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Introduction to the Helminths ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Helminth Phyla Phylum _____________________________ -  Phylum _____________________________ -  Phylum _____________________________ -   (of little economic importance – we will not study them)  ______________________________ - study of parasitic worms.
Phylum Platyhelminthes – Chapter 13 The  flatworms  are the planarians, trematodes, and tapeworms. Forms present in the phylum?  ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
Phylum Platyhelminthes – Chapter 13 Characteristics of the Phylum Platyhelminthes: 1.  2. 3. 4.
Characteristics of the Phylum Platyhelminthes cont. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of the Phylum Platyhelminthes cont. 7.  ________________________________________ ________________________________________ - absent in the tapeworms 8. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ - limits size so most flatworms are small and  soft-bodied. 9.  ________________________________________ - most flatworms are _________________ - both male and female organs occur in an individual
Taxonomy of the Phylum Platyhelminthes We will use the traditional taxonomy: Phylum Platyhelminthes  Class Turbellaria – planarians Class Monogenea – monogenetic flukes Class Trematoda – digenetic flukes Class Cestoidea – tapeworms As in the Protozoa, a new taxonomic scheme has been proposed which divides the Turbellaria into several taxa.  However, we will not use the new scheme and use the traditional taxonomy.
Class Turbellaria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Class Turbellaria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of the Turbellaria cont.: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Representative Turbellaria  Dugesia  – freshwater planarian It is a free-living scavenger. Bdelloura  – commensal on the __________________________
Class Monogenea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of the Class Monogenea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of the Class Monogenea 3.  Digestive tract consists of:
Characteristics of the Class Monogenea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of the Class Monogenea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],- ciliated  - opisthaptor distinct  - 2 eyespots  - digestive tract & protonephridia present
2 members of Class Monogenea Polystomoidella –  parasite in the urinary bladder of the snapping turtle Microcotyle  – parasite on the gills of the sheepshead fish. Note numerous clamplike structure on the opisthaptor.
Class Trematoda Trematodes are __________________________________ in all classes of vertebrates. These worms have become structurally adapted for a parasitic  existance: 1.  possess ___________________for attachment to host    2.  have many types of ____________________to produce secretions for ___________________________________ or to produce a ___________________________ 3.  have high _________________________(reproductive capacity) to increase chances of completing complex life cycles     
Subclasses of the Class Trematoda Of the 3 subclasses in the Class Trematoda, we will examine 2 of them: Subclass Aspidobothrea  (= Aspidogastrea) Subclass Digenea  
Subclass Aspidobothrea Most are parasites in the viscera of ____________________ A few are parasitic in the intestines of ________________________________________________ Cotylogaster  - a parasite in the small intestine of the sheepshead fish- is a representative of this subclass.  
Subclass Aspidobothrea -  Cotylogaster Characteristic structure is ______________________ composed of numerous shallow depressions called ____________________ (this sucker resembles bottom of tennis shoe)  
Subclass Aspidobothrea -  Cotylogaster Digestive tract consists of:
Subclass Aspidobothrea -  Cotylogaster Adults are monoecious:  Male and female reproductive organs are similar to those of  digenetic trematodes  (I will discuss these shortly) Importance?
Life cycle of  Cotylogaster Life Cycle – Addition of fish host:   Adult in  fish  intestine  clam eaten    by fish Adult in clam viscera  egg released into water hatches enters clam via  free-swimming _______________________   incurrent siphon - has tufts of cilia  - eyespots  - long unbranched intestine  
Subclass Digenea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Subclass Digenea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Morphology of an Adult Digenetic Trematode ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Body wall is a  tegument ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],syntegument
Tegument ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],syntegument cytotegument
Tegument syntegument cytotegument cyton
Tegument ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trematode Digestive Tract ___________________________ is contained in oral sucker  Muscular ___________________ creates sucking action Short esophagus leads into 2 long blind-ending _________________  (= intestinal ceca)  No anus so ______________________________________________________
Digestion and the Parenchyma Food taken into the digestive tract consists of ______________________________ ______________________________ Proteins are digested in the lumen of the intestine and _______________________________are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium.  
Parenchyma PARENCHYMA - loosely arranged cells filling space between internal  organs.  Major function is:
Trematode Excretory System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trematode Nervous System Ladder-type system  consisting of anterior ganglionic mass, lateral nerve trunks, and connecting commissures. Sense organs  of adults are at the cellular level within the tegument - ______________________________________________________________ Sense organs of free-swimming larval stages (miracidium & cercaria) are well developed: ______________________________________________________________      
Trematode Reproductive Systems Reproductive systems are extremely elaborate and specialized Digenetic trematodes have ___________________________ - some produce as many   as 25,000 eggs per day. Most digenetic trematodes are _________________________ - schistosomes are only dioecious group - monoecious forms commonly cross-fertilize but  self-fertilization is possible  
Male reproductive system Two testes  – function?    
Male reproductive system Trematode sperm are unusual for 2 reasons: 1.  ________________________________________________________ 2.  ________________________________________________________     nucleus  2 flagella  mitochondrion
Male reproductive system Shape and position of the 2 testes are important taxonomic characters     Shape:  Position:     Combination of shape/position:  branched tandem testes; lobed opposite testes, etc.
Male reproductive system Sperm ducts  consist of  2  ____________________________ which join to form a single _______________________ Vas deferens leads into the  cirrus sac  (= cirrus pouch) that contains: - ____________________________ - sperm-storage area - _____________________________- produces fluids to maintain sperm - _____________________________- male copulatory organ which can be everted through the ______________________________ for copulation
Female reproductive system Single ovary  produces  ___________________________  which pass along the oviduct to the  ___________________________ Taxonomic importance?
Female reproductive system Shape and position of the ovary in relationship to testes important in identification     Shape:  oval  lobed branched    
Female reproductive system Ootype  is region of female system where:  (1) ____________________________ (2) ____________________________
Female reproductive system ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Female reproductive system Vitellaria (= vitelline glands) - occur in _____________________ which generally stain intensely   - secrete ______________________ which will coalesce in the ootype to form the _______________________ - vitelline cells containing this protein pass along vitelline ducts which join and lead into the ootype  
Female reproductive system Mehlis' gland -  surrounds the ootype   -  produces secretions that ______________________________ ______________________________in the ootype - stains a light pink    
Female reproductive system ___________________________  leaves from the ootype and consists of a long, often highly coiled duct containing eggs and sperm As the eggs pass through the uterus,  2 processes occur: 1. 2. Uterus function -
Female reproductive system Anteriorly, the uterus leads into a strongly muscularized duct called the __________________________   - this  functions as an  ovijector,  forcing eggs out the common genital pore   - metraterm joins the cirrus sac  at the __________________________
Trematode Anatomy – Representives We will examine the anatomy of  Prosthogonimus macrorchis,  the chicken and duck oviduct fluke, in lab.
Trematode Anatomy – Representatives We will examine the anatomy of  Quinqueserialis , the muskrat cecal fluke, in lab.
Trematode Anatomy – Representatives We will also examine the anatomy of the immature adult of  Leucochloridiomorpha  from a snail.  We’ll examine living specimens to see excretory system and beating of the protonephridia.  We will compare living specimen to stained whole mount.

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Introduction To Trematodes

  • 1.
  • 2. Helminth Phyla Phylum _____________________________ - Phylum _____________________________ - Phylum _____________________________ - (of little economic importance – we will not study them) ______________________________ - study of parasitic worms.
  • 3. Phylum Platyhelminthes – Chapter 13 The flatworms are the planarians, trematodes, and tapeworms. Forms present in the phylum? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
  • 4. Phylum Platyhelminthes – Chapter 13 Characteristics of the Phylum Platyhelminthes: 1. 2. 3. 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Characteristics of the Phylum Platyhelminthes cont. 7. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ - absent in the tapeworms 8. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ - limits size so most flatworms are small and soft-bodied. 9. ________________________________________ - most flatworms are _________________ - both male and female organs occur in an individual
  • 7. Taxonomy of the Phylum Platyhelminthes We will use the traditional taxonomy: Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Turbellaria – planarians Class Monogenea – monogenetic flukes Class Trematoda – digenetic flukes Class Cestoidea – tapeworms As in the Protozoa, a new taxonomic scheme has been proposed which divides the Turbellaria into several taxa. However, we will not use the new scheme and use the traditional taxonomy.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Representative Turbellaria Dugesia – freshwater planarian It is a free-living scavenger. Bdelloura – commensal on the __________________________
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. Characteristics of the Class Monogenea 3. Digestive tract consists of:
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. 2 members of Class Monogenea Polystomoidella – parasite in the urinary bladder of the snapping turtle Microcotyle – parasite on the gills of the sheepshead fish. Note numerous clamplike structure on the opisthaptor.
  • 18. Class Trematoda Trematodes are __________________________________ in all classes of vertebrates. These worms have become structurally adapted for a parasitic existance: 1. possess ___________________for attachment to host   2. have many types of ____________________to produce secretions for ___________________________________ or to produce a ___________________________ 3. have high _________________________(reproductive capacity) to increase chances of completing complex life cycles    
  • 19. Subclasses of the Class Trematoda Of the 3 subclasses in the Class Trematoda, we will examine 2 of them: Subclass Aspidobothrea (= Aspidogastrea) Subclass Digenea  
  • 20. Subclass Aspidobothrea Most are parasites in the viscera of ____________________ A few are parasitic in the intestines of ________________________________________________ Cotylogaster - a parasite in the small intestine of the sheepshead fish- is a representative of this subclass.  
  • 21. Subclass Aspidobothrea - Cotylogaster Characteristic structure is ______________________ composed of numerous shallow depressions called ____________________ (this sucker resembles bottom of tennis shoe)  
  • 22. Subclass Aspidobothrea - Cotylogaster Digestive tract consists of:
  • 23. Subclass Aspidobothrea - Cotylogaster Adults are monoecious: Male and female reproductive organs are similar to those of digenetic trematodes (I will discuss these shortly) Importance?
  • 24. Life cycle of Cotylogaster Life Cycle – Addition of fish host:   Adult in fish intestine clam eaten by fish Adult in clam viscera egg released into water hatches enters clam via free-swimming _______________________ incurrent siphon - has tufts of cilia - eyespots - long unbranched intestine  
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 31.
  • 32. Trematode Digestive Tract ___________________________ is contained in oral sucker Muscular ___________________ creates sucking action Short esophagus leads into 2 long blind-ending _________________ (= intestinal ceca) No anus so ______________________________________________________
  • 33. Digestion and the Parenchyma Food taken into the digestive tract consists of ______________________________ ______________________________ Proteins are digested in the lumen of the intestine and _______________________________are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium.  
  • 34. Parenchyma PARENCHYMA - loosely arranged cells filling space between internal organs. Major function is:
  • 35.
  • 36. Trematode Nervous System Ladder-type system consisting of anterior ganglionic mass, lateral nerve trunks, and connecting commissures. Sense organs of adults are at the cellular level within the tegument - ______________________________________________________________ Sense organs of free-swimming larval stages (miracidium & cercaria) are well developed: ______________________________________________________________      
  • 37. Trematode Reproductive Systems Reproductive systems are extremely elaborate and specialized Digenetic trematodes have ___________________________ - some produce as many as 25,000 eggs per day. Most digenetic trematodes are _________________________ - schistosomes are only dioecious group - monoecious forms commonly cross-fertilize but self-fertilization is possible  
  • 38. Male reproductive system Two testes – function?    
  • 39. Male reproductive system Trematode sperm are unusual for 2 reasons: 1. ________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________     nucleus 2 flagella mitochondrion
  • 40. Male reproductive system Shape and position of the 2 testes are important taxonomic characters     Shape: Position:     Combination of shape/position: branched tandem testes; lobed opposite testes, etc.
  • 41. Male reproductive system Sperm ducts consist of 2 ____________________________ which join to form a single _______________________ Vas deferens leads into the cirrus sac (= cirrus pouch) that contains: - ____________________________ - sperm-storage area - _____________________________- produces fluids to maintain sperm - _____________________________- male copulatory organ which can be everted through the ______________________________ for copulation
  • 42. Female reproductive system Single ovary produces ___________________________ which pass along the oviduct to the ___________________________ Taxonomic importance?
  • 43. Female reproductive system Shape and position of the ovary in relationship to testes important in identification     Shape: oval lobed branched    
  • 44. Female reproductive system Ootype is region of female system where: (1) ____________________________ (2) ____________________________
  • 45.
  • 46. Female reproductive system Vitellaria (= vitelline glands) - occur in _____________________ which generally stain intensely   - secrete ______________________ which will coalesce in the ootype to form the _______________________ - vitelline cells containing this protein pass along vitelline ducts which join and lead into the ootype  
  • 47. Female reproductive system Mehlis' gland - surrounds the ootype   - produces secretions that ______________________________ ______________________________in the ootype - stains a light pink    
  • 48. Female reproductive system ___________________________ leaves from the ootype and consists of a long, often highly coiled duct containing eggs and sperm As the eggs pass through the uterus, 2 processes occur: 1. 2. Uterus function -
  • 49. Female reproductive system Anteriorly, the uterus leads into a strongly muscularized duct called the __________________________   - this functions as an ovijector, forcing eggs out the common genital pore   - metraterm joins the cirrus sac at the __________________________
  • 50. Trematode Anatomy – Representives We will examine the anatomy of Prosthogonimus macrorchis, the chicken and duck oviduct fluke, in lab.
  • 51. Trematode Anatomy – Representatives We will examine the anatomy of Quinqueserialis , the muskrat cecal fluke, in lab.
  • 52. Trematode Anatomy – Representatives We will also examine the anatomy of the immature adult of Leucochloridiomorpha from a snail. We’ll examine living specimens to see excretory system and beating of the protonephridia. We will compare living specimen to stained whole mount.