Zend Framework 1 + Doctrine 2

Zend Framework 1 +
Doctrine 2

Jonathan H. Wage
•PHP Developer for over 10 years
•Symfony Contributor
•Doctrine Contributor
•Published Author
•Business Owner
•Nashville, TN Resident

•http://www.twitter.com/jwage
•http://www.facebook.com/jwage

2 Zend Framework 1 + Doctrine 2

I work at OpenSky

•What is OpenSky?
“a social commerce platform”

•Based in New York and is a major open
•source software advocate

•http://www.shopopensky.com


OpenSky Technologies
•PHP 5.3.2
•Apache2
•Symfony2
•Doctrine2
•jQuery
•mule, stomp, hornetq
•MongoDB
•nginx
•varnish


Ralph Schindler
•Software Engineer on the Zend Framework team
At Zend for almost 3 years
Before that TippingPoint/3Com
•Programming PHP for 12+ years
•Live in New Orleans, LA.
Lived in Austin, Tx for 5 years
•Where To Find Me:
http://ralphschindler.com
http://twitter.com/ralphschindler
http://github.com/ralphschindler
ralphschindler on freenode


Guilherme Blanco
•Programming Experience
12+ years web development experience
9 years with PHP
•Software Engineer at Yahoo!
•Open Source Evangelist
Contributes regularly to the Doctrine Project,
Symfony, and Zend Framework
•Where to find me:
http://twitter.com/guilhermeblanco
http://github.com/guilhermeblanco


Doctrine 2

7 The Doctrine Project

What is Doctrine?
• Open Source PHP Project started in 2006
• Specializes in database functionality

 Database Abstraction Layer (DBAL)
 Database Migrations
 Object Relational Mapper (DBAL)
 MongoDB Object Document Manager (ODM)
 CouchDB Object Document Manager (ODM)


Who is on the team?

• Roman S. Borschel

• Guilherme Blanco

• Benjamin Eberlei

• Bulat Shakirzyanov

• Jonathan H. Wage


Project History
• First commit April 13th 2006
• First stable version finished and Released September 1st
2008
• One of the first ORM implementations for PHP
• 1.0 is First LTS(long term support) release. Maintained
until March 1st 2010
• Integrated with many popular frameworks: Symfony, Zend
Framework, Code Igniter


Doctrine Libraries
• Database Abstraction Layer
• Database Migrations
• Object Relational Mapper
• MongoDB Object Document Manager
• CouchDB Object Document Manager


DBAL
Database Abstraction Layer


Database Abstraction Layer
• The Doctrine Database Abstraction
• Layer (DBAL) is a thin layer on top of
• PDO, it offers:
 select, update, delete, transactions
 database schema introspection
 schema management


Can be used standalone


Evolved fork of PEAR MDB, MDB2, Zend_Db,
etc.


Download
•You can download a standalone
•package to get started using the DBAL:

http://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/dbal/download


Autoloader
•To use any Doctrine library you must
•register an autoloader:

use DoctrineCommonClassLoader;

require '/path/to/doctrine-common/lib/Doctrine/Common/ClassLoader.php';

$classLoader = new ClassLoader('DoctrineDBAL', '/path/to/doctrine-dbal/lib');
$classLoader->register();


Create a Connection

$config = new DoctrineDBALConfiguration();
//..
$connectionParams = array(
'dbname' => 'mydb',
'user' => 'user',
'password' => 'secret',
'host' => 'localhost',
'driver' => 'pdo_mysql',
);
$conn = DriverManager::getConnection($connectionParams);


Data API
• prepare($sql) - Prepare a given sql statement and return the DoctrineDBALDriverStatement
instance.
• executeUpdate($sql, array $params) - Executes a prepared statement with the given sql and
parameters and returns the affected rows count.
• execute($sql, array $params) - Creates a prepared statement for the given sql and passes the
parameters to the execute method, then returning the statement.
• fetchAll($sql, array $params) - Execute the query and fetch all results into an array.
• fetchArray($sql, array $params) - Numeric index retrieval of first result row of the given query.
• fetchBoth($sql, array $params) - Both numeric and assoc column name retrieval of the first result
row.
• fetchColumn($sql, array $params, $colnum) - Retrieve only the given column of the first result row.
• fetchRow($sql, array $params) - Retrieve assoc row of the first result row.
• select($sql, $limit, $offset) - Modify the given query with a limit clause.
• delete($tableName, array $identifier) - Delete all rows of a table matching the given identifier,
where keys are column names.
• insert($tableName, array $data) - Insert a row into the given table name using the key value pairs of
data.


Very Similar to PDO

$users = $conn->fetchAll('SELECT * FROM users');


Schema Manager
•Learn about and modify your database
•through the SchemaManager:

$sm = $conn->getSchemaManager();


Introspection API
•listDatabases()
•listFunctions()
•listSequences()
•listTableColumns($tableName)
•listTableConstraints($tableName)
•listTableDetails($tableName)
•listTableForeignKeys($tableName)
•listTableIndexes($tableName)
•listTables()


Introspection API

$tables = $sm->listTables();
foreach ($tables as $table) {
$columns = $sm->listTableColumns($table);
// ...
}


DDL Statements
•Progromatically issue DDL statements:

$columns = array(
'id' => array(
'type' => DoctrineDBALType::getType('integer'),
'autoincrement' => true,
'primary' => true,
'notnull' => true
),
'test' => array(
'type' => DoctrineDBALType::getType('string'),
'length' => 255
)
);

$options = array();

$sm->createTable('new_table', $columns, $options);


DDL Statements
•Progromatically issue DDL statements:

$definition = array(
'name' => 'user_id_fk',
'local' => 'user_id',
'foreign' => 'id',
'foreignTable' => 'user'
);
$sm->createForeignKey('profile', $definition);


Try a Method
•You can try a method and return true if
•the operation was successful:

if ($sm->tryMethod('createTable', 'new_table', $columns, $options)) {
// do something
}


Drop and Create Database

try {
$sm->dropDatabase('test_db');
} catch (Exception $e) {}

$sm->createDatabase('test_db');


Drop and Create Database
•A little better! Every drop and create
•functionality in the API has a method
•that follows the dropAndCreate pattern:

$sm->dropAndCreateDatabase('test_db');


Schema Representation
$platform = $em->getConnection()->getDatabasePlatform();

$schema = new DoctrineDBALSchemaSchema();
$myTable = $schema->createTable("my_table");
$myTable->addColumn("id", "integer", array("unsigned" => true));
$myTable->addColumn("username", "string", array("length" => 32));
$myTable->setPrimaryKey(array("id"));

// get queries to create this schema.
$queries = $schema->toSql($platform);

Array
(
[0] => CREATE TABLE my_table (id INTEGER NOT NULL, username VARCHAR(32) NOT
NULL, PRIMARY KEY("id"))
)


Schema Representation

// ......
Array
(
// get queries to safely delete this schema.
$dropSchema => $schema->toDropSql($platform);
[0] = DROP TABLE my_table
)

Array
(
[0] => DROP TABLE my_table
)

Returns the reverse SQL of what toSql() returns


Comparing Schemas
$fromSchema = new DoctrineDBALSchemaSchema();
$myTable = $fromSchema->createTable("my_table");

$toSchema = new DoctrineDBALSchemaSchema();
$myTable = $toSchema->createTable("my_table");
$myTable->addColumn("email", "string", array("length" => 255));

$comparator = new DoctrineDBALSchemaComparator();
$schemaDiff = $comparator->compare($fromSchema, $toSchema);

// queries to get from one to another schema.
$queries = $schemaDiff->toSql($platform);

print_r($queries);

ALTER TABLE my_table ADD email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL


ORM
Object Relational Mapper


What is ORM?

•“Technique for converting data between incompatible type
systems in object-oriented programming languages.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_mapping


The ORM is built on top of Common and
DBAL


ORM Goals
• Maintain transparency
• Keep domain and persistence layer separated
• Performance
• Consistent and decoupled API
• Well defined semantics


Download

http://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/orm/download


Architecture
•Entities
• Lightweight persistent domain object
• Regular PHP class
• Does not extend any base Doctrine class
• Cannot be final or contain final methods
• Any two entities in a hierarchy of classes must not have a
mapped property with the same name
• Supports inheritance, polymorphic associations and
polymorphic queries.
• Both abstract and concrete classes can be entities
• Entities may extend non-entity classes as well as entity
classes, and non-entity classes may extend entity classes


Architecture
• No more base class required
• Values stored in object properties
• Persistence is done transparently

namespace Entities;

class User
{
private $id;
private $name;
}


Architecture
• The EntityManager
• Central access point to the ORM functionality provided by Doctrine
2. API is used to manage the persistence of your objects and to
query for persistent objects.
• Employes transactional write behind strategy that delays the
execution of SQL statements in order to execute them in the most
efficient way
• Execute at end of transaction so that all write locks are quickly
releases
• Internally an EntityManager uses a UnitOfWork to keep track of your
objects


Create EntityManager
• Create a new EntityManager instance:

$config = new DoctrineORMConfiguration();
$config->setMetadataCacheImpl(new DoctrineCommonCacheArrayCache);
$driverImpl = $config->newDefaultAnnotationDriver(array(__DIR__."/Entities"));
$config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driverImpl);

$config->setProxyDir(__DIR__ . '/Proxies');
$config->setProxyNamespace('Proxies');

$em = DoctrineORMEntityManager::create($conn, $config);


Map entities to RDBMS tables
• Entities are just regular PHP objects

namespace Entities;

class User
{
private $id;
private $name;
}


• Entities are just regular PHP objects
Mapped By:
•Annotations

namespace Entities;

/**
* @Entity @Table(name="users")
*/
class User
{
/** @Id @Column(type="integer") @GeneratedValue */
private $id;

/** @Column(length=50) */
private $name;
}


• Entities are just regular PHP objects:
Mapped By:
•Annotations
EntitiesUser:
•YAML type: entity
table: users
id:
id:
type: integer
generator:
strategy: AUTO
fields:
name:
type: string
length: 255


• Entities are just regular PHP objects:
Mapped By:
•Annotations
•YAML <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doctrine-mapping xmlns="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
•XML xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">

<entity name="EntitiesUser" table="users">
<id name="id" type="integer">
<generator strategy="AUTO"/>
</id>
<field name="name" type="string" length="50"/>
</entity>

</doctrine-mapping>


Mapping Performance
• Only parsed once
• Cached using configured cache driver
• Subsequent requests pull mapping information from configured
cache driver


Working with Objects
• Use the $em to manage the persistence of your entities:

$user = new User;
$user->setName('Jonathan H. Wage');

$em->persist($user);
$em->flush();


• Updating an object:

$user = $em->getRepository('User')
->find(array('name' => 'jwage'));

// modify the already managed object
$user->setPassword('changed');
$em->flush(); // issues update


• Removing an object:

$user = $em->getRepository('User')
->find(array('name' => 'jwage'));

// schedule for deletion
$em->remove($user);
$em->flush(); // issues delete


Transactions
• Implicit:

$user = new User;
$user->setName('George');
$em->flush();

•EntityManager#flush() will begin and commit/rollback a transaction


Transactions
• Explicit:

// $em instanceof EntityManager
$em->getConnection()->beginTransaction(); // suspend auto-commit
try {
//... do some work
$user = new User;
$em->flush();
$em->getConnection()->commit();
} catch (Exception $e) {
$em->getConnection()->rollback();
$em->close();
throw $e;
}


Transactions
• A more convenient explicit transaction:

// $em instanceof EntityManager
$em->transactional(function($em) {
//... do some work
$user = new User;
});


Transactions and Performance

for ($i = 0; $i < 20; ++$i) {
$user = new User;
$user->name = 'Jonathan H. Wage';
}

$s = microtime(true);
$em->flush();
$e = microtime(true);
echo $e - $s;


Transactions and Performance
• How you use transactions can greatly affect performance. Here
is the same thing using raw PHP code:

for ($i = 0; $i < 20; ++$i) {
mysql_query("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES
('Jonathan H. Wage')", $link);
}
echo $e - $s;


Which is faster?
• The one using no ORM, and no abstraction at all?

• Or the one using the Doctrine ORM?


Which is faster?
• The one using no ORM, and no abstraction at all?

• Or the one using the Doctrine ORM?

Doctrine2 0.0094 seconds

mysql_query 0.0165 seconds

• Doctrine2 wins! How?


Not Faster
• Doctrine just automatically performed the inserts inside one
transaction. Here is the code updated to use transactions:

mysql_query('START TRANSACTION', $link);
for ($i = 0; $i < 20; ++$i) {
mysql_query("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('Jonathan H. Wage')",
$link);
}
mysql_query('COMMIT', $link);
echo $e - $s;


Much Faster
• Transactions matter and can affect performance greater than
any code optimization!

Doctrine2 0.0094 seconds
0.0028
mysql_query 0.0165 seconds


Locking Support
• Optimistic locking with integer:

class User
{
// ...
/** @Version @Column(type="integer") */
private $version;
// ...
}


Locking Support
• Optimistic locking with timestamp:

class User
{
// ...
/** @Version @Column(type="datetime") */
private $version;
// ...
}


Locking Support
• Verify version when finding:

use DoctrineDBALLockMode;
use DoctrineORMOptimisticLockException;

$theEntityId = 1;
$expectedVersion = 184;

try {
$entity = $em->find('User', $theEntityId, LockMode::OPTIMISTIC, $expectedVersion);

// do the work

$em->flush();
} catch(OptimisticLockException $e) {
echo "Sorry, but someone else has already changed this entity. Please apply the changes again!";
}


Locking Support
• Example implementation:

$post = $em->find('BlogPost', 123456);

echo '<input type="hidden" name="id" value="' . $post->getId() . '" />';
echo '<input type="hidden" name="version" value="' . $post->getCurrentVersion() . '" />';

$postId = (int) $_GET['id'];
$postVersion = (int) $_GET['version'];

$post = $em->find('BlogPost', $postId, DoctrineDBALLockMode::OPTIMISTIC, $postVersion);


DQL
Doctrine Query Language


DQL
• DQL stands for Doctrine Query Language and is an Object
Query Language derivate that is very similar to the Hibernate
Query Language (HQL) or the Java Persistence Query
Language (JPQL).

• DQL provides powerful querying capabilities over your object
model. Imagine all your objects lying around in some storage
(like an object database). When writing DQL queries, think
about querying that storage to find a certain subset of your
objects.


DQL Parser
• Parser completely re-written from scratch

• Parsed by top down recursive descent lexer parser that
constructs an AST(Abstract Syntax Tree)

• Platform specific SQL is generated from AST


Doctrine Query Language

$q = $em->createQuery('SELECT u FROM User u');
$users = $q->execute();


Query Builder
• Same query built using the QueryBuilder

$qb = $em->createQueryBuilder()
->select('u')
->from('User', 'u');

$q = $qb->getQuery();
$users = $q->execute();


More Examples

$query = $em->createQuery(
'SELECT u, g, FROM User u ' .
'LEFT JOIN u.Groups g ' .
'ORDER BY u.name ASC, g.name ASC'
);
$users = $query->execute();

$qb = $em->createQueryBuilder()
->select('u, g')
->from('User', 'u')
->leftJoin('u.Groups', 'g')
->orderBy('u.name', 'ASC')
->addOrderBy('g.name', 'ASC');

$query = $qb->getQuery();


Executing Queries
• Executing and getting results


foreach ($users as $user) {
// ...
foreach ($user->getGroups() as $group) {
// ...
}
}


Executing Queries
• Execute query and iterate over results keeping memory usage
low:

foreach ($query->iterate() as $user) {
// ...
foreach ($user->getGroups() as $group) {
// ...
}
}


Result Cache
• Optionally cache the results of your queries in your driver of
choice:

$cacheDriver = new DoctrineCommonCacheApcCache();
$config->setResultCacheImpl($cacheDriver);

$query = $em->createQuery('select u from EntitiesUser u');
$query->useResultCache(true, 3600, 'my_query_name');


$users = $query->execute(); // 2nd time pulls from cache


Inheritance
• Doctrine supports mapping entities that use inheritance with
the following strategies:

 Mapped Superclass
 Single Table Inheritance
 Class Table Inheritance


Mapped Superclasses

/** @MappedSuperclass */
abstract class MappedSuperclassBase
{
/** @Column(type="integer") */
private $mapped1;
/** @Column(type="string") */
private $mapped2;
/**
* @OneToOne(targetEntity="MappedSuperclassRelated1")
* @JoinColumn(name="related1_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $mappedRelated1;

// ... more fields and methods
}

/** @Entity */
class EntitySubClass extends MappedSuperclassBase
{
/** @Id @Column(type="integer") */
private $id;
/** @Column(type="string") */
private $name;

// ... more fields and methods
}


Single Table Inheritance

/**
* @Entity
* @InheritanceType("SINGLE_TABLE")
* @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
* @DiscriminatorMap({"person" = "Person", "employee" = "Employee"})
*/
class Person
{
// ...
}

/**
* @Entity
*/
class Employee extends Person
{
// ...
}


Single Table Inheritance
• All entities share one table.

• To distinguish which row represents which type in the
hierarchy a so-called discriminator column is used.


Class Table Inheritance

/**
* @Entity
* @InheritanceType("JOINED")
* @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
* @DiscriminatorMap({"person" = "Person", "employee" = "Employee"})
*/
class Person
{
// ...
}

/** @Entity */
class Employee extends Person
{
// ...
}


Class Table Inheritance
• Each class in a hierarchy is mapped to several
tables: its own table and the tables of all parent
classes.

• The table of a child class is linked to the table of a
parent class through a foreign key constraint.

• A discriminator column is used in the topmost table
of the hierarchy because this is the easiest way to
achieve polymorphic queries.


Bulk Inserts with Domain
• Insert 10000 objects batches of 20:

$batchSize = 20;
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10000; ++$i) {
$user = new User;
$user->setStatus('user');
$user->setUsername('user' . $i);
$user->setName('Mr.Smith-' . $i);
if ($i % $batchSize == 0) {
$em->flush();
$em->clear(); // Detaches all objects from Doctrine!
}
}


Bulk Update with DQL

$q = $em->createQuery('update Manager m set m.salary = m.salary * 0.9');
$numUpdated = $q->execute();


Bulk Update with Domain
• Update objects in batches of 20:

$batchSize = 20;
$i = 0;
$q = $em->createQuery('select u from User u');
$iterableResult = $q->iterate();
foreach($iterableResult AS $row) {
$user = $row[0];
$user->increaseCredit();
$user->calculateNewBonuses();
if (($i % $batchSize) == 0) {
$em->flush(); // Executes all updates.
}
++$i;
}


Bulk Delete with DQL

$q = $em->createQuery('delete from Manager m where m.salary > 100000');
$numDeleted = $q->execute();


Bulk Delete with Domain

$batchSize = 20;
$i = 0;
$q = $em->createQuery('select u from User u');
$iterableResult = $q->iterate();
while (($row = $iterableResult->next()) !== false) {
$em->remove($row[0]);
if (($i % $batchSize) == 0) {
$em->flush(); // Executes all deletions.
}
++$i;
}


Events
•Doctrine triggers events throughout the
•lifecycle of objects it manages:
 preRemove
 postRemove
 prePersist
 postPersist
 preUpdate
 postUpdate
 preLoad
 postLoad


Example

/**
* @Entity
* @HasLifecycleCallbacks
*/
class BlogPost
{
// ...

/** @PreUpdate */
public function prePersist()
{
$this->createdAt = new DateTime();
}

/** @PreUpdate */
public function preUpdate()
{
$this->updatedAt = new DateTime();
}
}


Using Raw SQL
• Write a raw SQL string

• Map the result set of the SQL query using a ResultSetMapping
instance


Using Raw SQL

$sql = 'SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE username = ?';

$rsm = new ResultSetMapping;
$rsm->addEntityResult('User', 'u');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'id', 'id');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'name', 'name');

$query = $this->_em->createNativeQuery($sql, $rsm);
$query->setParameter(1, 'jwage');

$users = $query->getResult();


Why use an object mapper?


Encapsulation
Encapsulate your domain in an object oriented interface


Maintainability
The organization of your domain logic in an OO way improved
maintainability


Testability
Keeping a clean OO domain model makes your business logic
easily testable for improved stability


Portability
Write portable and thin application controller code and
fat models.


Demo Time

91 The Doctrine Project

What we are going to accomplish
•Start with a vanilla Zend Framework Project
•Ensure all dependencies are met
•Configure out application to utilize Doctrine
•Create an Entity (in our library) with Annotations
•Generate the Database
•Generate Proxies + Repositories
•Create a Controller for basic crud
•Talk about what would happen next


Where To Get The Code
•http://github.com/ralphschindler/NOLASnowball
Self contained Project
Branches:
•master - Clean ZF Project, with ZF embedded in library/ folder
•non-model-artifacts - Authentication service, Login form
•doctrine2-managed
– Has following libraries: Doctrine2, Symfony (Copied into library), Bisna (ZF1 +
Doctrine2 Integration library)
– Has the following entity created: NOLASnowballEntityStand
– Has the proper application.ini settings
– Has scripts/doctrine.php setup for easy use
•doctrine2-managed-crud
– Created Stand Controller, actions are complete, view scripts complete
– Proxies & Repositories are generated
– Assumes you’ve generated the SQL (locally would need to change db credentials)


Lets look at code!
•Demo time


Exercises and Things To Implement
•flush() could be a postDispatch() function call
•All interaction with Entities could be moved into a Service
Layer
Once such implementation: https://github.com/guilhermeblanco/
ZF1-Doctrine2-ServiceLayer
•Add relationships, and alter forms accordingly


Recommended Reading
•Doctrine Website & Manual (Also has download)
http://www.doctrine-project.org/
•Zend Framework Web & Manual (With download)
http://framework.zend.com/
•Ralph Schindler’s Sample Application
https://github.com/ralphschindler/NOLASnowball
•Guilherme Blanco’s ZF1 + D2 Integration code
https://github.com/guilhermeblanco/ZendFramework1-Doctrine2


Questions?
•Q & A Time


Zend Framework 1 + Doctrine 2

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