The document summarizes key information about penicillin, including its history of discovery, structure, mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered from mold and works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It binds to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibits the final transpeptidation step in peptidoglycan synthesis, disrupting cell wall formation.

1. Cell Wall Inhibitors www.freelivedoctor.com

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7. thiazolidine ring (A) connected to a b-lactam ring (B), to which is attached a side chain (R). www.freelivedoctor.com

18. Figure 45-2. The transpeptidase reaction in Staphylococcus aureus that is inhibited by penicillins and cephalosporins. www.freelivedoctor.com

19. Figure 45-3. Comparison of the structure and composition of gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls. www.freelivedoctor.com

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45. Cephalosporins First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation * Oral Agent www.freelivedoctor.com Cefadroxil * Cefaclor * Cefdinir Cefepime Cefazolin Cefamandole Cefoperaxone Cefelixin * Cefonicid Cefotaxime Cephalothin Ceforanide Ceftazidime Cephaprin Cefotetan Ceftibuten Cephradine * Cefoxitin Ceftizoxime Cefuroxime moxalactam Ceftriaxone