SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 23
Baixar para ler offline
Certified IPv6 Network Engineer (CNE6) – Level 1




Transition Mechanism




                                                      1
Outline
•   Understanding ICMPv6            •   Neighbor Advertisement (NA)
•   Technical Details of ICMPv6     •   Neighbor Advertisement Packet
•   ICMPv6 Packet format            •   Neighbor Advertisement Options
•   Types of ICMPv6 Messages        •   Redirect
•   Operations of ICMPv6            •   Redirect Header
•   Understanding NDP               •   Redirect Example
•   Technical Details               •   Understanding NDP Processes
•   NDP Messages                    •   Router Discovery
•   Router Solicitation (RS)        •   Prefix Discovery
•   Router Solicitation Packet      •   Prefix Discovery using RA&RS
•   Router Solicitation Format      •   Parameter discovery
•   Router Advertisement (RA)       •   Address Autoconfiguration
•   Router Advertisement Packet     •   Address Resolution
•   Router Advertisement Format     •   Next-Hop Determination
•   Router Advertisement Options    •   Neighbor Unreachability Detection
•   Neighbor Solicitation (NS)      •   Understanding Neighbor States
•   Neighbor Solicitation Packet    •   Duplicate Address Detection
•   Neighbor Solicitation options   •   Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
•   Using NS for D.A.D                  Explained
Overview

               Transition Mechanisms
 Are technologies to facilitate the transitioning of the
     Internet from its IPv4 infrastructure to IPv6.
     Well known mechanisms:
     •Dual-Stack
     •Tunneling
     •Translation
     (and it’s variances)
Types of nodes
As defined in RFC4213

Type              Definition
IPv4-Only node    A host or router that implements only IPv4. An IPv4-only node does not
                  understand IPv6.
IPv6/IPv4 node    A host or router that implements both IPv4 and IPv6.
IPv6-only node    A host or router that implements only IPv6 and does not implement
                  IPv4.
IPv6 node         Any host or router that implements IPv6. IPv6/IPv4 and IPv6-only nodes
                  are both IPv6 nodes.
IPv4 node         Any host or router that implements IPv4. IPv6/IPv4 and IPv4-only nodes
                  are both IPv4 nodes.
Dual-Stack

                Understanding Dual-Stack
•   Dual-stack nodes, as the name suggests, maintain two protocol stacks
    that operate in parallel and thus allow the end system or router to operate
    via either protocol.
•   In end systems, they enable both IPv4 and IPv6 capable applications to
    operate on the same node.
•   Dual-stack capabilities in routers allow handling of both IPv4 and IPv6
    packet types.
Dual-Stack Operating Systems
Dual-Stack examples
  A & AAAA (Quad A) records




                              MacOS IPv4/v6 settings
Tunneling

                 Understanding Tunneling
•   For IPv6 transition, the IPv6 protocol data unit (PDU) is generally carried
    as the payload of an IPv4 packet.
•   Encapsulation of the payload protocol data unit is performed at the tunnel
    entrance (source), and decapsulation is performed at the tunnel exit point
    (destination).
Tunneling IPv6 in IPv4

• IPv6 is encapsulated in IPv4
   – Identified by ‘Protocol 41’
• Many topologies possible –
   – Router to Router
   – Host to Router
   – Host to Host
• The tunnel node endpoints takes care of the
  encapsulation. This process is “transparent” to the other nodes.
Tunneling Mechanisms

•   The following IPv6 tunneling techniques to be used over IPv4 networks.
•   IPv6 Manually Configured Tunnel
•   IPv6 over IPv4 GRE Tunnel
•   6over4
•   Automatic IPv4-Compatible Tunnel
•   Automatic 6to4 Tunnel
•   Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) Tunnel
•   Teredo Tunnel
•   IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd)
Understanding Configured Tunneling


                   Configured Tunnels must be configured manually.


• These tunnels are used when using IPv6 addresses that do not have any
  embedded IPv4 information.
• Tunnel endpoints are explicitly configured. The IPv6 and IPv4 addresses of
  the endpoints of the tunnel MUST be specified.
    – All IPv6 implementations support this
• Tunnel endpoints must be dual stack nodes
    – The IPv4 address is the endpoint for the tunnel
    – Require a reachable IPv4 address (no NAT between the endpoints)
Understanding IPv6 over IPv4 GRE Tunnel


• Uses the standard Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunneling
  technique.
• As in manually configured tunnels, these tunnels are links between two
  points, with a separate tunnel for each link.
• GRE tunnels are not tied to a specific passenger or transport protocol.
• GRE tunnels are used between two points and require configuration of
  both the source and destination addresses of the tunnel.
• The edge routers and end systems used as tunnel end points must be dual
  stack devices.
Understanding Automatic IPv4-Compatible Tunnel

• Is an IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel mechanism which uses an IPv4-compatible IPv6
  address.             Example ::192.168.99.1
• Can be configured between end systems, edge routers, or an edge router and an
  end system. But mainly been used to establish connection between routers.
• Automatic IPv4-compatible tunnel technique constructs tunnels with remote
  nodes on the fly.
• Tunnel source and destination are automatically determined by the IPv4
  address.
• The IPv4-compatible tunnel is largely replaced by the 6to4.
• The use of IPv4-compatible tunnel as a transition mechanism is nearly
  deprecated.
Understanding Automatic 6to4 Tunnel

• 6to4 tunnel treats the IPv4 infrastructure as a virtual non-broadcast link using an
  IPv4 address embedded in the IPv6 address to find the other end of the tunnel.
• Each IPv6 domain requires a dual-stack router.
• The key requirement is that each site has a 6to4 IPv6 address.




• Each site, even if it has just one public IPv4 address, has a unique routing prefix
  in IPv6.
How 6to4 Works
6to4 Relay Routers
• 6to4 doesn’t provide connectivity to the global IPv6
  Internet.
• 6to4 Relay Routers (RR) provides such capabilities.
• These RR are standard routers with both 6to4 and a normal
  IPv6 address.
• RR provide a routing service between the native IPv6
  domain and the 6to4 domain.
Understanding ISATAP
• Intrasite Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) is similar to 6to4 that
  enables incremental deployment of IPv6.
• Allow hosts that are multiple IPv4 hops away from an IPv6 router to participate
  in the IPv6 network by automatically tunneling IPv6 packets over IPv4.
• All ISATAP nodes are dual stacked.
• ISATAP requires the first 64 bit of the address to be available. (known as the
  ISATAP prefix)
• The 64-bit interface identifier is formed by concatenating 0000:5EFE and the
  IPv4 address of the dual-stack node (e.g. 192.168.99.1).
Understanding TEREDO
• Teredo (also known as Shipworm) service is a tunnel mechanism that provides
  IPv6 connectivity to nodes located behind one or more IPv4 NATs.
• Tunnels IPv6 packets over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) through NAT
  devices.
• Teredo service is defined for the case where the NAT device cannot be upgraded
  to offer native IPv6 routing or act as a 6to4 router/or other mechanisms.
• The Teredo network consists of a set of Teredo clients, servers, and relays.
• Teredo tunnels use Teredo servers and Teredo relays.
     •   The Teredo servers are stateless and manage a
         small fraction of the traffic between Teredo
         clients
     •   Teredo relays act as IPv6 routers between the
         Teredo service and the native IPv6 Internet
Teredo Addressing
• The Teredo prefix is 2001::/32.
• The Teredo server IPv4 address is the public IPv4
  address.
• The Flags field indicates the type of NAT used by the
  Teredo client.
• The last two fields are the “obscured” mapped external
  IPv4 address and port of the Teredo client.
Teredo Architecture
• Teredo client (TC): IPv4 node that wants access to the IPv6
  Internet
• Teredo server (TS):
   – assist in the address configuration of Teredo clients
   – facilitate the initial communication between Teredo clients and other
     Teredo clients or between Teredo clients and IPv6-only hosts
• Teredo relay (TR): IPv6 router that can receive traffic from the
  IPv6 Internet to the Teredo client and forward it to the Teredo
  client interface.
E.g. Teredo Communication
E.g. Teredo Communication
1.       TC sends v6 echo request to               4.   The TR will tunnel the echo
         TS.1                                           reply to the TC:
2.       TS relays the echo request to                  –   cone NAT, the packet will be
         the IPv6-only host (6H).                           forwarded to the TC
3.       6H sends an IPv6 echo reply                    –   restricted cone NAT, this
                                                            packet would be discarded,
         with the TC’s address as                           and additional procedures,
         destination. The IPv6                              involving bubble packets
         infrastructure will route this            5.   TC determines relay IPv4
         packet to the nearest TR                       address from the received
         based on 2001::/32 routes.                     packet send packets to the
                                                        6H via the TR.
                                                   6.   The TR extracts the IPv6
                                                        packet and forwards to the
     1. TS are expected to relay these requests.        6H. Future communications
                                                        can follow this same path.
• Thank You




Thursday, December 27, 2012   23

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

IPv6 Segment Routing : an end-to-end solution ?
IPv6 Segment Routing : an end-to-end solution ?IPv6 Segment Routing : an end-to-end solution ?
IPv6 Segment Routing : an end-to-end solution ?Olivier Bonaventure
 
Faster packet processing in Linux: XDP
Faster packet processing in Linux: XDPFaster packet processing in Linux: XDP
Faster packet processing in Linux: XDPDaniel T. Lee
 
BIRD Routing Daemon
BIRD Routing DaemonBIRD Routing Daemon
BIRD Routing DaemonAPNIC
 
16 coms 525 tcpip - routing protocols -all
16    coms 525 tcpip - routing protocols -all16    coms 525 tcpip - routing protocols -all
16 coms 525 tcpip - routing protocols -allPalanivel Kuppusamy
 
Making our networking stack truly extensible
Making our networking stack truly extensible Making our networking stack truly extensible
Making our networking stack truly extensible Olivier Bonaventure
 
1 bonica tutorial_segment_routing
1 bonica tutorial_segment_routing1 bonica tutorial_segment_routing
1 bonica tutorial_segment_routinghptoga
 
QoS marking on cisco IOS Router
QoS marking on cisco IOS RouterQoS marking on cisco IOS Router
QoS marking on cisco IOS RouterNetProtocol Xpert
 
Deploy ipv6 multicast_v0_1
Deploy ipv6 multicast_v0_1Deploy ipv6 multicast_v0_1
Deploy ipv6 multicast_v0_1Nguyen Thanh
 
QoS Classification on Cisco IOS Router
QoS Classification on Cisco IOS RouterQoS Classification on Cisco IOS Router
QoS Classification on Cisco IOS RouterNetProtocol Xpert
 
CodiLime Tech Talk - Adam Kułagowski: IPv6 - introduction
CodiLime Tech Talk - Adam Kułagowski: IPv6 - introductionCodiLime Tech Talk - Adam Kułagowski: IPv6 - introduction
CodiLime Tech Talk - Adam Kułagowski: IPv6 - introductionCodiLime
 
2006 aodv-group-presentation
2006 aodv-group-presentation2006 aodv-group-presentation
2006 aodv-group-presentationnishant kumar
 

Mais procurados (20)

IPv6 Segment Routing : an end-to-end solution ?
IPv6 Segment Routing : an end-to-end solution ?IPv6 Segment Routing : an end-to-end solution ?
IPv6 Segment Routing : an end-to-end solution ?
 
12 ethernet-wifi
12 ethernet-wifi12 ethernet-wifi
12 ethernet-wifi
 
Faster packet processing in Linux: XDP
Faster packet processing in Linux: XDPFaster packet processing in Linux: XDP
Faster packet processing in Linux: XDP
 
BIRD Routing Daemon
BIRD Routing DaemonBIRD Routing Daemon
BIRD Routing Daemon
 
16 coms 525 tcpip - routing protocols -all
16    coms 525 tcpip - routing protocols -all16    coms 525 tcpip - routing protocols -all
16 coms 525 tcpip - routing protocols -all
 
Making our networking stack truly extensible
Making our networking stack truly extensible Making our networking stack truly extensible
Making our networking stack truly extensible
 
9 ipv6-routing
9 ipv6-routing9 ipv6-routing
9 ipv6-routing
 
SEGMENT Routing
SEGMENT RoutingSEGMENT Routing
SEGMENT Routing
 
1 bonica tutorial_segment_routing
1 bonica tutorial_segment_routing1 bonica tutorial_segment_routing
1 bonica tutorial_segment_routing
 
5242 bgp-ospf-redis
5242 bgp-ospf-redis5242 bgp-ospf-redis
5242 bgp-ospf-redis
 
Lustre, RoCE, and MAN
Lustre, RoCE, and MANLustre, RoCE, and MAN
Lustre, RoCE, and MAN
 
BGP Advanced topics
BGP Advanced topicsBGP Advanced topics
BGP Advanced topics
 
IPv6
IPv6IPv6
IPv6
 
QoS marking on cisco IOS Router
QoS marking on cisco IOS RouterQoS marking on cisco IOS Router
QoS marking on cisco IOS Router
 
RTP
RTPRTP
RTP
 
Deploy ipv6 multicast_v0_1
Deploy ipv6 multicast_v0_1Deploy ipv6 multicast_v0_1
Deploy ipv6 multicast_v0_1
 
Introduction to MPLS - NANOG 61
Introduction to MPLS - NANOG 61Introduction to MPLS - NANOG 61
Introduction to MPLS - NANOG 61
 
QoS Classification on Cisco IOS Router
QoS Classification on Cisco IOS RouterQoS Classification on Cisco IOS Router
QoS Classification on Cisco IOS Router
 
CodiLime Tech Talk - Adam Kułagowski: IPv6 - introduction
CodiLime Tech Talk - Adam Kułagowski: IPv6 - introductionCodiLime Tech Talk - Adam Kułagowski: IPv6 - introduction
CodiLime Tech Talk - Adam Kułagowski: IPv6 - introduction
 
2006 aodv-group-presentation
2006 aodv-group-presentation2006 aodv-group-presentation
2006 aodv-group-presentation
 

Semelhante a 5. transistion mechanisum 1

IPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadband
IPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadbandIPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadband
IPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadbandAPNIC
 
Introduction to ipv6 v1.3
Introduction to ipv6 v1.3Introduction to ipv6 v1.3
Introduction to ipv6 v1.3Karunakant Rai
 
Tutorial: IPv6-only transition with demo
Tutorial: IPv6-only transition with demoTutorial: IPv6-only transition with demo
Tutorial: IPv6-only transition with demoAPNIC
 
IPv4aaS tutorial and hands-on
IPv4aaS tutorial and hands-onIPv4aaS tutorial and hands-on
IPv4aaS tutorial and hands-onAPNIC
 
IPv6 Community Event: IPv6 Protocol Architecture
IPv6 Community Event: IPv6 Protocol ArchitectureIPv6 Community Event: IPv6 Protocol Architecture
IPv6 Community Event: IPv6 Protocol ArchitectureAPNIC
 
Building day 2 upload Building the Internet of Things with Thingsquare and ...
Building day 2   upload Building the Internet of Things with Thingsquare and ...Building day 2   upload Building the Internet of Things with Thingsquare and ...
Building day 2 upload Building the Internet of Things with Thingsquare and ...Adam Dunkels
 
IPv6 The Big Move
IPv6 The Big MoveIPv6 The Big Move
IPv6 The Big Movefrenildand
 
Networking Chapter 13
Networking Chapter 13Networking Chapter 13
Networking Chapter 13mlrbrown
 
Understanding i pv6 2
Understanding i pv6 2Understanding i pv6 2
Understanding i pv6 2srmanjuskp
 
A very good introduction to IPv6
A very good introduction to IPv6A very good introduction to IPv6
A very good introduction to IPv6Syed Arshad
 
Gohil-Network layer & Address Resolution Protocol.pptx
Gohil-Network layer & Address Resolution Protocol.pptxGohil-Network layer & Address Resolution Protocol.pptx
Gohil-Network layer & Address Resolution Protocol.pptxJuvil2
 
I pv6(internet protocol version 6)
I pv6(internet protocol version 6)I pv6(internet protocol version 6)
I pv6(internet protocol version 6)Subrata Kumer Paul
 
Whitepaper: Network transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 Document - Happiest Minds
Whitepaper: Network transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 Document - Happiest MindsWhitepaper: Network transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 Document - Happiest Minds
Whitepaper: Network transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 Document - Happiest MindsHappiest Minds Technologies
 
Paper id 25201418
Paper id 25201418Paper id 25201418
Paper id 25201418IJRAT
 

Semelhante a 5. transistion mechanisum 1 (20)

IPv6 transition and coexistance - Jordi Palet
IPv6 transition and coexistance - Jordi PaletIPv6 transition and coexistance - Jordi Palet
IPv6 transition and coexistance - Jordi Palet
 
IPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadband
IPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadbandIPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadband
IPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadband
 
Introduction to ipv6 v1.3
Introduction to ipv6 v1.3Introduction to ipv6 v1.3
Introduction to ipv6 v1.3
 
Tutorial: IPv6-only transition with demo
Tutorial: IPv6-only transition with demoTutorial: IPv6-only transition with demo
Tutorial: IPv6-only transition with demo
 
6421 b Module-04
6421 b Module-046421 b Module-04
6421 b Module-04
 
Enabling IPv6 Services Transparently
Enabling IPv6 Services TransparentlyEnabling IPv6 Services Transparently
Enabling IPv6 Services Transparently
 
IPv4aaS tutorial and hands-on
IPv4aaS tutorial and hands-onIPv4aaS tutorial and hands-on
IPv4aaS tutorial and hands-on
 
IPv6 Community Event: IPv6 Protocol Architecture
IPv6 Community Event: IPv6 Protocol ArchitectureIPv6 Community Event: IPv6 Protocol Architecture
IPv6 Community Event: IPv6 Protocol Architecture
 
Building day 2 upload Building the Internet of Things with Thingsquare and ...
Building day 2   upload Building the Internet of Things with Thingsquare and ...Building day 2   upload Building the Internet of Things with Thingsquare and ...
Building day 2 upload Building the Internet of Things with Thingsquare and ...
 
Dik acn presentation
Dik acn presentationDik acn presentation
Dik acn presentation
 
IPv6 The Big Move
IPv6 The Big MoveIPv6 The Big Move
IPv6 The Big Move
 
IPv6
IPv6IPv6
IPv6
 
Networking Chapter 13
Networking Chapter 13Networking Chapter 13
Networking Chapter 13
 
Understanding i pv6 2
Understanding i pv6 2Understanding i pv6 2
Understanding i pv6 2
 
A very good introduction to IPv6
A very good introduction to IPv6A very good introduction to IPv6
A very good introduction to IPv6
 
Gohil-Network layer & Address Resolution Protocol.pptx
Gohil-Network layer & Address Resolution Protocol.pptxGohil-Network layer & Address Resolution Protocol.pptx
Gohil-Network layer & Address Resolution Protocol.pptx
 
I pv6(internet protocol version 6)
I pv6(internet protocol version 6)I pv6(internet protocol version 6)
I pv6(internet protocol version 6)
 
Ipv6
Ipv6Ipv6
Ipv6
 
Whitepaper: Network transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 Document - Happiest Minds
Whitepaper: Network transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 Document - Happiest MindsWhitepaper: Network transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 Document - Happiest Minds
Whitepaper: Network transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 Document - Happiest Minds
 
Paper id 25201418
Paper id 25201418Paper id 25201418
Paper id 25201418
 

Último

What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 

Último (20)

What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 

5. transistion mechanisum 1

  • 1. Certified IPv6 Network Engineer (CNE6) – Level 1 Transition Mechanism 1
  • 2. Outline • Understanding ICMPv6 • Neighbor Advertisement (NA) • Technical Details of ICMPv6 • Neighbor Advertisement Packet • ICMPv6 Packet format • Neighbor Advertisement Options • Types of ICMPv6 Messages • Redirect • Operations of ICMPv6 • Redirect Header • Understanding NDP • Redirect Example • Technical Details • Understanding NDP Processes • NDP Messages • Router Discovery • Router Solicitation (RS) • Prefix Discovery • Router Solicitation Packet • Prefix Discovery using RA&RS • Router Solicitation Format • Parameter discovery • Router Advertisement (RA) • Address Autoconfiguration • Router Advertisement Packet • Address Resolution • Router Advertisement Format • Next-Hop Determination • Router Advertisement Options • Neighbor Unreachability Detection • Neighbor Solicitation (NS) • Understanding Neighbor States • Neighbor Solicitation Packet • Duplicate Address Detection • Neighbor Solicitation options • Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) • Using NS for D.A.D Explained
  • 3. Overview Transition Mechanisms Are technologies to facilitate the transitioning of the Internet from its IPv4 infrastructure to IPv6. Well known mechanisms: •Dual-Stack •Tunneling •Translation (and it’s variances)
  • 4. Types of nodes As defined in RFC4213 Type Definition IPv4-Only node A host or router that implements only IPv4. An IPv4-only node does not understand IPv6. IPv6/IPv4 node A host or router that implements both IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6-only node A host or router that implements only IPv6 and does not implement IPv4. IPv6 node Any host or router that implements IPv6. IPv6/IPv4 and IPv6-only nodes are both IPv6 nodes. IPv4 node Any host or router that implements IPv4. IPv6/IPv4 and IPv4-only nodes are both IPv4 nodes.
  • 5. Dual-Stack Understanding Dual-Stack • Dual-stack nodes, as the name suggests, maintain two protocol stacks that operate in parallel and thus allow the end system or router to operate via either protocol. • In end systems, they enable both IPv4 and IPv6 capable applications to operate on the same node. • Dual-stack capabilities in routers allow handling of both IPv4 and IPv6 packet types.
  • 7. Dual-Stack examples A & AAAA (Quad A) records MacOS IPv4/v6 settings
  • 8. Tunneling Understanding Tunneling • For IPv6 transition, the IPv6 protocol data unit (PDU) is generally carried as the payload of an IPv4 packet. • Encapsulation of the payload protocol data unit is performed at the tunnel entrance (source), and decapsulation is performed at the tunnel exit point (destination).
  • 9. Tunneling IPv6 in IPv4 • IPv6 is encapsulated in IPv4 – Identified by ‘Protocol 41’ • Many topologies possible – – Router to Router – Host to Router – Host to Host • The tunnel node endpoints takes care of the encapsulation. This process is “transparent” to the other nodes.
  • 10. Tunneling Mechanisms • The following IPv6 tunneling techniques to be used over IPv4 networks. • IPv6 Manually Configured Tunnel • IPv6 over IPv4 GRE Tunnel • 6over4 • Automatic IPv4-Compatible Tunnel • Automatic 6to4 Tunnel • Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) Tunnel • Teredo Tunnel • IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd)
  • 11. Understanding Configured Tunneling Configured Tunnels must be configured manually. • These tunnels are used when using IPv6 addresses that do not have any embedded IPv4 information. • Tunnel endpoints are explicitly configured. The IPv6 and IPv4 addresses of the endpoints of the tunnel MUST be specified. – All IPv6 implementations support this • Tunnel endpoints must be dual stack nodes – The IPv4 address is the endpoint for the tunnel – Require a reachable IPv4 address (no NAT between the endpoints)
  • 12. Understanding IPv6 over IPv4 GRE Tunnel • Uses the standard Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunneling technique. • As in manually configured tunnels, these tunnels are links between two points, with a separate tunnel for each link. • GRE tunnels are not tied to a specific passenger or transport protocol. • GRE tunnels are used between two points and require configuration of both the source and destination addresses of the tunnel. • The edge routers and end systems used as tunnel end points must be dual stack devices.
  • 13. Understanding Automatic IPv4-Compatible Tunnel • Is an IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel mechanism which uses an IPv4-compatible IPv6 address. Example ::192.168.99.1 • Can be configured between end systems, edge routers, or an edge router and an end system. But mainly been used to establish connection between routers. • Automatic IPv4-compatible tunnel technique constructs tunnels with remote nodes on the fly. • Tunnel source and destination are automatically determined by the IPv4 address. • The IPv4-compatible tunnel is largely replaced by the 6to4. • The use of IPv4-compatible tunnel as a transition mechanism is nearly deprecated.
  • 14. Understanding Automatic 6to4 Tunnel • 6to4 tunnel treats the IPv4 infrastructure as a virtual non-broadcast link using an IPv4 address embedded in the IPv6 address to find the other end of the tunnel. • Each IPv6 domain requires a dual-stack router. • The key requirement is that each site has a 6to4 IPv6 address. • Each site, even if it has just one public IPv4 address, has a unique routing prefix in IPv6.
  • 16. 6to4 Relay Routers • 6to4 doesn’t provide connectivity to the global IPv6 Internet. • 6to4 Relay Routers (RR) provides such capabilities. • These RR are standard routers with both 6to4 and a normal IPv6 address. • RR provide a routing service between the native IPv6 domain and the 6to4 domain.
  • 17. Understanding ISATAP • Intrasite Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) is similar to 6to4 that enables incremental deployment of IPv6. • Allow hosts that are multiple IPv4 hops away from an IPv6 router to participate in the IPv6 network by automatically tunneling IPv6 packets over IPv4. • All ISATAP nodes are dual stacked. • ISATAP requires the first 64 bit of the address to be available. (known as the ISATAP prefix) • The 64-bit interface identifier is formed by concatenating 0000:5EFE and the IPv4 address of the dual-stack node (e.g. 192.168.99.1).
  • 18. Understanding TEREDO • Teredo (also known as Shipworm) service is a tunnel mechanism that provides IPv6 connectivity to nodes located behind one or more IPv4 NATs. • Tunnels IPv6 packets over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) through NAT devices. • Teredo service is defined for the case where the NAT device cannot be upgraded to offer native IPv6 routing or act as a 6to4 router/or other mechanisms. • The Teredo network consists of a set of Teredo clients, servers, and relays. • Teredo tunnels use Teredo servers and Teredo relays. • The Teredo servers are stateless and manage a small fraction of the traffic between Teredo clients • Teredo relays act as IPv6 routers between the Teredo service and the native IPv6 Internet
  • 19. Teredo Addressing • The Teredo prefix is 2001::/32. • The Teredo server IPv4 address is the public IPv4 address. • The Flags field indicates the type of NAT used by the Teredo client. • The last two fields are the “obscured” mapped external IPv4 address and port of the Teredo client.
  • 20. Teredo Architecture • Teredo client (TC): IPv4 node that wants access to the IPv6 Internet • Teredo server (TS): – assist in the address configuration of Teredo clients – facilitate the initial communication between Teredo clients and other Teredo clients or between Teredo clients and IPv6-only hosts • Teredo relay (TR): IPv6 router that can receive traffic from the IPv6 Internet to the Teredo client and forward it to the Teredo client interface.
  • 22. E.g. Teredo Communication 1. TC sends v6 echo request to 4. The TR will tunnel the echo TS.1 reply to the TC: 2. TS relays the echo request to – cone NAT, the packet will be the IPv6-only host (6H). forwarded to the TC 3. 6H sends an IPv6 echo reply – restricted cone NAT, this packet would be discarded, with the TC’s address as and additional procedures, destination. The IPv6 involving bubble packets infrastructure will route this 5. TC determines relay IPv4 packet to the nearest TR address from the received based on 2001::/32 routes. packet send packets to the 6H via the TR. 6. The TR extracts the IPv6 packet and forwards to the 1. TS are expected to relay these requests. 6H. Future communications can follow this same path.
  • 23. • Thank You Thursday, December 27, 2012 23