Dr. Luca Micciche, ICAFIS Vietnam

1. Impacts of climate change on aquaculture and
fisheries in the Mekong region
and main adaptive activities
Can Tho, June 4, 2013
1
International Collaborating Centre
For Aquaculture and Fisheries
Sustainability

2. Presentation outline
• Introduction: ICAFIS
• Fisheries sector in Vietnam
• Climate Change impacts, policies and
initiatives in Vietnam
• Developing a project to address CC
adaptive activities in the fisheries sector
2

3. ICAFIS
• Registered (March 2010) as a non-profit org. but
with strong links with the Government
• Sustainability arm of the Vietnam Fisheries
Society (VINAFIS)
– >800 local branches
– 34,000 members (farmers/fishers)
• Global focus, capacity
building, research….

4. Production
• 2,671,800 Tonnes (FAO )2010
Consumption
• Apparent per-capita 17.2 kg/year
Employment
• Livelihood for > half million people
The aquaculture sector in Vietnam

5. Inland fisheries in the Delta
• 40% to the country’s inland capture fisheries
nearly 850,000 t/yr (based on consump. est.)
• The bulk of it being from the floodplains of the
Delta
• Fishery mainly artisanal and more intense in the
flood period (seasonality)
• Mainly non-mainstream
• Livelihoods, food security, generating revenue
• Used also for aquaculture (feed)
• Impact from CC very difficult to predict

6. Climate Change: What impact?
1. Temperature increase of +1.10C by 2100
2. Increase average sea surface temperature
3. Sea level rise at least +0.6m by 2100
4. Marine primary productivity +0.7-8.1% by 2050
5. Increase ocean acidification due to CO2
6. Impacts on freshwater systems (reduced water levels and
flow rates)
7. Increase in water run-off
8. Intensification extreme weather events (floods,
typhoons)
(IPCC, 2007; Nicholls et al., 2007; FAO, 2009; Nellemann et al., 2009)

7. The impact of CC on fisheries
Water temperature increase by +1.10C
by 2100
Sea level to rise at least +0.6m by 2100
Marine primary productivity (micro
organisms) +0.7-8.1% by 2050
Increased ocean acidification
Impacts on freshwater systems (reduced
water levels and flow rates)
Intensification of extreme weather
events
Changes in rainfall and run-off
Shift distribution of many fish and
shellfish
Change in ocean fish productivity
Disappearance of coral reef ecosystems
Reduced oxygen in the oceans
Possible impact on fisher’s safety at sea
and livelihoods
Shrinking of inland waters
Salinization of river basins
Impact on inland fisheries
(IPCC, 2007; Nicholls et al., 2007; FAO, 2009; Nellemann et al., 2009; SPC, 2008; Daw et all, 2009)

8. The impacts of CC on aquaculture
Physical change
Sea level rise
Salinity intrusion
Ocean currents
Temperature rise
Ocean acidification
River flows
Rainfall patterns
Storm severity
Wave surges
Coastal erosion
Droughts
Enhanced stratification
Impacts
Direct
Indirect
Production and yield (+/-)
Stress on CaCO3 organisms (shellfish)
New diseases
Increased diseases susceptibility
Physical damage
Changes in spawning patterns
Fish kills (from upswellings)
Fish oil & meal supply
Trash fish supply
Reduction in productivity
Loss of farming sites
Loss of livelihoods/increased vulnerability
Increased competition for scarce resources
Economic
viability
Social impact
+: increased growth rates
Food conversion efficiency
Decrease of some existing diseases (WSD)
Extended growing season
(Daw et al., 2009; De Silva, 2010 modified)
Climate
Change

9. F/A impacts on CC
F/A make a minor, but still significant
contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions throughout the sectors’ supply
chain
(FAO, 2009)
Fisheries
•Fuel inefficient fishing methods
•Emissions associated with trading products
worldwide, including air freight and shipping
Aquaculture
•Carbon footprint is lower than other farm-
raised protein industry e.g. livestock
•LCA: shrimp farming produces 11,10 kg
CO2/kg
•Tilapia, carps, bivalves – 1.67, 0.80, 0.01
kg CO2/kg
(Davies, 2010)

10. Capture fisheries
• Global annual loss in landed value between US$ 17 and 41 bln
(World Bank, 2010)
• Mostly in LDCs countries (Allison et al, 2009)
Aquaculture
• No global data
• Vietnam with +1m slr scenario:
– 11% of the population affected especially in Mekong and Red River
Deltas
– impact on 7% of agriculture land
– reduce GDP by 10%
– Pangasius industry reduction in margins US$ 145,000/ha by 2020
– Shrimp profit fall by US$ 6,500/ha in 2020, and by US$ 47,500/ha in 2050
Economic impact
(Dasgupta et al, 2007, Kam et al, 2010)

11. Vietnam CC Policy
• National communications to UNFCC (2003/2010)
• National Target Programme to Respond to CC
(2009-2015)/(2012-2015) Pilot provinces: Quang
Nam and Ben Tre with priority interventions
• National Action Plan on CC 2012-2020
• MONRE Climate Change, Sea Level Rise
Scenarios (2009/2012)
• MONRE National Climate Change Strategy with
priority (2011-2015) and plans (2016-2025)
• MARD Action Plan CC agric. dev. 2011-15 &
vision to 2050

12. Global research & projects focus
1. Diagnosing F/A dependent communities’ vulnerability to
climate change
2. Understanding & documenting current F/A communities’
coping mechanisms and adaptive responses
3. Identifying and testing effective measures to improving
adaptability and enabling mitigation
4. Building the capacity to respond,
adapt and increase resilience

13. Major CC Initiatives in the MD
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Agency - Institute - Donor Central Local
CBCC project (MONRE, MARD, UNDP)
DANIDA CC Programme to support NTP-RCC
GIZ Integrated Coastal and Mangrove Forest Protection
for the Adaptation to Climate Change (ICMP) Climate
Change and Coastal Ecosystem Program (CCCEP)
CARE Integrated Community-based Adaptation in the
Mekong (ICAM
AquaClimate project (NACA & Can Tho University)
Research Institute of Aquaculture (1; 2); MARD; MONRE;
ISPONRE; VASI;
NGOs and Int’l research (IUCN, WWF, CARE, OXFAM,
MCD, SNV, ACIAR, etc.)
NORAD; FAO; DANIDA; UNDP; JICA; World Bank; ADB;
CIDA; GEF; DfID, AusAID, several governments, etc.

14. Major CC Initiatives in the MD
14
Province Aquaculture Inland
Fisheries
Agriculture ICMP Infrastr. Cap Building
An Giang
Ben Tre
Bac Lieu
Ca Mau
Can Tho
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Soc Trang
Tra Vinh

15. Developing a Project to Address Climate
Change Adaptation Needs in Aquaculture and
Inland Fisheries in the Mekong Delta – Vietnam
15

16. Key issues considered in the project
development
Aquaculture and inland fisheries have been
underestimated in their contribution to food
security and poverty alleviation
Many initiatives including strategies related to
CC but very few fully integrating aquaculture
and even less inland fisheries
Aquaculture and inland fisheries have not been
considered in their potential for adaptation for
other sectors
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17. The Mekong Delta (potential areas of focus)
17
S
S S
P
P
P
S
IF
S
S
P
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF

18. Project characteristics
Target species/systems:
Shrimp and clams systems
Pangasius et al.
Inland fisheries
Project components: 4
Time frame: 5 years
Overall development goal: Poverty alleviation and
food security focus including gender and
ethnicity
Implementation Strategy: Ecosystem approach to
fisheries and aquaculture 18

19. Ensuring ecological
well being
Ensuring human
wellbeing
Ensuring the ability
to achieve
(governance)
The EAF/EAA have these three objectives at the core
e.g. integration with
other sectors
EAF & EAA

20. Vulnerability framework
(adapted from Allison et al., 2005)
Exposure (E)
The nature and degree to which fisheries
production systems are exposed to climate
change
Sensitivity (S)
Degree to which national economies are
dependent on fisheries and therefore
sensitive to any change in the sector
Potential impacts (PI)
All impacts that may occur without taking
into account planned adaptation
Adaptive capacity (AC)
Ability or capacity of a system to modify or
change to cope with changes in actual or
expected climate stress
+
=
Vulnerability
V = f(PI, AC)

21. Funding and operational structure
Funds: SCCF and other donors
GEF Agency: FAO
Potential implementing agencies
MARD, MONRE, OCCA, D-Fish, DARD, DONRE,
Research Institutes and Universities, NGOs and IGOs
Potential cooperation with ongoing and future
projects/programmes
SNV, IFAD, NORAD, CARE, Oxfam, IUCN, WWF,
NACA, SEAFDEC, GIZ, World Bank etc.
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22. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
Strengthening adaptive capacity and
resilience of rural communities in the
Mekong Delta to critical risks posed by
climate change to the sustainability of the
aquaculture and fisheries sectors
22

23. 1: Supporting national policies through communities’
vulnerability assessment (including risk mapping of
target pilot areas)
2: Developing adaptation measures within an
ecosystem approach perspective (Plan)
3: Building/strengthening adaptive capacity (including
testing implementation)
4: Project Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)
23
Summary project components
• Some elements are cross-cutting to all project components: increasing equity,
gender, mitigation considered along adaptation measure (CSA – Climate Smart
Aquaculture)

24. Component 1
24
Supporting national fisheries and aquaculture policies and planning as well
as inter-sectoral development and climate change programmes with key
elements related to inland capture fisheries and aquaculture sectors
•Outcome 1.1
Provincial and national competent authorities aware of risks posed by a
changing climate on the aquaculture and fisheries sectors and vulnerability
of communities living in the Mekong Delta
Output 1: Vulnerability assessment
Output 2: Risk mapping
Output 3: Innovative climate proof adaptation measures

25. Component 1
25
•Outcome 1.2
Climate change adaptation for vulnerable communities relying on
aquaculture and inland capture fisheries mainstreamed into national
and provincial broader sectoral, food-security, disaster risk
preparedness and reduction, integrated coastal zone management
and climate change frameworks
Output 1: Individuation of Gaps and opportunities to mainstream
climate change adaptations into national and provincial policies
Output 2: Develop cross-sectoral synergetic collaborations on
vulnerability and adaptation requirements

26. Component 2
26
Piloting innovative adaptation measures for inland capture fisheries
and aquaculture within an ecosystem approach perspective
•Outcome 2.1
Strengthened resilience to climate change threats in vulnerable
inland fishing communities and aquaculture farmers identified as
being at high risks
Output 1: Adaptive action research.
Output 2: Stakeholders and communities-based action plans
Output 3: Innovative micro-finance and micro-insurance schemes
Output 4: Farmers’ advocacy strengthened and co-management
arrangements fostered

27. Component 2
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• Outcome 2.2
National and provincial authorities are well prepared and have the
capabilities to integrate viable climate change adaptation (CCA)
into inland capture fisheries and aquaculture practices and based
on highly participatory and comprehensive consultative processes
Output 1: Fisheries and aquaculture managements plans and
watershed management system developed or strengthened
Output 2: An integrated and early-warning monitoring system on
extreme weather events developed or strengthened

28. Component 3
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Building and strengthening capacity to understand and implement
adaptation measures
Outcome 3.1
At least 60% of targeted communities, government authorities and
other relevant stakeholders have moderate to high understanding
and awareness of the problems caused to inland fisheries and
aquaculture sectors by a changing climate, adaptation best practices
and coping strategies
Output 1: Specific and user friendly communication material on the
risks associated to climate change developed and disseminated

29. Component 3
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Outcome 3.2
Strengthened capacity of national and provincial authorities to
increase resilience to impacts from climate change by including
adaptation measures
Output 1: Communities knowledge and climate risks understanding
strengthened
Output 2: Officers, extension workers and other relevant stakeholders
knowledge and climate risks understanding strengthened
Output3: Adaptation, best practices and lesson learned derived from
pilot action and researches, synthesised and disseminated

30. Component 4
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Project monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
Outcome 4.1
Implementation of the project driven by the continue assessment
based on the SCCF/LDCF AMAT in order to achieve the project
outputs, outcomes and objective
Output 1: Project M&E system developed
Output 2: Mid-term and final evaluation performed

31. Component 4
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Outcome 4.2
Application in future planning and operations of project findings and
lessons learned facilitated
Output 1: A database of project’s lesson learned, best practices and
strategies to face a changing climate developed
Output 2: A website containing the project main features, activities
and reports developed and updated

32. Thank you!
Comments?
32
luca.micciche@icafis.org
International Collaborating Centre
For Aquaculture and Fisheries
Sustainability