ensure financiers’ interest:
Long term PPA
RE Fund
Grid connection permission, priority in dispatching
Financial contributions for investments and grid infrastructure.
Availing land,
Taxes exemptions.

21. RE Policies Landscape
in Arab Countries
Competitive Emerging Competitive bidding  IPP – BOO approach
bids trend !!!!!
(already adopted in some countries)
Rationale: Countries could take advantage of :
• Controlling the increase in RE capacities with reference to the
capacity of transmission system and capacity of the market to
absorb.
• Increasing local manufacturing.
• Increasing private investments.
• Achieving the lowest possible prices.
• Providing the investors with guarantees through long term
power purchase agreements
•Sometimes designed as a fast track for private investments to be followed by FiT
•Mostly targeting large-scale projects.
• Innovative resource risk mitigation approach (joint campaign for qualified
developers)

22. RE Policies Landscape
in Arab Countries
RE projects
development
approaches
Public PPP Private
Auto-
Competitive
EPC FiT Net metering producers (self
bids
or 3rd party)
Most of Mainly for Preferred
operational Emerging small to New but (backup and
RE projects trend !!!!! medium scale promising !! wheeling
!!!!! projects agreements !)

23. Thank you Tareq Emtairah
Executive Director
Maged Mahmoud
Senior Expert
Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and
Energy Efficiency (RCREEE)
Building of the Hydro Power Plants Execution
Authority, 7th floor, Ministry of Electricity and
Energy , Melsa District – Ardh El Golf
Nasr City - Cairo, Egypt
T. +2-02-24154691
F. +2-02-24154661
w. www.rcreee.org