Here you can learn all about the physics concepts that are hidden in miniature golf. Visit www.putterking.com for more info. Level 2 - Princess Area of focus: force and motion Topics covered: > Force > Gravity > Law of Universal Gravitation > Mass vs. weight > Newton’s First Law of Motion > Newton’s Second Law of Motion > Newton’s Third Law of Motion

1. For the teacherʼs guide and all answers
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Future KingsTM Education Program
Subject: Physics
Level 2 (Princess)
Putter King LLC All materials copyright © 2011
Level 28 Shinagawa Intercity Tower A Putter King LLC
2-15-1 Konan Minato-ku Tokyo, Japan All rights reserved
108-6028 Unit #: 2011020202

2. Physics
Level 2 - Princess
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3. Summary
Area of focus: force and motion
Topics covered:
• Force
• Gravity
• Law of Universal Gravitation
• Mass vs. weight
• Newtonʼs First Law of Motion
• Newtonʼs Second Law of Motion
• Newtonʼs Third Law of Motion
Suggested time to complete (2 hrs):
• Teaching material (40 minutes)
• Practice activity (20 minutes)
• Final project (60 minutes)
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4. Force
A force is a push or a pull.
F
A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity.
Scientists measure forces in units called newtons
• The newton (N) is the SI unit for force
• 1 N = 1 kg·m/s2
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5. Gravity
Galileo discovered that freely falling bodies, heavy or light, have the same, constant acceleration and that this
acceleration is due to gravity.
In other words, two objects of different weights falling from the same height will hit the ground at the same time.
The acceleration of an object in free-fall is constant and independent of the mass of the object.
For example, without air resistance, a feather and a Putter King golf ball falling from the same height will hit the
ground at the same time as both are equally affected by gravity.
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6. Law of Universal Gravitation
Newtonʼs law of universal gravitation states that every point mass in the universe
attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
m1 · m2 G = universal gravitational constant
Fg = G G ≈ 6.674 x 10-11 N (m/kg)2
m1 = mass of object 1
r2
m2 = mass of object 2
r = distance between the two objects
From this equation, we can derive the acceleration due to Earthʼs gravity on an object:
G · Me G = universal gravitational constant
g = G ≈ 6.674 x 10-11 N (m/kg)2
r2 Me = mass of Earth
mEarth ≈ 5.9736 x 1024 kg
r = radius of Earth
g ≈ 9.81 m/s2 rEarth = 6.371 x 106 m
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7. Mass vs. Weight
Mass is the quantity of matter in an object, or in other words, mass is the measure of the amount of "stuff" in something.
• Metric unit = kilograms (kg)
• Imperial unit = slug
Weight is the force of gravity on an object.
• Metric unit = newton (N)
• US unit = pound (lb)
If you go to the moon, your weight will change but your mass will stay the same.
Putty Mass: 70 kg
Putty WeightEarth: 70 kg * 9.81 m/s2 = 687 N
Putty WeightMoon: 70 kg * 1.63 m/s2 = 114 N
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8. Newtonʼs First Law of Motion
An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced (outside) force. An object in
motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced (outside) force.
Newtonʼs First Law of Motion was derived from Galileoʼs Law of Inertia. Isaac
Newton developed the idea of Galileo further.
Newton concluded that an object will remain at rest or move with constant velocity
when there is no net force acting on it. Net force is the sum of all forces acting on an
object.
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9. Newtonʼs Second Law of Motion
Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being
accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).
In other words, force is equal to mass times acceleration:
F = ma
golf ball acceleration = 5 m/s2
F = .225 N
golf ball mass = 0.045 kg
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10. Newtonʼs Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
n
n = 0.44 N
golf ball mass = 0.045 kg
Fg = mg
Fg = (0.045 kg) * 9.81 m/s2
Fg = 0.44 N
Gravity is acting downward. The ball is at rest. The ground must exert a
force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the ball. This force is
called the normal force, n, since it is normal to the surface.
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11. Practice Activity
1) Calculate the normal force exerted by the ground
(1)
2) Calculate the weight of Bogey (the Putter Prince)
3) Calculate the net force on the golf club when the ball is struck
(2)
4) Calculate the net force on the golf ball when the ball is struck
(3)
(4)
Assumptions:
• Golf ball mass = 45 g
• Golf ball acceleration = 7 m/s2
• Bogeyʼs (the Putter Princeʼs) mass = 34 kg
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12. Final Project
Requirements
Design and label a miniature golf hole (with a golfer) that includes at least:
• 4 different forces
• A demostration of each of Newtonʼs three laws of motion
For full points, be sure to:
• Label the forces at work
• Label and write a short explanation on the part of your diagram that
demonstrates each of the three laws of motion
• be creative!
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13. Grading Rubric
Bogey Par Birdie
(70% - 79%) (80% - 89%) (90% - 100%)
• Student did not include four • Student included at least four
required forces forces
Forces • Student incorrectly calculated • Student incorrectly calculated
or labeled a force • Student correctly calculated
or labeled more than one force and labeled all forces
• Student diagram does not • Student diagram correctly
correctly demonstrate the laws
• Student diagram does not demonstrates the laws of
Newtonʼs Three of motion
or
correctly or accurately motion
demonstrate one of the laws of • Student included a
Laws of Motion • Student did not include a
demonstration of all three laws
motion demonstration of all three laws
of motion
of motion
• Miniature golf hole design is • Miniature golf hole design is
playable and aesthetically
plain and simple • Miniature golf hole design is pleasing
• Student diagrams are sloppy playable
Design or incorrectly labeled • Student diagrams are neatly • Student diagrams are neatly
drawn and labeled
• Miniature golf hole design drawn and labeled
• Miniature golf hole design is
does not exhibit creativity
creative and original
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