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business builder 4

how to prepare a cash flow statement
zions business resource center
2

zions business resource center

how to prepare a cash flow statement
A cash flow statement is important to your business because it can be used
to assess the timing, amount and predictability of future cash flows and it can
be the basis for budgeting. A cash flow statement can answer the questions,
“Where did the money come from?” and “Where did it go?”
What You Should Know Before Getting Started	

3

• What is a Cash Flow Statement? 	

3

• An Overview 	

4	

Components of a Cash Flow Statement 	

5

• Operating Activities 	

5

• Investing Activities 	

5

• Financing Activities 	

5

• Income Flows & Cash Flows	

5

How to Prepare a Cash Flow Statement	
Constructing the Statement	

6
10

• Direct Method	

10

• Indirect Method	

11

How to Analyze a Cash Flow Statement	
• Cash Flow Statement Worksheet	

16
17

Checklist	

18

Resources	

18

Notes	

19
how to prepare a cash flow statement

3

what to expect
This Business Builder will introduce you to the cash flow statement and its importance
for financial management. Through the use of a worksheet, the Business Builder will
guide you through the construction of a cash flow statement for your business. The cash
flow statement is a complex financial statement and by necessity, this Business Builder
contains information on sophisticated accounting topics.

what you should know before getting started
What is a Cash Flow Statement?
For your business, the cash flow statement may be the most important financial statement you
prepare. It traces the flow of funds (or working capital) into and out of your business during an
accounting period. For a small business, a cash flow statement should probably be prepared as
frequently as possible. This means either monthly or quarterly. An annual statement is a must
for any business.
The cash flow statement’s primary purpose is to provide information regarding a company’s cash
receipts and cash payments. The statement complements the income statement and balance sheet. It is
important to note — cash flow is not the same as net income. Cash flow is the movement of money into
and out of your company, and it can be affected by several noncash transactions.
The cash flow statement became a requirement for publicly traded companies in 1987. There are
various rules governing how information is reported on cash flow statements, as determined by generally
accepted accounting principles (GAAP). While your business may not be a public company, a cash flow
statement is still important to measure and track the flow of cash into and out of your business.
This Business Builder is designed to show you how to create and understand your cash flow
statement. Cash flow, simply, is the movement of money in and out of your business, or the inflows and
outflows.
This Business Builder assumes that a
reliable accounting system is in place in your
The cash flow statement may be the most
business and information typically recorded
important financial statement you prepare.
by small businesses is accessible to you.
Therefore, you will need a balance sheet and
profit and loss statement (or income statement)
for your business for the same time period as the cash flow statement you will be preparing. The three
statements work together to give you and others a clear picture of your business. You will learn what
data is necessary to create a statement of cash flows for your business.
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zions business resource center

The cash flow statement reports the cash provided and used by the operating, investing, and financing
activities of a company during an accounting period. In 1987, the Financial Accounting Standards Board
issued Statement No. 95, which requires that a statement of cash flows accompany the income statement,
balance sheet and statement of retained earnings.

An Overview
The cash flow statement explains the change during the period in cash and cash equivalents.
Cash includes currency on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly
liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash.
Statement No. 95 requires that cash receipts and payments be classified as operating, investing and
financing activities.
The cash flow statement will summarize the cash flows so that net cash provided or used by each of
the three types of activities is reported. Beginning and ending cash must be reconciled based on the net
effect of these activities. Here is an example of what a cash flow statement might look like.

		 ABC Wholesale Company Cash Flow Statement
		 For the Year Ended 200X (In Thousands)
Cash Flow From Operations
		
Net Income*			

$200

Additions (Sources of cash)
			
Depreciation			

100

			
Increase in Accounts Payable	

30

			
Increases in Accrued Income Taxes	

10	

Subtractions (Uses of cash)
	

Increase in Accounts Receivable	
	

	

Increase in Inventory	
	

(150)
(25)

		
Net Cash Flow From Operations	

165	

Cash Flows From Investing Activities
			
Equipment			

(400)

Cash Flows Associated with Financing
	
	

Activities Notes Payable		
	
N
	 et Change in Cash		

	

30
(205)

*Net income is taken from the income statement.
The cash flow statement for the ABC Company shows there was a $205 cash shortfall in 200X. As
can be seen from the cash flow statement, the cash drain is primarily from the investment of $400 in
equipment. The statement also shows the cash flow from operations activity was a positive $165.
how to prepare a cash flow statement

components of a cash flow statement
Operating Activities
The statement provides information about the cash generated from a company’s daily operating
activities. Operating activities are those which produce either revenue or are the direct cost of
producing a product or service.
Operating activities which generate cash inflows include customer collections from sales of their
primary products or services, receipts of interest and dividends, and other operating cash receipts.
Operating activities which create cash outflows include payments to suppliers, payments to employees,
interest payments, payment of income taxes and other operating cash payments.

Investing Activities
Investing activities include buying and selling noncurrent assets which will be used to generate
revenues over a long period of time; or buying and selling securities not classified as cash
equivalents.
Cash inflows generated by investing activities include sales of noncurrent assets such as property,
plant, and equipment. Investing activities can also include the purchase or sale of stock and securities.
Lending money and receiving loan payments would also be considered investing activities.

Financing Activities
Financing activities include borrowing and repaying money, issuing stock (equity) and paying
dividends.
For example, if you borrow funds to purchase equipment or pay off a loan, the cash flow statement will
enable you to determine how much cash was either generated or used as a result of those transactions.

Income Flows and Cash Flows
The income statement and balance sheet are based on accrual accounting which was developed
based on the principle of matching. The matching principle states that revenues generated and the
expenses incurred to generate those revenues should be reported in the same income statement.
This emphasizes the cause-and-effect association between revenue and expense.
Many revenues and expenses result from accruals and allocations that do not affect cash. A company
can operate at a profit and continually be short of cash. It can also generate huge inflows of cash from
operations and still report a loss. The statement of cash flows can explain how these situations might
occur. Answers to these questions cannot be found in the other financial statements.
There are two types of items that cause differences between income flows and outflows: noncash
income or expense and nonoperating income or expense.

5
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zions business resource center

An example of a noncash item on the income statement would be depreciation or amortization. An
example of a nonoperating item on the income statement would be a gain on the sale of an asset. These
transactions must be reported on a cash flow statement in order to properly determine the true effect of
conducting business on cash.

how to prepare a cash flow statement
Information used to prepare a cash flow statement is taken from the income statement
for the current year and balance sheets for the past two years. Net income is adjusted for
deferrals and accruals. The purpose of these
adjustments is to convert the accrual basis
income statement to a cash flow statement.

The cash flow statement follows an activity
format and is divided into three sections:
operating, investing and financing activities.

The cash flow statement follows an activity
format and is divided into three sections:
operating, investing and financing activities. Generally, the operating activities are reported first, followed
by the investing and finally, the financing activities.
Additionally, there are two methods of calculating and reporting the net cash flow from operating
activities. Both methods result in identical figures for net cash flow from operating activities because the
underlying accounting concepts are the same.
• The direct method reports gross cash inflows and gross outflows from operating activities.

• The indirect method reconciles net income with net cash flow from operating activities by 		
	 adjusting net income for deferrals, accruals, and items that effect investing and financing
	 cash flows.
The first step in preparing the cash flow statement is to determine the net increase in cash and cash
equivalents for the period. This amount will be a control figure and the cash flow statement will reconcile
the inflows and outflows (sources and uses) to this figure.
The fictional company From the Roots Up will be used as the example throughout this booklet. The
current year income statement data is shown on Exhibit 1 and the balance sheets from the prior two years
have been combined on the cash flow worksheet as Exhibit 2. This is also referred to as the sources and
uses statement.
Begin with the balance sheet data by taking the cash balance of $223,000 from the most recent
balance sheet and subtracting the cash balance of $169,000 from the prior year, which results in an
increase in cash of $54,000. The cash flow statement must balance to this control number.
Next, determine the change in each balance sheet account. This is reflected in the Balance Change
column (Exhibit 2) of the worksheet. It is calculated by subtracting the prior year account balance from
the current year balance. For example, accounts receivable in 200Y was $884,000 compared to $705,000
in 200X, which resulted in a $179,000 increase in accounts receivable. This process is continued for each
of the balance sheet accounts.
how to prepare a cash flow statement

7

After calculating the account balance change, it is necessary to determine if the balance change is
an inflow or an outflow of cash or a source or use of cash. To make this task simple use Table I as a guide
to determine the effect of each balance change. The table shows a decrease in an asset balance and an
increase in a liability or equity account are cash inflows. The opposite holds true for increases in an asset
balance or a decrease in a liability or equity account, which results in a cash outflow.
To complete the cash flow worksheet (Exhibit 2), determine if each account balance change is an
operating, investing or financing activity. Using Table II as your guide, beginning with the asset section of
the cash flow worksheet, review each account. Remember, the change in cash and cash equivalents is
the control number to which you reconcile your cash flow statement.
Accounts receivable would be categorized as an operating activity, because it is related to collections
from customers. The change in inventory is classified as an operating activity, because it is a component
of core operating activities. Plant and equipment transactions would be classified as investing, because
the sale or purchase of productive assets which are expected to generate revenues in the future are
defined as Investing Activities in Table II.
Exhibit 1

		 From the Roots Up Income Statement
		 For the Year Ended December 31, 200Y (In Thousands)
Sales	

$8,158	

		 Cost of Goods Sold	

(4,895)

Gross Profit	

3,263

		
General & Admin Expense	

(367)	

		
Depreciation and Amortization	

(188)

		
Operating Expense	

(1,468)

		
Personnel Expense	

(816)

		
Bad Debt Expense	

(33)

Operating Profit	

391

		
Other Income (Expense)	
	

Interest Expense	

Net Income	

0
(122)
$269
8

zions business resource center
Exhibit 2

From the Roots Up
Cash Flow Worksheet (In Thousands)

Comparative Balance Sheet

Prior Year

Current Year

Balance

Cash Source/

Activity

200X

200Y

Change

(Cash Use)

Type

Assets
	

Cash		

$169	

$233	

$54	

Control	

Cash

	

Net Accounts Receivable	

705	

884	

(179)	

Use	

Operating

	

Bad Debt Reserve	

(14)	

(18)	

(4)	

Use	

Operating

	

Inventories	

983	

1,160	

(177)	

Use 	

Operating

	

Other Notes Receivable	

130	

214	

(84) 	

Use	

Investing	

	

Plant and Equipment	

512	

552	

(40)	

Use	

Investing	

	

Accumulated Depreciation	

(102)	

(110)	

8	

Source	

Operating

	

Noncurrent Assets	

72	

68	

4	

Source	

Investing

$2,455	

$2,973

Total Assets	

Liabilities and Equity
Accounts Payable

$353

$442

$89

Source

Operating

Salaries Payable

40

50

10

Source

Operating

Short-Term Loans Payable

28

50

22

Source

Operating

Other Current Liabilities

200

231

31

Source

Financing

Long-Term Debt - Bank

490

400

(90)

Use

Financing

Due to Shareholders

324

450

126

Source

Financing

Paid in Capital

500

698

198

Source

Financing

Retained Earnings

520

652

132

Source

Operating

$2,455

$2,973

Totals Liabilities and Equity
how to prepare a cash flow statement

9
Table I

		 Cash Effects of Balance Sheet Account Changes
Cash Inflow

Cash Outflow

A Decrease in an Asset Account	

An Increase in an Asset Account

An Increase in a Liability Account	

A Decrease in a Liability Account

An Increase in an Equity Account	

A Decrease in an Equity Account

Table II

	
	

Cash Flows by Activities
The operating activities section of a cash flow statement reports the information listed below.

Inflows of Cash
Operating Activities

Investing Activities

Financing Activities

Collections from Customers

Collection on Loans

Issuance of Long-Term Debt

Interest Income

Sale of Debt Instruments

Issuance of Equity Securities

Dividends Receipts

Sale of Equity Instruments

Other Operating Cash Receipts

Sale of Productive Assets

Outflows of Cash
Operating Activities

Investing Activities

Financing Activities

Payments to Suppliers

Purchase of Productive Assets

Payment of Dividends

Payments to Employees

Purchase of Debt Instruments

Interest Payments

Purchase of Equity Instruments

Acquisition of an Entity’s
Own Equity Securities

Payment of Income Taxes

Making Loans

Other Operating Cash Payments

Repayment of Amounts
Borrowed
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zions business resource center

constructing the statement
Operating Activities
The Direct Method

The first method performed will be the direct method of calculating cash flow. This method
combines information from both the Income Statement and the Cash Flow worksheet we created
using the Balance Sheet.
The result is an accurate indication of exactly what funds were collected in the form of cash, paid
in the form of cash, and if the company actually generated cash. You can use Table III as a guide for
calculating the cash flow on a direct basis.

Table III

		 Cash Flows from Operating Activities Using the Direct Method
Cash Collections from Sales

Sales — increase (+ decrease) in Accounts Receivable —
Bad Debt Expense

Cash Payments to Suppliers

Cost of Goods Sold + increase (- decrease) in Inventory
—increase (+ decrease) in Accounts Payable

Cash Payments for
Operating Expenses

Total Operating Expense (excluding Bad Debt Exp) — other
noncash expenses (depreciation/amortization) + increase
(-decrease) in Other Accrued Liabilities

Other Income/Expense

+/- Other Income/Expense

Cash Paid for Interest

Interest Expense

Dividends/Withdrawals

Dividends/Withdrawals Paid + increase
(-decrease) in Dividends Payable

Cash Paid for Taxes

Tax Expense — increase (+ decrease) in Accrued Taxes
Payable — decrease (+ increase) in Prepaid Tax
how to prepare a cash flow statement

11
Exibit 3

		 From the Roots Up Statement of Cash Flows - Direct Method
		 For the Year Ended December 31, 200Y (In thousands)

Net Sales		
		

Change in Account Rec. Net	

		

Less Bad Debt Expense	

$8,158		
(175)		
(33)		

	Cash Collected From Sales		

(4,895)	

Balance Sheet
Income Statement

7,950	

Cost of Goods Sold		

Income Statement

		

Change in Inventories	

		

Change in Accounts Payable	

Income Statement

(177)		

Balance Sheet

89		

Balance Sheet

	Cash Paid to Suppliers		

(4,983)	

Cash from Trading Activities		

2,967

		

General and Administrative Expenses 	 (2,839)		

		

(less noncash expenses)	

		

Change in Accruals	

10		

Cash from Operating Activities		
		

Change in Other Assets/Liabilities	

Balance Sheet

138

4		

Net Cash From Operations		

Income Statement

Balance Sheet

$142

The Indirect Method

The second method used to calculate the Cash Flows from Operating Activities is referred to as
the Indirect Method. Using the Indirect Method, cash flows from Operating Activities are reported
by adjusting net income for revenues, expenses, gains, and losses that appear on the income
statement but do not have an effect on cash.
Using Table IV as a guide, and Table I and Table V to determine if the change is an inflow or outflow,
extract data from the Income Statement (Exhibit 1) and Cash Flow Worksheet (Exhibit 2) to prepare the
Cash Flows from Operating Activities using the Indirect Method. (Exhibit 4).
12

zions business resource center
Table IV

Cash Flows from Operating Activities using the Indirect Method
	

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities.
(+) Depreciation
(-) Amortization of Bond Premium
(+) Amortization of Bond Discount
(-) Gain on Sale of Equipment
(+) Loss on Sale of Equipment
(+) Decrease in Accounts Receivable
(-) Increase in Accounts Receivable
(+) Decrease in Inventory
(-) Increase in Inventory
(-) Decrease in Accounts Payable
(+) Increase in Accounts Payable
(-) Decrease in Accrued Expenses
(+) Increase in Accrued Expenses
(+) Decrease in Prepaid Expenses
(-) Increase in Prepaid Expenses
(-) Decrease in Taxes Payable
(+) Increase in Taxes Payable

Table V

Cash Effects of Income Statement Account Changes
Cash Inflow						
	

Revenue Accounts are Sources of Cash	

Cash Outflow
Expense Accounts are Uses of Cash

Based on the formula provided in Table IV, reconcile From the Roots Up net income with net cash
provided by its Operating Activities (Exhibit 4).
how to prepare a cash flow statement

13
Exhibit 4

		 From the Roots Up Statement of Cash Flows - Indirect Method
		 For the Year Ended December 31, 200Y (In thousands)

Net Profit		

$269

Non-Cash Changes	
		

Depreciation, Amortization	

		

Change in Allowance for Bad Debt	

Net Income Adjusted for Non-Cash Changes	

188
4
461

		

Change in Accounts Receivable	

		

Change in Notes Receivable	

		

Change in Inventory	

		

Change in Accounts Payable	

89

		

Change in Salaries	

10

		

Change in Other Short-Term Notes Payable	

22

Net Cash Provided by Operations	

(179)
(84)
(177)

$142

A comparison of the Direct Method with the Indirect Method indicates that either method will
generate the same results. The Operating Activities of From the Roots Up generated $142,000 in net cash
during 200Y.

Investing Activities
Cash flow from investing activities is the second part of both types of cash flow statements.
Investing activities are the changes to the cash position created by the buying or selling of
non-current assets. This includes selling and replacing equipment that wears out or acquiring a
new building or land to facilitate growth in a company.
Investing activities can also include the purchase or sale of stocks, bonds and securities. Lending
money and receiving loan payments are also considered investing activities. For a small business, the
investing activities section of a cash flow statement usually reports the following information:
zions business resource center

Cash Flows From Investing Activities

	

+ Proceeds From Sale of Assets

	

- Purchases of Property and Equipment

	

= Total Net Cash Provided (Used) by Investing Activities

For a given period, there may not be much in the way of investing activities. But over time, it is an
important consideration for assessing how to choose to use the cash generated by your business.

Financing Activities
Financing activities on a cash flow statement reflect borrowing money and repaying money,
issuing stock, and paying dividends. The financing activities section of the cash flow statement
can be reduced to the following formula:

Cash Flows From Financing Activities

	

+ Net Borrowing Under Line of Credit Agreement

	

+ Proceeds From New Borrowings

	

- Repayment of Loans

	

- Principal Payments Under Capital Lease Obligations

	

- Dividends/Distributions/Withdrawals Paid

	

+ Proceeds From Issuance of Stock

	

+ Partner/Owner Capital Contributions

	

=Total Net Cash Provided (Used) by Financing Activities

As you can see, this section of the cash flow statement is registering inflows of cash from
loans received and loans repaid, and other cash inflows from outsiders and owners. If you have paid
dividends or taken money from the business, it should be reported here.
Our actual Cash Flow Statement can now be created by summarizing the results as follows:

14
how to prepare a cash flow statement

15

Cash Flow Statement

Description
Net Sales
Change in Account / Notes Rec-Trade (Net)

12 Month Period
$8,158
(208)

Cash Collected From Sales

7,950

Cost of Sales / Revenues

(4,895)

Change in Inventories
Change in Accounts Payable-Trade
Cash Paid to Suppliers
CASH FROM TRADING ACTIVITIES
General and Administrative Expenses (Less Non-Cash Expenses)
Change in Accruals and Other Pay
Cash Paid for Operating Costs
CASH AFTER OPERATIONS

(177)
89
(4,983)
2,967
(2,839)
10
(2,829)
138

Change in Other Assets / Liabilities

4

Other Income (Expense) and Taxes Paid
Net Cash After Operations

4
142

Interest Expense

(122)

Dividends - Paid in Cash

(137)

Cash Paid for Dividends and Interest

(259)

NET CASH INCOME

(117)

Current Portion Long-Term Debt
CASH AFTER DEBT AMORTIZATION
Change in Net Fixed Assets
Change in Investments

(117)
(32)
(84)

Cash Paid for Plant and Investments

(116)

FINANCING SURPLUS (REQUIREMENTS)

(233)

Change in Short-Term Loans / Other Payables

53

Change in Long-Term and Sub Debt

(90)

Change in Other Non-Current Liabilities

126

Change in Capital

198

Total External Financing

287

CASH AFTER FINANCING*
Add: Beginning Cash & Equivalents
Ending Cash Equivalents

54
169
$223**

*Cash After Financing matches control # from Exhibit 2.
**Ending Cash Equivalents should match cash on the balance sheet.
16

zions business resource center

how to analyze a cash flow statement
Once you have constructed a cash flow statement, you will be much closer to understanding
the financial position of your company. While a balance sheet and income statement are
tools for management, without a cash flow statement they are limited barometers and
may even be misleading.
Operating Activities
The cash flow statement will tell you where money came from and how it was used. When
analyzing cash flow, the first place to look is the cash flow from operating activities. It tells you
whether the firm generated cash or whether it needs a cash infusion.
A few periods of negative cash from operating activities is not by itself a reason for alarm if it is based
on plans for company growth or due to a planned increase in receivables or inventories. However, if a
negative cash flow from operating activities is a surprise to managers and owners, it may be undesirable.
Over time, if uncorrected, it can foretell business failure. Managers and owners should pay particular
attention to increases in accounts receivable. The cash flow statement gives the true picture of the
account. A large increase in accounts receivables may warrant new billing or collection procedures.

Investing Activities
The cash flow statement puts investing activities into perspective. At one glance, you can see
whether or not a surplus in operations is being used to grow the company.
A lack of investing activities, which is few purchases of new equipment or other assets, may indicate
stagnant growth or a diversion of funds away from the company.

Financing Activities
The financing activities section of the cash flow statement will show repayments of debt, borrowing
of funds, as well as injections of capital and the payment of dividends. As a company expands, this
area of the cash flow statement will become increasingly important. It will tell outsiders how the
company has grown and the financial strategies of management.
Together, the three sections of the cash flow statement show the net change in cash during the
period being examined. A comparison between past periods will give owners and managers a good
idea of the trend of their business. Positive trends in cash flow may encourage owners to consider
long-term financing as an aid to growth and increase their comfort level concerning the company’s ability
to generate cash for repayment. Strong cash flow will also make it easier to acquire financing and to
negotiate with lenders from a position of strength. Preparation of a cash flow statement is the first step
toward financial management for long-term success.
how to prepare a cash flow statement

17

Cash Flow Statement Worksheet

Description
Net Sales
Change in Account / Notes Rec-Trade (Net)
Cash Collected From Sales
Cost of Sales / Revenues
Change in Inventories
Change in Accounts Payable-Trade
Cash Paid to Suppliers
CASH FROM TRADING ACTIVITIES
General and Administrative Expenses (Less Non-Cash Expenses)
Change in Accruals and Other Pay
Cash Paid for Operating Costs
CASH AFTER OPERATIONS
Change in Other Assets / Liabilities
Other Income (Expense) and Taxes Paid
Net Cash After Operations

Interest Expense
Dividends - Paid in Cash
Cash Paid for Dividends and Interest
NET CASH INCOME
Current Portion Long-Term Debt
CASH AFTER DEBT AMORTIZATION
Change in Net Fixed Assets
Change in Investments
Cash Paid for Plant and Investments
FINANCING SURPLUS (REQUIREMENTS)
Change in Short-Term Loans / Other Payables
Change in Long-Term and Sub Debt
Change in Other Non-Current Liabilities
Change in Capital
Total External Financing
CASH AFTER FINANCING*
Add: Beginning Cash & Equivalents
Ending Cash Equivalents

12 Month Period
18

zions business resource center

checklist
Operating Activities
___ When you prepared the operating activities portion of the cash flow statement by the direct
method, did you also prepare it by the indirect method to reconcile net income to cash flow from
operating activities?
___ Has net income been adjusted for changes in accounts receivable, inventory, accounts
payable, wages payable, and income taxes?

Investing Activities
___ Is every cash transaction to purchase equipment or other assets represented?
___ If any loans were made by the company, are they reflected?

Financing Activities
___ Are all loan payments reported?
___ Have all cash dividends been reported?
___ Are there any unreported cash inflows from owners or investors?

Cash Flow Analysis
___ What is the trend in cash flow from operating activities for your company?
___ Is there a reason for any large increase in accounts receivable?
___ How do you expect the financing activities of your company to change in the next year and the
next two years?

resources
Books
Cash Flow Analysis, Financial Proformas, Inc., Fifth Edition, September 1995
Healthy Business Guide, Zions First National Bank

Websites
The Trade Creditor’s Guide to the Statement of Cash Flows,
www.crfonline.org/orc/cro/cro-10.html
how to prepare a cash flow statement

19

notes
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b-4

310 S. Main, Mezzanine
Salt Lake City, UT 84101
Phone - 801.594.8245
www.resources.zionsbank.com

zionsbank.com®

Member FDIC

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Cash flow statement prep

  • 1. business builder 4 how to prepare a cash flow statement zions business resource center
  • 2. 2 zions business resource center how to prepare a cash flow statement A cash flow statement is important to your business because it can be used to assess the timing, amount and predictability of future cash flows and it can be the basis for budgeting. A cash flow statement can answer the questions, “Where did the money come from?” and “Where did it go?” What You Should Know Before Getting Started 3 • What is a Cash Flow Statement? 3 • An Overview 4 Components of a Cash Flow Statement 5 • Operating Activities 5 • Investing Activities 5 • Financing Activities 5 • Income Flows & Cash Flows 5 How to Prepare a Cash Flow Statement Constructing the Statement 6 10 • Direct Method 10 • Indirect Method 11 How to Analyze a Cash Flow Statement • Cash Flow Statement Worksheet 16 17 Checklist 18 Resources 18 Notes 19
  • 3. how to prepare a cash flow statement 3 what to expect This Business Builder will introduce you to the cash flow statement and its importance for financial management. Through the use of a worksheet, the Business Builder will guide you through the construction of a cash flow statement for your business. The cash flow statement is a complex financial statement and by necessity, this Business Builder contains information on sophisticated accounting topics. what you should know before getting started What is a Cash Flow Statement? For your business, the cash flow statement may be the most important financial statement you prepare. It traces the flow of funds (or working capital) into and out of your business during an accounting period. For a small business, a cash flow statement should probably be prepared as frequently as possible. This means either monthly or quarterly. An annual statement is a must for any business. The cash flow statement’s primary purpose is to provide information regarding a company’s cash receipts and cash payments. The statement complements the income statement and balance sheet. It is important to note — cash flow is not the same as net income. Cash flow is the movement of money into and out of your company, and it can be affected by several noncash transactions. The cash flow statement became a requirement for publicly traded companies in 1987. There are various rules governing how information is reported on cash flow statements, as determined by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). While your business may not be a public company, a cash flow statement is still important to measure and track the flow of cash into and out of your business. This Business Builder is designed to show you how to create and understand your cash flow statement. Cash flow, simply, is the movement of money in and out of your business, or the inflows and outflows. This Business Builder assumes that a reliable accounting system is in place in your The cash flow statement may be the most business and information typically recorded important financial statement you prepare. by small businesses is accessible to you. Therefore, you will need a balance sheet and profit and loss statement (or income statement) for your business for the same time period as the cash flow statement you will be preparing. The three statements work together to give you and others a clear picture of your business. You will learn what data is necessary to create a statement of cash flows for your business.
  • 4. 4 zions business resource center The cash flow statement reports the cash provided and used by the operating, investing, and financing activities of a company during an accounting period. In 1987, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement No. 95, which requires that a statement of cash flows accompany the income statement, balance sheet and statement of retained earnings. An Overview The cash flow statement explains the change during the period in cash and cash equivalents. Cash includes currency on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash. Statement No. 95 requires that cash receipts and payments be classified as operating, investing and financing activities. The cash flow statement will summarize the cash flows so that net cash provided or used by each of the three types of activities is reported. Beginning and ending cash must be reconciled based on the net effect of these activities. Here is an example of what a cash flow statement might look like. ABC Wholesale Company Cash Flow Statement For the Year Ended 200X (In Thousands) Cash Flow From Operations Net Income* $200 Additions (Sources of cash) Depreciation 100 Increase in Accounts Payable 30 Increases in Accrued Income Taxes 10 Subtractions (Uses of cash) Increase in Accounts Receivable Increase in Inventory (150) (25) Net Cash Flow From Operations 165 Cash Flows From Investing Activities Equipment (400) Cash Flows Associated with Financing Activities Notes Payable N et Change in Cash 30 (205) *Net income is taken from the income statement. The cash flow statement for the ABC Company shows there was a $205 cash shortfall in 200X. As can be seen from the cash flow statement, the cash drain is primarily from the investment of $400 in equipment. The statement also shows the cash flow from operations activity was a positive $165.
  • 5. how to prepare a cash flow statement components of a cash flow statement Operating Activities The statement provides information about the cash generated from a company’s daily operating activities. Operating activities are those which produce either revenue or are the direct cost of producing a product or service. Operating activities which generate cash inflows include customer collections from sales of their primary products or services, receipts of interest and dividends, and other operating cash receipts. Operating activities which create cash outflows include payments to suppliers, payments to employees, interest payments, payment of income taxes and other operating cash payments. Investing Activities Investing activities include buying and selling noncurrent assets which will be used to generate revenues over a long period of time; or buying and selling securities not classified as cash equivalents. Cash inflows generated by investing activities include sales of noncurrent assets such as property, plant, and equipment. Investing activities can also include the purchase or sale of stock and securities. Lending money and receiving loan payments would also be considered investing activities. Financing Activities Financing activities include borrowing and repaying money, issuing stock (equity) and paying dividends. For example, if you borrow funds to purchase equipment or pay off a loan, the cash flow statement will enable you to determine how much cash was either generated or used as a result of those transactions. Income Flows and Cash Flows The income statement and balance sheet are based on accrual accounting which was developed based on the principle of matching. The matching principle states that revenues generated and the expenses incurred to generate those revenues should be reported in the same income statement. This emphasizes the cause-and-effect association between revenue and expense. Many revenues and expenses result from accruals and allocations that do not affect cash. A company can operate at a profit and continually be short of cash. It can also generate huge inflows of cash from operations and still report a loss. The statement of cash flows can explain how these situations might occur. Answers to these questions cannot be found in the other financial statements. There are two types of items that cause differences between income flows and outflows: noncash income or expense and nonoperating income or expense. 5
  • 6. 6 zions business resource center An example of a noncash item on the income statement would be depreciation or amortization. An example of a nonoperating item on the income statement would be a gain on the sale of an asset. These transactions must be reported on a cash flow statement in order to properly determine the true effect of conducting business on cash. how to prepare a cash flow statement Information used to prepare a cash flow statement is taken from the income statement for the current year and balance sheets for the past two years. Net income is adjusted for deferrals and accruals. The purpose of these adjustments is to convert the accrual basis income statement to a cash flow statement. The cash flow statement follows an activity format and is divided into three sections: operating, investing and financing activities. The cash flow statement follows an activity format and is divided into three sections: operating, investing and financing activities. Generally, the operating activities are reported first, followed by the investing and finally, the financing activities. Additionally, there are two methods of calculating and reporting the net cash flow from operating activities. Both methods result in identical figures for net cash flow from operating activities because the underlying accounting concepts are the same. • The direct method reports gross cash inflows and gross outflows from operating activities. • The indirect method reconciles net income with net cash flow from operating activities by adjusting net income for deferrals, accruals, and items that effect investing and financing cash flows. The first step in preparing the cash flow statement is to determine the net increase in cash and cash equivalents for the period. This amount will be a control figure and the cash flow statement will reconcile the inflows and outflows (sources and uses) to this figure. The fictional company From the Roots Up will be used as the example throughout this booklet. The current year income statement data is shown on Exhibit 1 and the balance sheets from the prior two years have been combined on the cash flow worksheet as Exhibit 2. This is also referred to as the sources and uses statement. Begin with the balance sheet data by taking the cash balance of $223,000 from the most recent balance sheet and subtracting the cash balance of $169,000 from the prior year, which results in an increase in cash of $54,000. The cash flow statement must balance to this control number. Next, determine the change in each balance sheet account. This is reflected in the Balance Change column (Exhibit 2) of the worksheet. It is calculated by subtracting the prior year account balance from the current year balance. For example, accounts receivable in 200Y was $884,000 compared to $705,000 in 200X, which resulted in a $179,000 increase in accounts receivable. This process is continued for each of the balance sheet accounts.
  • 7. how to prepare a cash flow statement 7 After calculating the account balance change, it is necessary to determine if the balance change is an inflow or an outflow of cash or a source or use of cash. To make this task simple use Table I as a guide to determine the effect of each balance change. The table shows a decrease in an asset balance and an increase in a liability or equity account are cash inflows. The opposite holds true for increases in an asset balance or a decrease in a liability or equity account, which results in a cash outflow. To complete the cash flow worksheet (Exhibit 2), determine if each account balance change is an operating, investing or financing activity. Using Table II as your guide, beginning with the asset section of the cash flow worksheet, review each account. Remember, the change in cash and cash equivalents is the control number to which you reconcile your cash flow statement. Accounts receivable would be categorized as an operating activity, because it is related to collections from customers. The change in inventory is classified as an operating activity, because it is a component of core operating activities. Plant and equipment transactions would be classified as investing, because the sale or purchase of productive assets which are expected to generate revenues in the future are defined as Investing Activities in Table II. Exhibit 1 From the Roots Up Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 200Y (In Thousands) Sales $8,158 Cost of Goods Sold (4,895) Gross Profit 3,263 General & Admin Expense (367) Depreciation and Amortization (188) Operating Expense (1,468) Personnel Expense (816) Bad Debt Expense (33) Operating Profit 391 Other Income (Expense) Interest Expense Net Income 0 (122) $269
  • 8. 8 zions business resource center Exhibit 2 From the Roots Up Cash Flow Worksheet (In Thousands) Comparative Balance Sheet Prior Year Current Year Balance Cash Source/ Activity 200X 200Y Change (Cash Use) Type Assets Cash $169 $233 $54 Control Cash Net Accounts Receivable 705 884 (179) Use Operating Bad Debt Reserve (14) (18) (4) Use Operating Inventories 983 1,160 (177) Use Operating Other Notes Receivable 130 214 (84) Use Investing Plant and Equipment 512 552 (40) Use Investing Accumulated Depreciation (102) (110) 8 Source Operating Noncurrent Assets 72 68 4 Source Investing $2,455 $2,973 Total Assets Liabilities and Equity Accounts Payable $353 $442 $89 Source Operating Salaries Payable 40 50 10 Source Operating Short-Term Loans Payable 28 50 22 Source Operating Other Current Liabilities 200 231 31 Source Financing Long-Term Debt - Bank 490 400 (90) Use Financing Due to Shareholders 324 450 126 Source Financing Paid in Capital 500 698 198 Source Financing Retained Earnings 520 652 132 Source Operating $2,455 $2,973 Totals Liabilities and Equity
  • 9. how to prepare a cash flow statement 9 Table I Cash Effects of Balance Sheet Account Changes Cash Inflow Cash Outflow A Decrease in an Asset Account An Increase in an Asset Account An Increase in a Liability Account A Decrease in a Liability Account An Increase in an Equity Account A Decrease in an Equity Account Table II Cash Flows by Activities The operating activities section of a cash flow statement reports the information listed below. Inflows of Cash Operating Activities Investing Activities Financing Activities Collections from Customers Collection on Loans Issuance of Long-Term Debt Interest Income Sale of Debt Instruments Issuance of Equity Securities Dividends Receipts Sale of Equity Instruments Other Operating Cash Receipts Sale of Productive Assets Outflows of Cash Operating Activities Investing Activities Financing Activities Payments to Suppliers Purchase of Productive Assets Payment of Dividends Payments to Employees Purchase of Debt Instruments Interest Payments Purchase of Equity Instruments Acquisition of an Entity’s Own Equity Securities Payment of Income Taxes Making Loans Other Operating Cash Payments Repayment of Amounts Borrowed
  • 10. 10 zions business resource center constructing the statement Operating Activities The Direct Method The first method performed will be the direct method of calculating cash flow. This method combines information from both the Income Statement and the Cash Flow worksheet we created using the Balance Sheet. The result is an accurate indication of exactly what funds were collected in the form of cash, paid in the form of cash, and if the company actually generated cash. You can use Table III as a guide for calculating the cash flow on a direct basis. Table III Cash Flows from Operating Activities Using the Direct Method Cash Collections from Sales Sales — increase (+ decrease) in Accounts Receivable — Bad Debt Expense Cash Payments to Suppliers Cost of Goods Sold + increase (- decrease) in Inventory —increase (+ decrease) in Accounts Payable Cash Payments for Operating Expenses Total Operating Expense (excluding Bad Debt Exp) — other noncash expenses (depreciation/amortization) + increase (-decrease) in Other Accrued Liabilities Other Income/Expense +/- Other Income/Expense Cash Paid for Interest Interest Expense Dividends/Withdrawals Dividends/Withdrawals Paid + increase (-decrease) in Dividends Payable Cash Paid for Taxes Tax Expense — increase (+ decrease) in Accrued Taxes Payable — decrease (+ increase) in Prepaid Tax
  • 11. how to prepare a cash flow statement 11 Exibit 3 From the Roots Up Statement of Cash Flows - Direct Method For the Year Ended December 31, 200Y (In thousands) Net Sales Change in Account Rec. Net Less Bad Debt Expense $8,158 (175) (33) Cash Collected From Sales (4,895) Balance Sheet Income Statement 7,950 Cost of Goods Sold Income Statement Change in Inventories Change in Accounts Payable Income Statement (177) Balance Sheet 89 Balance Sheet Cash Paid to Suppliers (4,983) Cash from Trading Activities 2,967 General and Administrative Expenses (2,839) (less noncash expenses) Change in Accruals 10 Cash from Operating Activities Change in Other Assets/Liabilities Balance Sheet 138 4 Net Cash From Operations Income Statement Balance Sheet $142 The Indirect Method The second method used to calculate the Cash Flows from Operating Activities is referred to as the Indirect Method. Using the Indirect Method, cash flows from Operating Activities are reported by adjusting net income for revenues, expenses, gains, and losses that appear on the income statement but do not have an effect on cash. Using Table IV as a guide, and Table I and Table V to determine if the change is an inflow or outflow, extract data from the Income Statement (Exhibit 1) and Cash Flow Worksheet (Exhibit 2) to prepare the Cash Flows from Operating Activities using the Indirect Method. (Exhibit 4).
  • 12. 12 zions business resource center Table IV Cash Flows from Operating Activities using the Indirect Method Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities. (+) Depreciation (-) Amortization of Bond Premium (+) Amortization of Bond Discount (-) Gain on Sale of Equipment (+) Loss on Sale of Equipment (+) Decrease in Accounts Receivable (-) Increase in Accounts Receivable (+) Decrease in Inventory (-) Increase in Inventory (-) Decrease in Accounts Payable (+) Increase in Accounts Payable (-) Decrease in Accrued Expenses (+) Increase in Accrued Expenses (+) Decrease in Prepaid Expenses (-) Increase in Prepaid Expenses (-) Decrease in Taxes Payable (+) Increase in Taxes Payable Table V Cash Effects of Income Statement Account Changes Cash Inflow Revenue Accounts are Sources of Cash Cash Outflow Expense Accounts are Uses of Cash Based on the formula provided in Table IV, reconcile From the Roots Up net income with net cash provided by its Operating Activities (Exhibit 4).
  • 13. how to prepare a cash flow statement 13 Exhibit 4 From the Roots Up Statement of Cash Flows - Indirect Method For the Year Ended December 31, 200Y (In thousands) Net Profit $269 Non-Cash Changes Depreciation, Amortization Change in Allowance for Bad Debt Net Income Adjusted for Non-Cash Changes 188 4 461 Change in Accounts Receivable Change in Notes Receivable Change in Inventory Change in Accounts Payable 89 Change in Salaries 10 Change in Other Short-Term Notes Payable 22 Net Cash Provided by Operations (179) (84) (177) $142 A comparison of the Direct Method with the Indirect Method indicates that either method will generate the same results. The Operating Activities of From the Roots Up generated $142,000 in net cash during 200Y. Investing Activities Cash flow from investing activities is the second part of both types of cash flow statements. Investing activities are the changes to the cash position created by the buying or selling of non-current assets. This includes selling and replacing equipment that wears out or acquiring a new building or land to facilitate growth in a company. Investing activities can also include the purchase or sale of stocks, bonds and securities. Lending money and receiving loan payments are also considered investing activities. For a small business, the investing activities section of a cash flow statement usually reports the following information:
  • 14. zions business resource center Cash Flows From Investing Activities + Proceeds From Sale of Assets - Purchases of Property and Equipment = Total Net Cash Provided (Used) by Investing Activities For a given period, there may not be much in the way of investing activities. But over time, it is an important consideration for assessing how to choose to use the cash generated by your business. Financing Activities Financing activities on a cash flow statement reflect borrowing money and repaying money, issuing stock, and paying dividends. The financing activities section of the cash flow statement can be reduced to the following formula: Cash Flows From Financing Activities + Net Borrowing Under Line of Credit Agreement + Proceeds From New Borrowings - Repayment of Loans - Principal Payments Under Capital Lease Obligations - Dividends/Distributions/Withdrawals Paid + Proceeds From Issuance of Stock + Partner/Owner Capital Contributions =Total Net Cash Provided (Used) by Financing Activities As you can see, this section of the cash flow statement is registering inflows of cash from loans received and loans repaid, and other cash inflows from outsiders and owners. If you have paid dividends or taken money from the business, it should be reported here. Our actual Cash Flow Statement can now be created by summarizing the results as follows: 14
  • 15. how to prepare a cash flow statement 15 Cash Flow Statement Description Net Sales Change in Account / Notes Rec-Trade (Net) 12 Month Period $8,158 (208) Cash Collected From Sales 7,950 Cost of Sales / Revenues (4,895) Change in Inventories Change in Accounts Payable-Trade Cash Paid to Suppliers CASH FROM TRADING ACTIVITIES General and Administrative Expenses (Less Non-Cash Expenses) Change in Accruals and Other Pay Cash Paid for Operating Costs CASH AFTER OPERATIONS (177) 89 (4,983) 2,967 (2,839) 10 (2,829) 138 Change in Other Assets / Liabilities 4 Other Income (Expense) and Taxes Paid Net Cash After Operations 4 142 Interest Expense (122) Dividends - Paid in Cash (137) Cash Paid for Dividends and Interest (259) NET CASH INCOME (117) Current Portion Long-Term Debt CASH AFTER DEBT AMORTIZATION Change in Net Fixed Assets Change in Investments (117) (32) (84) Cash Paid for Plant and Investments (116) FINANCING SURPLUS (REQUIREMENTS) (233) Change in Short-Term Loans / Other Payables 53 Change in Long-Term and Sub Debt (90) Change in Other Non-Current Liabilities 126 Change in Capital 198 Total External Financing 287 CASH AFTER FINANCING* Add: Beginning Cash & Equivalents Ending Cash Equivalents 54 169 $223** *Cash After Financing matches control # from Exhibit 2. **Ending Cash Equivalents should match cash on the balance sheet.
  • 16. 16 zions business resource center how to analyze a cash flow statement Once you have constructed a cash flow statement, you will be much closer to understanding the financial position of your company. While a balance sheet and income statement are tools for management, without a cash flow statement they are limited barometers and may even be misleading. Operating Activities The cash flow statement will tell you where money came from and how it was used. When analyzing cash flow, the first place to look is the cash flow from operating activities. It tells you whether the firm generated cash or whether it needs a cash infusion. A few periods of negative cash from operating activities is not by itself a reason for alarm if it is based on plans for company growth or due to a planned increase in receivables or inventories. However, if a negative cash flow from operating activities is a surprise to managers and owners, it may be undesirable. Over time, if uncorrected, it can foretell business failure. Managers and owners should pay particular attention to increases in accounts receivable. The cash flow statement gives the true picture of the account. A large increase in accounts receivables may warrant new billing or collection procedures. Investing Activities The cash flow statement puts investing activities into perspective. At one glance, you can see whether or not a surplus in operations is being used to grow the company. A lack of investing activities, which is few purchases of new equipment or other assets, may indicate stagnant growth or a diversion of funds away from the company. Financing Activities The financing activities section of the cash flow statement will show repayments of debt, borrowing of funds, as well as injections of capital and the payment of dividends. As a company expands, this area of the cash flow statement will become increasingly important. It will tell outsiders how the company has grown and the financial strategies of management. Together, the three sections of the cash flow statement show the net change in cash during the period being examined. A comparison between past periods will give owners and managers a good idea of the trend of their business. Positive trends in cash flow may encourage owners to consider long-term financing as an aid to growth and increase their comfort level concerning the company’s ability to generate cash for repayment. Strong cash flow will also make it easier to acquire financing and to negotiate with lenders from a position of strength. Preparation of a cash flow statement is the first step toward financial management for long-term success.
  • 17. how to prepare a cash flow statement 17 Cash Flow Statement Worksheet Description Net Sales Change in Account / Notes Rec-Trade (Net) Cash Collected From Sales Cost of Sales / Revenues Change in Inventories Change in Accounts Payable-Trade Cash Paid to Suppliers CASH FROM TRADING ACTIVITIES General and Administrative Expenses (Less Non-Cash Expenses) Change in Accruals and Other Pay Cash Paid for Operating Costs CASH AFTER OPERATIONS Change in Other Assets / Liabilities Other Income (Expense) and Taxes Paid Net Cash After Operations Interest Expense Dividends - Paid in Cash Cash Paid for Dividends and Interest NET CASH INCOME Current Portion Long-Term Debt CASH AFTER DEBT AMORTIZATION Change in Net Fixed Assets Change in Investments Cash Paid for Plant and Investments FINANCING SURPLUS (REQUIREMENTS) Change in Short-Term Loans / Other Payables Change in Long-Term and Sub Debt Change in Other Non-Current Liabilities Change in Capital Total External Financing CASH AFTER FINANCING* Add: Beginning Cash & Equivalents Ending Cash Equivalents 12 Month Period
  • 18. 18 zions business resource center checklist Operating Activities ___ When you prepared the operating activities portion of the cash flow statement by the direct method, did you also prepare it by the indirect method to reconcile net income to cash flow from operating activities? ___ Has net income been adjusted for changes in accounts receivable, inventory, accounts payable, wages payable, and income taxes? Investing Activities ___ Is every cash transaction to purchase equipment or other assets represented? ___ If any loans were made by the company, are they reflected? Financing Activities ___ Are all loan payments reported? ___ Have all cash dividends been reported? ___ Are there any unreported cash inflows from owners or investors? Cash Flow Analysis ___ What is the trend in cash flow from operating activities for your company? ___ Is there a reason for any large increase in accounts receivable? ___ How do you expect the financing activities of your company to change in the next year and the next two years? resources Books Cash Flow Analysis, Financial Proformas, Inc., Fifth Edition, September 1995 Healthy Business Guide, Zions First National Bank Websites The Trade Creditor’s Guide to the Statement of Cash Flows, www.crfonline.org/orc/cro/cro-10.html
  • 19. how to prepare a cash flow statement 19 notes __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
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