2. Links to Learning Objectives
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY
LO 1.8
Case studies & surveys
LO 1.1
LO 1.9
Correlational techniques
Definition and goals
LO 1.10 Experimental design
PSYCHOLOGY THEN
LO 1.2
LO 1.3
LO 1.11 Placebo/experimenter effects
Structuralism and functionalism
Early approaches
LO 1.12 Amabile’s experiment
ETHICS & CRITICAL THINKING
PSYCHOLOGY NOW
LO 1.13 Ethical concerns
LO 1.4
Modern perspectives
LO 1.5
Psychiatrists, Psychologists…
LO 1.14 Critical thinking
PSYCHOLOGY THE SCIENCE
LO 1.6
Scientific method
LO 1.7
Naturalistic/laboratory settings
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
Settings
Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
Ethics
Trends
Critical Thinking
4. How Write is psychology defined?
1.1 What defines psychology and what are its four primary goals?
• Psychology is…
– the scientific study of…
– behavior and…
– mental processes
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
Settings
Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
Ethics
Trends
Critical Thinking
5. What are the goals of Psychology?
Description
Explanation
Control
Prediction
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
Settings
Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
Ethics
Trends
Critical Thinking
7. How are mind & body related?
• Philosophers
– Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.)
• connection between soul and body
– Plato (427 - 347 B.C.)
• dualism – body and soul are separate but interrelated
– Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)
• modified dualism – mind and body have reciprocal
interaction via pineal gland
• How do mind and body interact?
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
Settings
Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
Ethics
Trends
Critical Thinking
8. What is structuralism?
1.2 How did structuralism and functionalism differ?
EXPERIENCE
Wilhelm Wundt
• First psychology lab
in Germany (1879)
• Mind consists of
basic elements
analyzed via
objective
introspection
THO
EMOTION
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
Settings
Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
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Critical Thinking
9. What is structuralism?
Edward Titchener
• Introspect about
physical objects
AND thoughts
• ―Tell me about
things that are
yellow.‖
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
Settings
Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
Ethics
Trends
Critical Thinking
10. What is structuralism?
Margaret Washburn
• First woman to
receive a Ph.D. in
psychology (1894)
• Author of The
Animal Mind
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
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Critical Thinking
11. What is functionalism?
• William James (1842-1910)
– ―stream of thought‖ vs.
elements of mind
– Focus on adaptation, living
working, playing—
functioning in the real world
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
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Critical Thinking
12. Gestalt Psychology
1.3 Basic ideas and important people in early approaches
• What do
Gestaltists mean
when they say
that the ―whole is
greater than the
sum of the
parts‖?
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
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Experiments
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13. Gestalt Psychology
• Gestalt - ―good
form‖
– people naturally
seek out patterns
(―wholes‖) in
available sensory
information
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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14. Gestalt principles are relevant to cognitive
issues such as learning, memory, problem
solving and relationships.
15. What is psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
• Neurologist in late 18th
century Vienna
• Psychoanalysis –
insight therapy for fear
& anxiety
– unconscious
– early childhood
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
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Critical Thinking
16. JOHN B. WATSON AND BEHAVIORISM
“Watson wanted to bring psychology back to a focus on
scientific inquiry, and he felt that the only way to do that was to
ignore the whole “consciousness” issue and focus only on
observable behavior...He based a lot of his ideas on the work of
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (shown here).”
-Page 10 (Ciccarelli & Meyer)
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
Settings
Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
Ethics
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Critical Thinking
17. Of Babies and Rats
Fear is learned when a neutral stimulus is paired
Watson believed
with an aversive stimulus like a loud noise. fears are
learned via experience.
This sounds really bizarre–what does
scaring a baby have to do with the
science of psychology?
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
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Experiments
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19. Modern Perspectives
1.4 What are the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives?
Psychodynamic
Focus on the
unconscious and
early
development, not
sex
Behavioral
Humanistic
Biopsychological
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Evolutionary
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
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22. Modern Perspectives
Psychodynamic
Attribute human and animal
behavior to biological events
Behavioral
Humanistic
Biopsychological
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Evolutionary
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
Settings
Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
Ethics
Trends
Critical Thinking
23. Modern Perspectives
Psychodynamic
Memory, intelligence,
perception, learning, etc.
Behavioral
Humanistic
Biopsychological
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Evolutionary
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
Settings
Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
Ethics
Trends
Critical Thinking
24. Modern Perspectives
Psychodynamic
Relationship between social
behavior and culture
Behavioral
Humanistic
Biopsychological
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Evolutionary
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
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Critical Thinking
25. Modern Perspectives
Psychodynamic
Biological, mental traits shared
by all humans
Behavioral
Humanistic
Biopsychological
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Evolutionary
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
Correlations
Experiments
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Critical Thinking
26. Types of Psychological Professionals
1.6 How does a psychiatrist differ from a psychologist?
1
Psychiatrist
2
Psychoanalyst
3
Psychiatric
Social Worker
4
Psychologist
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
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27. Pseudopsychologies
• Pseudopsychologies –
unscientific systems
explaining behaviors
– Phrenology
– Palmistry
– Graphology
Astrology
Definitions
Structural
Functional
Early
Modern
Professionals
Sci Method
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Case studies
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