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Michele Miele, M.A., M.S.
       Allison Bashe, Ph.D.
John Gavazzi, Psy.D. ABPP
     Jay Mills, Ph.D., ABPP
   Describe why self-reflection should be a
    consistent part of the ethical choice-making
    process

   Understand the purpose and usefulness of the
    ethics autobiography for use in ethics courses

   Identify basic components of ethical choice-
    making
   Self-Reflection
    ◦ Introspection and the willingness to learn:
       Fundamental nature
       Purpose
       Essence

   Personal challenge of Self-reflection (Dr. X)

   Challenge: Reflect on your ‘self’ your person
   The Advisory Committee on Colleague
    Assistance ACCA

   Self-awareness:
      Physical and psychological wellness
      Factors affecting professional functioning

   Self-care involves:
      Prevention
      Awareness
      Positive Ethics
   Buddhist psychologist:
    ◦ Teach self-care to clients
    ◦ Model it by practicing self-care


   You cannot give something that you do not have
    yourself
    ◦ Eastern society – Caring for self – to give to others
    ◦ Western society - Caring for self - act of selfishness
 Do we practice what we recommend to our
  clients ?
 If not, why ?

 Do you over-identify with the ‘helper’ role ?

 Do you adopt a separated view of the “us and

  them”?
 Do we ourselves practice the most primary step in

  therapy that we ask of our clients ?         Which
  is . . .
   Leads to greater understanding of self
    ◦ Why do we do what we do ?
    ◦ Why do we say what we say ?
    ◦ Why do we feel what we feel ?
   Self-discovery
    ◦ How do you react and respond internally to our external
      world ?
    ◦ Our inner-self is a dynamic in every interaction
    ◦ Awareness of who and what affects us; why and how ?
   Elements of a system interact:
    ◦ Activity ceases to be solely independent
    ◦ Behavior depends on inter-dynamics


   Humans of a social system interact:
    ◦ Activity ceases to be solely independent
    ◦ Behavior depends on inter-dynamics
      Perceptual channels:
        Intrinsic dispositions
         Extraneous information
   Inter-dynamics of your environment
    ◦ Intrinsic and extrinsic = You

   Aristotle’s belief of self-awareness
    ◦ Self-awareness is identical to objects of awareness
    ◦ Knower = object of knowledge

   “Since the known is known, and the knower is
    the known . . . the knower is known.”
   You are NOT an empty vessel
    ◦ Knowledge enters and interacts with ‘self’
    ◦ Reaction: Inter-dynamic of our perception and knowledge

   In Aristotle's time
    ◦ People were powerless to ‘think’
    ◦ Expected to submit to the authority of the law, religion
    ◦ Only the great philosophers knew how to ‘think’

   Release the oppressive garment
    ◦ Liberty to ‘think’
    ◦ Knowledge integrates with Self
    ◦ Outcome: Development of Self-identity
   Objectivity vs. Subjectivity
    ◦ Respond to our external world vs. understanding our
      intrinsic nature

   Aristotle’s four states of character:

    ◦ Virtuous person acts properly, willingly with no effort
       liberated (Integrated)
    ◦ Strong willed person makes himself act properly
       strict boundaries (Assimilated)
    ◦ Weak willed person tries to act properly, and fails
       loose boundaries (Separated)
    ◦ Vicious willed person act improperly without regret
       rebellious (Marginalized)
   Self-reflection autobiography - weak-willed – Choice


   The Nursing and Midwifery Council:
    ◦ ‘Your character must be sufficiently good for you to be capable of
      safe and effective practice without supervision’


   Turning 18
    ◦ “Today you do what is right because it is what is expected of you,
      tomorrow you do what is right because it is what you want to do”


   Human being as opposed to a Human doing
   Professional Virtue:
    ◦ Integrating a sense of Ethical Identity
      Internal evaluation and reflection

      Awareness of your ‘self’ and your ‘ethics’

      Merging personal and professional ethics

      Responses to your inter-dynamic world

      Becomes a part of your ‘being’ rather than your ‘doing’
Aristotle. 1984. The Complete Works of Aristotle . Barnes, Jonathan, ed. Princeton:
   Princeton UP

Barnett, J., & Cooper, N. (2009). Creating a culture of self-care. Clinical Psychology: Science
   & Practice, 16, 16-20.
Bashe, A., Anderson, S. K., Handelsman, M. M., & Klevansky, R. (2007). An acculturation
  model for ethics training: The ethics autobiography and beyond. Professional Psychology:
  Research And Practice, 38(1), 60-67.
Begley, A. (2011). The good, the bad and the 'not so bad': reflecting on moral appraisal in
  practice. Nursing Inquiry, 18(1), 21-28.

Cummins, P., Massey, L., & Jones, A. (2007). Keeping ourselves well: strategies for
  promoting and maintaining counselor wellness. Journal of Humanistic Counseling,
  Education & Development, 46, 35-49.
Handelsman, M., Gottlieb, M., & Knapp, S. (2005) Training Ethical Psychologists: An
  Acculturation Model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 36 , 59–65.
Knapp, S. (2006). Practical ethics for psychologists: A positive approach . Washington, DC:
         American Psychological Association.

Michalon, M. (2001). "Selflessness" in the service of the ego: contributions, limitations and
   dangers of Buddhist psychology for western psychology. American Journal of
   Psychotherapy, 55(2), 202.
Pope, K., Sonne, J., & Greene, B. (2006). What therapists don’t talk about and why:
  Understanding taboos that hurt us and our clients. Washington, DC: American
  Psychological Association.

Stovall, P. (2011) Professional Virtue and Professional Self-Awareness: A Case Study in
   Engineering Ethics. Science of Engineering Ethics, 17,109–132.

Tognoli, E., Lagarde, J., De Guzman, G.C., Kelso, J.A.S. (2007). From the cover: The phi-
  complex as a neuromarker of human social coordination. Proceedings of the National
  Academy of Sciences, 104, 8190-8195.
Allison Bashe, PhD
Making Ethical Choices: Self-Reflection and Beyond
Making Ethical Choices: Self-Reflection and Beyond
 Ethics  becomes cornerstone of professional
  identity
 Respects individual backgrounds

 Learning becomes a process “going from inside

  out”
 Represents a more positive approach

 Provides a common language
Making Ethical Choices: Self-Reflection and Beyond
Making Ethical Choices: Self-Reflection and Beyond
Making Ethical Choices: Self-Reflection and Beyond
 Builds on the process of ethical acculturation
 Demonstrates importance of self-reflection

 Helps with integration and emotional connection

 Helps to identify acculturation strategies

 Becomes a point of reference
 Bashe,   Anderson, Handelsman, & Klevansky,
  2007
 Berry, 1980, 2003

 Handelsman, Gottlieb, & Knapp, 2005

 Handelsman, Knapp, & Gottlieb, 2002

 Shulman, 1999

 Tjeltveit, 2006
What   are your top three values?

Where   do they come from?
Discuss ways that your values are
 compatible with our profession

Discuss   ways that your values
 conflict with our profession
What are some options?
Rational Psychologist




 Learn the rules
 Apply the rules
 Outcomes will follow
Learn the rules        Understand patient
Apply the rules        dynamics
Outcomes will follow   Understand the
                       relationship
Psychologist                          Patient
                                      Variables




               Therapeutic Alliance
   Looking at how well a psychologist integrates
    his/her values and behaviors into the ethical
    culture of psychology

   Psychology has a set of normative principles and
    behaviors related to ethical behavior and
    appropriate conduct
   APA’s Code of Conduct

   Commonwealth Psychology regulations found in
    the Psychology Law and Practice Act

   Federal Regulations, such as HIPAA

   Court decisions aka case law
The APA Ethical Principles and Code of
    Conduct do not include a model of
        ethical decision-making

Other resources dictate behavior, but do not
  highlight how to work through dilemmas
Making Ethical Choices: Self-Reflection and Beyond
   The means to comply with a standard may not
    always be readily apparent

   Two seemingly competing standards may appear
    equally appropriate

   Application with of a single standard or set of
    standards appear consistent with one or more
    aspirational principle, but not another
   Autonomy

   Beneficence

   Nonmaleficence

   Fidelity

   Justice
Often ethical dilemmas involve apparent conflicts
   between respect for patient autonomy versus
                   beneficence

                     or

 Respect for autonomy versus general or public
                  beneficence
   Identify the competing ethical principles

   Help to determine which principle has precedence
    and why

   The importance of emotion in ethical decision-
    making and moral judgments
S        Scrutinize
H   Hypothesize
A   Analyze
P        Perform
E        Evaluate
1. Goal is to define the problem by identifying the
    conflicting ethical principles

2. Generate a wide range of possible solutions
    and identify pros and cons
3. Merge or knit the possible solutions together in a
   way that maximizes the benefits and limits the
   disadvantages
4. Implement

5. Look back or evaluate
“integrative framework”

 steps two and three generate solutions that
maximize your personal values within the context
           of your professional role
Avoid dichotomous thinking– either I have to do x or
 y.

For example, either I have to warn the potential
 victim of a threat or I have to protect
 confidentiality.
   Malcolm Gladwell’s book “Blink”

   Jonathan Haidt’s book on Moral Intuition

   Jay Mills article on emotions in ethical decision-
    making
   Fear                                 Passion

   Anxiety
                                         Calmness/Centered

                                         Empathy
   Disgust
                                         Respect/Sympathy
   Disrespect


                                      Positive emotions related to our good
Negative emotions related to ethics   decision-making skills and ethical
and moral decision-making             knowledge
Why do psychologists (still and continue to) have sex
                                  with their patients?
   The Fundamental Attribution Error

   Availability Heuristic

   Trait Negativity Bias

   Confirmation Bias
   Dunning-Kruger Effect: a cognitive bias in which
    unskilled individuals suffer from illusory
    superiority, mistakenly rating their ability as much
    higher than average.

 Poor performers fail to learn from their mistakes.
 And, they fail to internalize direct feedback from

  others.
Making Ethical Choices: Self-Reflection and Beyond
   Knowledge base: APA code, Pennsylvania law,
    regulations
   Become Aware of emotional factors
   Cognitive biases/situational factors
   Outcomes are uncertain
Making Ethical Choices: Self-Reflection and Beyond

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Making Ethical Choices: Self-Reflection and Beyond

  • 1. Michele Miele, M.A., M.S. Allison Bashe, Ph.D. John Gavazzi, Psy.D. ABPP Jay Mills, Ph.D., ABPP
  • 2. Describe why self-reflection should be a consistent part of the ethical choice-making process  Understand the purpose and usefulness of the ethics autobiography for use in ethics courses  Identify basic components of ethical choice- making
  • 3. Self-Reflection ◦ Introspection and the willingness to learn:  Fundamental nature  Purpose  Essence  Personal challenge of Self-reflection (Dr. X)  Challenge: Reflect on your ‘self’ your person
  • 4. The Advisory Committee on Colleague Assistance ACCA  Self-awareness:  Physical and psychological wellness  Factors affecting professional functioning  Self-care involves:  Prevention  Awareness  Positive Ethics
  • 5. Buddhist psychologist: ◦ Teach self-care to clients ◦ Model it by practicing self-care  You cannot give something that you do not have yourself ◦ Eastern society – Caring for self – to give to others ◦ Western society - Caring for self - act of selfishness
  • 6.  Do we practice what we recommend to our clients ?  If not, why ?  Do you over-identify with the ‘helper’ role ?  Do you adopt a separated view of the “us and them”?  Do we ourselves practice the most primary step in therapy that we ask of our clients ? Which is . . .
  • 7. Leads to greater understanding of self ◦ Why do we do what we do ? ◦ Why do we say what we say ? ◦ Why do we feel what we feel ?  Self-discovery ◦ How do you react and respond internally to our external world ? ◦ Our inner-self is a dynamic in every interaction ◦ Awareness of who and what affects us; why and how ?
  • 8. Elements of a system interact: ◦ Activity ceases to be solely independent ◦ Behavior depends on inter-dynamics  Humans of a social system interact: ◦ Activity ceases to be solely independent ◦ Behavior depends on inter-dynamics  Perceptual channels:  Intrinsic dispositions  Extraneous information
  • 9. Inter-dynamics of your environment ◦ Intrinsic and extrinsic = You  Aristotle’s belief of self-awareness ◦ Self-awareness is identical to objects of awareness ◦ Knower = object of knowledge  “Since the known is known, and the knower is the known . . . the knower is known.”
  • 10. You are NOT an empty vessel ◦ Knowledge enters and interacts with ‘self’ ◦ Reaction: Inter-dynamic of our perception and knowledge  In Aristotle's time ◦ People were powerless to ‘think’ ◦ Expected to submit to the authority of the law, religion ◦ Only the great philosophers knew how to ‘think’  Release the oppressive garment ◦ Liberty to ‘think’ ◦ Knowledge integrates with Self ◦ Outcome: Development of Self-identity
  • 11. Objectivity vs. Subjectivity ◦ Respond to our external world vs. understanding our intrinsic nature  Aristotle’s four states of character: ◦ Virtuous person acts properly, willingly with no effort  liberated (Integrated) ◦ Strong willed person makes himself act properly  strict boundaries (Assimilated) ◦ Weak willed person tries to act properly, and fails  loose boundaries (Separated) ◦ Vicious willed person act improperly without regret  rebellious (Marginalized)
  • 12. Self-reflection autobiography - weak-willed – Choice  The Nursing and Midwifery Council: ◦ ‘Your character must be sufficiently good for you to be capable of safe and effective practice without supervision’  Turning 18 ◦ “Today you do what is right because it is what is expected of you, tomorrow you do what is right because it is what you want to do”  Human being as opposed to a Human doing
  • 13. Professional Virtue: ◦ Integrating a sense of Ethical Identity  Internal evaluation and reflection  Awareness of your ‘self’ and your ‘ethics’  Merging personal and professional ethics  Responses to your inter-dynamic world  Becomes a part of your ‘being’ rather than your ‘doing’
  • 14. Aristotle. 1984. The Complete Works of Aristotle . Barnes, Jonathan, ed. Princeton: Princeton UP Barnett, J., & Cooper, N. (2009). Creating a culture of self-care. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 16, 16-20. Bashe, A., Anderson, S. K., Handelsman, M. M., & Klevansky, R. (2007). An acculturation model for ethics training: The ethics autobiography and beyond. Professional Psychology: Research And Practice, 38(1), 60-67. Begley, A. (2011). The good, the bad and the 'not so bad': reflecting on moral appraisal in practice. Nursing Inquiry, 18(1), 21-28. Cummins, P., Massey, L., & Jones, A. (2007). Keeping ourselves well: strategies for promoting and maintaining counselor wellness. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 46, 35-49. Handelsman, M., Gottlieb, M., & Knapp, S. (2005) Training Ethical Psychologists: An Acculturation Model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 36 , 59–65.
  • 15. Knapp, S. (2006). Practical ethics for psychologists: A positive approach . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Michalon, M. (2001). "Selflessness" in the service of the ego: contributions, limitations and dangers of Buddhist psychology for western psychology. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 55(2), 202. Pope, K., Sonne, J., & Greene, B. (2006). What therapists don’t talk about and why: Understanding taboos that hurt us and our clients. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Stovall, P. (2011) Professional Virtue and Professional Self-Awareness: A Case Study in Engineering Ethics. Science of Engineering Ethics, 17,109–132. Tognoli, E., Lagarde, J., De Guzman, G.C., Kelso, J.A.S. (2007). From the cover: The phi- complex as a neuromarker of human social coordination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 8190-8195.
  • 19.  Ethics becomes cornerstone of professional identity  Respects individual backgrounds  Learning becomes a process “going from inside out”  Represents a more positive approach  Provides a common language
  • 23.  Builds on the process of ethical acculturation  Demonstrates importance of self-reflection  Helps with integration and emotional connection  Helps to identify acculturation strategies  Becomes a point of reference
  • 24.  Bashe, Anderson, Handelsman, & Klevansky, 2007  Berry, 1980, 2003  Handelsman, Gottlieb, & Knapp, 2005  Handelsman, Knapp, & Gottlieb, 2002  Shulman, 1999  Tjeltveit, 2006
  • 25. What are your top three values? Where do they come from?
  • 26. Discuss ways that your values are compatible with our profession Discuss ways that your values conflict with our profession
  • 27. What are some options?
  • 28. Rational Psychologist Learn the rules Apply the rules Outcomes will follow
  • 29. Learn the rules Understand patient Apply the rules dynamics Outcomes will follow Understand the relationship
  • 30. Psychologist Patient Variables Therapeutic Alliance
  • 31. Looking at how well a psychologist integrates his/her values and behaviors into the ethical culture of psychology  Psychology has a set of normative principles and behaviors related to ethical behavior and appropriate conduct
  • 32. APA’s Code of Conduct  Commonwealth Psychology regulations found in the Psychology Law and Practice Act  Federal Regulations, such as HIPAA  Court decisions aka case law
  • 33. The APA Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct do not include a model of ethical decision-making Other resources dictate behavior, but do not highlight how to work through dilemmas
  • 35. The means to comply with a standard may not always be readily apparent  Two seemingly competing standards may appear equally appropriate  Application with of a single standard or set of standards appear consistent with one or more aspirational principle, but not another
  • 36. Autonomy  Beneficence  Nonmaleficence  Fidelity  Justice
  • 37. Often ethical dilemmas involve apparent conflicts between respect for patient autonomy versus beneficence or Respect for autonomy versus general or public beneficence
  • 38. Identify the competing ethical principles  Help to determine which principle has precedence and why  The importance of emotion in ethical decision- making and moral judgments
  • 39. S Scrutinize H Hypothesize A Analyze P Perform E Evaluate
  • 40. 1. Goal is to define the problem by identifying the conflicting ethical principles 2. Generate a wide range of possible solutions and identify pros and cons 3. Merge or knit the possible solutions together in a way that maximizes the benefits and limits the disadvantages 4. Implement 5. Look back or evaluate
  • 41. “integrative framework” steps two and three generate solutions that maximize your personal values within the context of your professional role
  • 42. Avoid dichotomous thinking– either I have to do x or y. For example, either I have to warn the potential victim of a threat or I have to protect confidentiality.
  • 43. Malcolm Gladwell’s book “Blink”  Jonathan Haidt’s book on Moral Intuition  Jay Mills article on emotions in ethical decision- making
  • 44. Fear  Passion  Anxiety  Calmness/Centered  Empathy  Disgust  Respect/Sympathy  Disrespect Positive emotions related to our good Negative emotions related to ethics decision-making skills and ethical and moral decision-making knowledge
  • 45. Why do psychologists (still and continue to) have sex with their patients?
  • 46. The Fundamental Attribution Error  Availability Heuristic  Trait Negativity Bias  Confirmation Bias
  • 47. Dunning-Kruger Effect: a cognitive bias in which unskilled individuals suffer from illusory superiority, mistakenly rating their ability as much higher than average.  Poor performers fail to learn from their mistakes.  And, they fail to internalize direct feedback from others.
  • 49. Knowledge base: APA code, Pennsylvania law, regulations  Become Aware of emotional factors  Cognitive biases/situational factors  Outcomes are uncertain

Editor's Notes

  1. Berry 1980 Maintenance = Degree to which people hold onto the values and traditions of their culture of origin Notions based on: Family influences Religious and spiritual backgrounds Models of professional relationships we have experienced (teacher-student) Models of other relationships (friends) In terms of ethical acculturation, students will have preexisting notions of right and wrong professional behavior Contact and Participation = Degree to which people adopt the traditions and values of their new culture In terms of ethical acculturation, adopting the ethical culture of psychology means valuing the APA ethical standards
  2. In this slide, the N/S axis represents Maintenance where north is high maintenance and south is low maintenance The W/E axis represents Contact/Participation where west is high contact and east is low contact Integration = high on both maintenance and contact = best choice = Most coherence between personal and professional identities Marginalization = low on both maintenance and contact = may be temporary strategy where students give up their own moral sense but don’t yet appreciate professional ethics Other two are a mismatch between personal morality and professional identity Separation = high in maintenance but low in contact = make decisions based more on personal morality and less on professional principles = could feel alienated from profession Assimilation = low in maintenance but high in contact = give up too much of personal morality and ove-ridentify with the profession = could lead to overly simplistic applications of professional principles
  3. Several advantages over approaches that focus more heavily on rules and cases Cornerstone = important at all stages of our professional development Backgrounds = students are not empty vessels = family, other professional roles Inside out = Shulman, 1999 = helpful to id personal ethics first = thereafter can see explicitly how personal and professional ethics interact Positive = Handelsman, Knapp, and Gottlieb, 2002 = we are active in our morality and engaged in a process = Ethical Acculturation is a process of developing and maintaining a professional identity, not just adopting a list of rules Common language = Difficulty grasping ethics principles is an example of acculturation stress, thus statements/decisions are not “unethical” but rather reflect a particular strategy (e.g., separation)
  4. We need to reflect actively and decide how much of our own personal morality can be adapted to our growing knowledge and appreciation of the ethical culture of psychology Acculturation is an ongoing developmental process We want to develop a strategy of integration
  5. Provides an opportunity to id and clarify personal, cultural, and family of origin values Things that go into it include the ones here plus Culture, Traditions, Motivations, Ideals, Experience in other professions Opportunity to ask: What is your idea of right and wrong personal behavior and where does this conception come from? What did you learn from your family of origin about right and wrong?
  6. How do personal ethics interact with or conflict with professional ethics? Opportunity to ask: What is your idea of right and wrong professional behavior, and where does this conception come from? What experiences have you had in the field and what ethical dilemmas have you already encountered? What professional ethics in the field are most compatible with your own personal values, and which professional ethics are least compatible?
  7. Again emphasizes that students are not passive players in their learning Maintains the theme of acculturation Integration = Students prior experiences connected to your learning goals and concepts of your ethics course Emotional engagement that can facilitate learning and motivation Point of reference = throughout the course students (and you) can refer back to these
  8. Presentation heavily based on my article with others Built on work by Berry on Acculturation Handelsman, Knapp and Gottlieb’s work on Positive Ethics and Ethical Acculturation as a framework for teaching ethics Shulman credit for inside out Tjeltveit (Chelt-Vait) for the quote I used in my talk
  9. Tjeltveit (Chelt-Vait) = 2006 = “ Retrieval of one’s ethical heritage, the implicit and perhaps unconscious source of automatic ethical assumption, may be particularly important….This retrieval permits us to develop intellectually rich and nuanced ethical commitments, commitments that are at once consistent with who we have been and that– because carefully examined– become fully ours in the present.”
  10. Be creative Particularly consider how values you would first think would be positive, could conflict with ethics principles in certain cases