PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders

Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 11
PsychologicalPsychological
DisordersDisorders

Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
Patterns of emotion, thought & actionPatterns of emotion, thought & action
considered pathological for 1 or more ofconsidered pathological for 1 or more of
the following reasons:the following reasons:
Statistical rarityStatistical rarity
Interference with normal functioningInterference with normal functioning
Personal distressPersonal distress
Deviance from social normsDeviance from social norms

1. Statistical rarity1. Statistical rarity
Behavior does not occur oftenBehavior does not occur often
2. Interference with normal functioning2. Interference with normal functioning
EmotionsEmotions
ThoughtsThoughts
Actions that interfere with ability to functionActions that interfere with ability to function
Own lifeOwn life
SocietySociety

3. Personal distress3. Personal distress
Person’s own judgmentPerson’s own judgment
4. Deviance from social norms4. Deviance from social norms
Violates cultural normsViolates cultural norms
Walking down the street naked.Walking down the street naked.
 Can change over timeCan change over time
 Vary across groupsVary across groups

InsanityInsanity
Legal rulingLegal ruling
Not responsible for a crimeNot responsible for a crime
Inability to tell difference between right &Inability to tell difference between right &
wrong at time of crime.wrong at time of crime.
Insanity pleaInsanity plea
Rarely usedRarely used
Rarely successfulRarely successful

Medical modelMedical model
Abnormal behaviors no different fromAbnormal behaviors no different from
illnessesillnesses
Seeks to identify symptomsSeeks to identify symptoms
Prescribe medical treatmentsPrescribe medical treatments
Psychodynamic modelPsychodynamic model
Psychological disorders result fromPsychological disorders result from
unconscious conflicts related to sex &unconscious conflicts related to sex &
aggression.aggression.

Behavioral modelBehavioral model
Classical conditioningClassical conditioning
Operant conditioningOperant conditioning
ModelingModeling
Cognitive modelCognitive model
Our interpretation of events & beliefsOur interpretation of events & beliefs
influence our behaviorinfluence our behavior

 Sociocultural modelSociocultural model
 Emphasizes importance of social & cultural influences onEmphasizes importance of social & cultural influences on
 FrequencyFrequency
 DiagnosisDiagnosis
 Conception of psychological disordersConception of psychological disorders
 Biopsychosocial modelBiopsychosocial model
 IncorporatesIncorporates
 Biological (medical-model)Biological (medical-model)
 Psychological and sociocultural (social) factors.Psychological and sociocultural (social) factors.
 Most common beliefMost common belief
 Many disorders have multiple causesMany disorders have multiple causes
 Simultaneous use of several models is likely to advance ourSimultaneous use of several models is likely to advance our
understanding.understanding.

Classifying and CountingClassifying and Counting
Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Process of deciding whether a person hasProcess of deciding whether a person has
symptoms that meet established criteria of ansymptoms that meet established criteria of an
existing classification system.existing classification system.
Major purposeMajor purpose
Make predictions regarding course of disorderMake predictions regarding course of disorder
Whether it will respond to treatmentWhether it will respond to treatment
Which treatment is bestWhich treatment is best
Communication between professionalsCommunication between professionals
 Insurance paymentsInsurance payments

 American PsychiatricAmerican Psychiatric
Association’sAssociation’s
Diagnostic andDiagnostic and
Statistical Manual ofStatistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, 4thMental Disorders, 4th
Edition, Text RevisionEdition, Text Revision
((DSM-IV-TRDSM-IV-TR).).

 Rosenhan's pseudopatient studyRosenhan's pseudopatient study
 7 colleagues7 colleagues
 Mental hospitalsMental hospitals
 Hearing voicesHearing voices
 Diagnosed schizophrenicDiagnosed schizophrenic
 After admission reported no voicesAfter admission reported no voices
 Hospitalized 19 daysHospitalized 19 days
 Combined total of 2,000 pillsCombined total of 2,000 pills
 Raises questionsRaises questions
 Ability to distinguish normal & abnormal behaviorsAbility to distinguish normal & abnormal behaviors
 Shows how labels affect perception of behavior.Shows how labels affect perception of behavior.

• 1-year prevalence
estimates for selected
psychological
disorders
•Based on combined
data from the
Epidemiologic
Catchment Area
Study & National
Comorbidity Survey.

Most common psychological disordersMost common psychological disorders
PhobiasPhobias
AlcoholAlcohol
Drug abuse or dependenceDrug abuse or dependence
Major depressive disorderMajor depressive disorder
These & other psychological disorders often areThese & other psychological disorders often are
comorbidcomorbid
 Occur with other disordersOccur with other disorders

 Simultaneous occurrence of disorders, or comorbidity,Simultaneous occurrence of disorders, or comorbidity,
makes it more difficult to make appropriate diagnoses & tomakes it more difficult to make appropriate diagnoses & to
develop effective treatment plans.develop effective treatment plans.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
AnxietyAnxiety Disorders (5)Disorders (5)
General feeling of apprehensionGeneral feeling of apprehension
characterized by behavioral, cognitive, orcharacterized by behavioral, cognitive, or
physiological symptoms.physiological symptoms.
Anxiety characteristic feature & avoidance ofAnxiety characteristic feature & avoidance of
anxiety seems to motivate behavior.anxiety seems to motivate behavior.

1. Generalized anxiety disorder1. Generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD)(GAD)
Chronically high level of anxiety that is notChronically high level of anxiety that is not
attached to a specific stimulusattached to a specific stimulus
Free-floatingFree-floating

 2. Panic disorder2. Panic disorder
Most severe anxiety disorderMost severe anxiety disorder
Characterized byCharacterized by
Intense physiological arousal not related to a specificIntense physiological arousal not related to a specific
stimulus.stimulus.
Fear or discomfort arises abruptly & peaks in 10 minutesFear or discomfort arises abruptly & peaks in 10 minutes
or less.or less.
 5 – 20 minutes5 – 20 minutes
About 50% of the people who suffer from panicAbout 50% of the people who suffer from panic
attacks also experience agoraphobia.attacks also experience agoraphobia.

 RapidRapid
increase inincrease in
heart rateheart rate
during aduring a
panicpanic
attack.attack.

3. Phobias3. Phobias
Excessive, irrational fears of activities,Excessive, irrational fears of activities,
objects, or situations.objects, or situations.
AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia
 Fear of open spacesFear of open spaces
 Avoidance of public places or situations in which escapeAvoidance of public places or situations in which escape
may be difficult should the individual developmay be difficult should the individual develop
incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms of panic.incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms of panic.
 Most common phobia treatedMost common phobia treated

 Specific phobias are common.Specific phobias are common.

Cognitive psychologistsCognitive psychologists
Panic attacksPanic attacks
Occur when bodily sensations of anxiety areOccur when bodily sensations of anxiety are
misinterpreted as signs of impending disaster.misinterpreted as signs of impending disaster.

4. Obsessive–compulsive disorder4. Obsessive–compulsive disorder
(OCD)(OCD)
Characterized by:Characterized by:
ObsessionsObsessions
 RepetitiveRepetitive
 Irrational intrusiveIrrational intrusive
 ThoughtsThoughts
 ImpulsesImpulses
 ImagesImages

 OCDOCD
 CompulsionsCompulsions
 Irresistible, repetitiveIrresistible, repetitive
actsacts
 Checking that doors areChecking that doors are
lockedlocked
 Washing handsWashing hands

Behavioral psychologists viewBehavioral psychologists view
compulsionscompulsions
Learned habits that reduce anxiety.Learned habits that reduce anxiety.
Compulsive behaviorCompulsive behavior
Associated with anxiety reduction through operantAssociated with anxiety reduction through operant
conditioning.conditioning.
OCD runs in families; identical twins areOCD runs in families; identical twins are
more likely than fraternal twins to sharemore likely than fraternal twins to share
the disorder.the disorder.

5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD
Occurs following a deeply disturbing eventOccurs following a deeply disturbing event
Difficulty concentratingDifficulty concentrating
Emotional numbingEmotional numbing
GuiltGuilt
FlashbacksFlashbacks
NightmaresNightmares

Mood DisordersMood Disorders
DepressionDepression
Category includesCategory includes
Dysthymic DisorderDysthymic Disorder
Depressive DisorderDepressive Disorder
Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder
Cyclothymic DisorderCyclothymic Disorder
Mood disorder due to general medicalMood disorder due to general medical
conditioncondition
Substance-induced mood disorderSubstance-induced mood disorder

Mood disordersMood disorders
Ranging from severe depression to excessiveRanging from severe depression to excessive
euphoria.euphoria.
Symptoms of depression fall into 4Symptoms of depression fall into 4
categories:categories:
EmotionalEmotional
CognitiveCognitive
MotivationalMotivational
Somatic/behavioralSomatic/behavioral

DSM-IV TRDSM-IV TR Diagnostic CriteriaDiagnostic Criteria
for Dysthymic Disorderfor Dysthymic Disorder
 Depressed mood most of the day, for more days thanDepressed mood most of the day, for more days than
not, as indicated either by subjective account ornot, as indicated either by subjective account or
observation by others, for at least 2 years.observation by others, for at least 2 years.
 Note:Note: in children and adolescents, mood can be irritablein children and adolescents, mood can be irritable
and duration must be at least 1 year.and duration must be at least 1 year.
 Presence, while depressed, of 2 (or more) of thePresence, while depressed, of 2 (or more) of the
following:following:
 Poor appetite or overeatingPoor appetite or overeating
 Insomnia or hypersomniaInsomnia or hypersomnia
 Low energy or fatigueLow energy or fatigue
 Low self-esteemLow self-esteem
 Poor concentration or difficulty making decisionsPoor concentration or difficulty making decisions
 Feelings of hopelessnessFeelings of hopelessness
 (Rule-outs not included)(Rule-outs not included)

DepressionDepression
 DysthymiaDysthymia
 Mild depressionMild depression
 Sadness (dysphoria)Sadness (dysphoria)
 Describe themselves in unflattering termsDescribe themselves in unflattering terms
 Example:Example:
 InferiorInferior
 UnattractiveUnattractive
 Insomnia frequently associated withInsomnia frequently associated with
depression:depression:
 Difficulty falling asleep (Difficulty falling asleep ( sleep-onset insomniasleep-onset insomnia ))
 Awakening early in the morning with an inability toAwakening early in the morning with an inability to
return to sleep.return to sleep.

for Major Depressive Episodefor Major Depressive Episode
 5 (or more) of the following symptoms5 (or more) of the following symptoms
have been present during the same 2-have been present during the same 2-
week period & represent a change fromweek period & represent a change from
previous functioningprevious functioning
 At least 1 of the symptoms is either (1)At least 1 of the symptoms is either (1)
depressed mood or (2) loss of interest ordepressed mood or (2) loss of interest or
pleasure.pleasure.
 Depressed mood most of the dayDepressed mood most of the day
 Markedly diminished interest or pleasure inMarkedly diminished interest or pleasure in
all, or almost all, activities most of the dayall, or almost all, activities most of the day

for Major Depressive Episodefor Major Depressive Episode
Cont.Cont.
 Significant weight loss when not dieting orSignificant weight loss when not dieting or
weight gainweight gain
 Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearlyPsychomotor agitation or retardation nearly
every dayevery day
 Fatigue or loss of energyFatigue or loss of energy
 Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guiltFeelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
 Diminished ability to think or concentrate, orDiminished ability to think or concentrate, or
indecisivenessindecisiveness
 DeathDeath
 Recurrent thoughts of deathRecurrent thoughts of death
 Recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific planRecurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan
 Suicide attemptSuicide attempt
 Specific plan for committing suicideSpecific plan for committing suicide

Major DepressionMajor Depression
 Major depressionMajor depression
 4th leading cause of worldwide disease4th leading cause of worldwide disease
 Responsible for more disability than heart disease.Responsible for more disability than heart disease.
 1 of most common identified psychological disorder in1 of most common identified psychological disorder in
U.S.U.S.
 Children also effected.Children also effected.
 Twice as high among womenTwice as high among women

 SuicideSuicide
Often associated with depressionOften associated with depression
1 of the leading causes of death in US1 of the leading causes of death in US
 Risk factors for suicideRisk factors for suicide
MaleMale
UnmarriedUnmarried
DepressionDepression
 If you suspect that someone you know mightIf you suspect that someone you know might
attempt suicide you should not be afraid toattempt suicide you should not be afraid to
ask, “Are you thinking about suicide?”ask, “Are you thinking about suicide?”

 Immediate medical & psychological helpImmediate medical & psychological help
 Talk aboutTalk about
 Attempt suicideAttempt suicide
 Most suicidal people are ambivalent aboutMost suicidal people are ambivalent about
committing suicidecommitting suicide
 In painIn pain
 HelplessnessHelplessness
 HopelessnessHopelessness
 Time is important ally to prevent a suicideTime is important ally to prevent a suicide
 Most do not remain seriously suicidal for long.Most do not remain seriously suicidal for long.
 MedicMedic
 Keep them busy until professional helpKeep them busy until professional help

Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder
 Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder
 Person experiencesPerson experiences
 Episodes of mania & depressionEpisodes of mania & depression
 Usually alternateUsually alternate
 ManiaMania
 Excessive activityExcessive activity
 Accelerated speechAccelerated speech
 ImpulsiveImpulsive
 Delusions of grandeurDelusions of grandeur
 EuphoriaEuphoria

Biological factorsBiological factors
Role in development of mood disorders.Role in development of mood disorders.
Symptoms of depression cross culturalSymptoms of depression cross cultural
DrugsDrugs
Elavil & ProzacElavil & Prozac
ManiaMania
LithiumLithium

 MoodMood
disordersdisorders
tend to run intend to run in
familiesfamilies
 SuggestsSuggests
geneticgenetic
transmissiontransmission
..

Low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin.Low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin.
Psychodynamic modelPsychodynamic model
 Emphasizes early childhood experiences asEmphasizes early childhood experiences as
the foundation of adult behavior andthe foundation of adult behavior and
emotional reactions.emotional reactions.

Rate for mood disorders among bothRate for mood disorders among both
identical twins is approximately 65%; theidentical twins is approximately 65%; the
rate among fraternal twins is about 14%.rate among fraternal twins is about 14%.

Anxiety, Somatoform, andAnxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Somatoform disordersSomatoform disorders
Complaints of bodily symptoms that do notComplaints of bodily symptoms that do not
have a known medical cause; insteadhave a known medical cause; instead
psychological factors are involved.psychological factors are involved.
HypochondriasisHypochondriasis
Somatization disorderSomatization disorder
Conversion disorderConversion disorder

 HypochondriasisHypochondriasis
 Believes serious diseaseBelieves serious disease
 Despite repeated medical findings to contrary.Despite repeated medical findings to contrary.
 Somatization DisorderSomatization Disorder
 Vague but complicated & dramatic medical histories.Vague but complicated & dramatic medical histories.
 Conversion disorderConversion disorder
 Mainly sensory & motor functions that are normallyMainly sensory & motor functions that are normally
under voluntary control.under voluntary control.
 Symptoms can be dramatic & include apparentSymptoms can be dramatic & include apparent
blindness, deafness, paralysis, & seizures.blindness, deafness, paralysis, & seizures.

Dissociative disordersDissociative disorders
Disruptions in a particular function of theDisruptions in a particular function of the
mind, such as memory for events,mind, such as memory for events,
knowledge of one’s identity, orknowledge of one’s identity, or
consciousness.consciousness.
Dissociative amnesiaDissociative amnesia
Sudden inability to recall importantSudden inability to recall important
personal information; it often occurs inpersonal information; it often occurs in
response to trauma or extreme stress.response to trauma or extreme stress.

Dissociative fugueDissociative fugue
Amnesia & flight from workplace or home; itAmnesia & flight from workplace or home; it
may involve establishing a new identity in amay involve establishing a new identity in a
new location.new location.
Dissociative identity disorderDissociative identity disorder
(multiple personality)(multiple personality)
Person has 2 or more separate personalities,Person has 2 or more separate personalities,
which usually alternate.which usually alternate.

Alters in DID contrast sharply with oneAlters in DID contrast sharply with one
another and have very different personalanother and have very different personal
histories, behavior patterns, friends,histories, behavior patterns, friends,
beliefs, habits, values, and even voicesbeliefs, habits, values, and even voices
and facial expressions.and facial expressions.

Depression may involve low levels ofDepression may involve low levels of
norepinephrine or serotonin.norepinephrine or serotonin.
According to the learned helplessnessAccording to the learned helplessness
model, depression can also be brought onmodel, depression can also be brought on
when people believe that they cannotwhen people believe that they cannot
control outcomes.control outcomes.

Learned helplessnessLearned helplessness
You believe you have no control over theYou believe you have no control over the
reinforcements in your life.reinforcements in your life.
This model of depression explains theThis model of depression explains the
lethargy and lack of motivation seen inlethargy and lack of motivation seen in
depressed individuals.depressed individuals.

Hopelessness modelHopelessness model
Focuses on people’s beliefs about theFocuses on people’s beliefs about the
situations in which they find themselves.situations in which they find themselves.
Some people become depressed notSome people become depressed not
because they lack control over a situationbecause they lack control over a situation
but because of the way they explain thebut because of the way they explain the
situation.situation.

The hopelessness model has much inThe hopelessness model has much in
common with the cognitively orientedcommon with the cognitively oriented
theories of researchers who viewtheories of researchers who view
depression as stemming from problems indepression as stemming from problems in
the way people think.the way people think.
Depressed people may drawDepressed people may draw arbitraryarbitrary
inferences,inferences, conclusions drawn in theconclusions drawn in the
absence of supporting information.absence of supporting information.

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Psychotic disorder characterized byPsychotic disorder characterized by
Positive symptoms (excesses)Positive symptoms (excesses)
 oror
Negative symptoms (deficits)Negative symptoms (deficits)
PsychosisPsychosis
General term for disorders in which severelyGeneral term for disorders in which severely
disturbed people lose contact with reality &disturbed people lose contact with reality &
may require hospitalization.may require hospitalization.

Schizophrenia means “split brain”Schizophrenia means “split brain”
Often confused with dissociative identityOften confused with dissociative identity
disorder (MPD)disorder (MPD)
 ““split”split”
From realityFrom reality
Split between thoughts & emotions.Split between thoughts & emotions.

 TheThe positive symptomspositive symptoms of schizophrenia areof schizophrenia are
distortions or excesses of normal functions, suchdistortions or excesses of normal functions, such
as fluent but disorganized speech, delusions,as fluent but disorganized speech, delusions,
and hallucinations.and hallucinations.
 While listening to the speech of a patient withWhile listening to the speech of a patient with
schizophrenia, you may struggle to follow his orschizophrenia, you may struggle to follow his or
her pattern of thought; the disorganized speechher pattern of thought; the disorganized speech
is thought to reflect disturbances in theis thought to reflect disturbances in the
underlying thought processes.underlying thought processes.

The ideas expressed by a person withThe ideas expressed by a person with
schizophrenia can be like a train that hasschizophrenia can be like a train that has
slipped off its track onto another track; thisslipped off its track onto another track; this
pattern of speech is calledpattern of speech is called looseloose
associationsassociations..
Among the most frequently observedAmong the most frequently observed
positive symptoms arepositive symptoms are delusions,delusions, oror
false beliefs that cannot be correctedfalse beliefs that cannot be corrected
despite strong evidence to the contrary.despite strong evidence to the contrary.

HallucinationsHallucinations are perceptions that areare perceptions that are
not caused by stimulation of the relevantnot caused by stimulation of the relevant
sensory receptors.sensory receptors.
They can occur in any of the senses,They can occur in any of the senses,
althoughalthough auditory hallucinationsauditory hallucinations are theare the
most common.most common.

Negative symptoms are reductions orNegative symptoms are reductions or
losses of function.losses of function.
These behavior deficits or defects includeThese behavior deficits or defects include
poverty of speechpoverty of speech as well as disturbancesas well as disturbances
in affect and volition (will).in affect and volition (will).
These symptoms are associated withThese symptoms are associated with
more cognitive impairment and poorermore cognitive impairment and poorer
prognoses than positive symptoms.prognoses than positive symptoms.

The speech of people with schizophreniaThe speech of people with schizophrenia
may be adequate in amount yet conveymay be adequate in amount yet convey
little information: Language that is vague,little information: Language that is vague,
too abstract, too concrete, or repetitive istoo abstract, too concrete, or repetitive is
termedtermed poverty of contentpoverty of content..
A restriction in the amount of spontaneousA restriction in the amount of spontaneous
speech that is evident in brief andspeech that is evident in brief and
unelaborated replies to questions is calledunelaborated replies to questions is called
poverty of speechpoverty of speech..

 Failure to experience any emotion is calledFailure to experience any emotion is called flatflat
affectaffect; an inability to experience the typical; an inability to experience the typical
range of emotions is calledrange of emotions is called blunted affectblunted affect..
 AvolitionAvolition (difficulty making decisions) and(difficulty making decisions) and apathyapathy
are characterized by a lack of energy and driveare characterized by a lack of energy and drive
such that a person is unable to initiate or persistsuch that a person is unable to initiate or persist
in tasks.in tasks.
 A number of disturbances in motor movementsA number of disturbances in motor movements
and a lack of self-care also characterize someand a lack of self-care also characterize some
forms of schizophrenia.forms of schizophrenia.

 5 subtypes of schizophrenia:5 subtypes of schizophrenia:
 CatatonicCatatonic
 DisorganizedDisorganized
 ParanoidParanoid
 ResidualResidual
 UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated
 Undifferentiated subtype Indeed, the is aUndifferentiated subtype Indeed, the is a
category for cases that do not fit into othercategory for cases that do not fit into other
subtypes.subtypes.

 SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
tends to run intends to run in
families.families.
 Risk of developingRisk of developing
the disorderthe disorder
increases with theincreases with the
degree of geneticdegree of genetic
relatednessrelatedness
between anbetween an
individual and aindividual and a
family member whofamily member who
has schizophrenia.has schizophrenia.

BiologicalBiological
Various brain abnormalitiesVarious brain abnormalities
Larger ventriclesLarger ventricles
Excess of neurotransmitter dopamineExcess of neurotransmitter dopamine

Environmental influences onEnvironmental influences on
schizophreniaschizophrenia
StressStress
Hostile family communicationHostile family communication
Neurodevelopmental modelNeurodevelopmental model
Schizophrenia results from a combination ofSchizophrenia results from a combination of
Genetic predispositionGenetic predisposition
Other factorsOther factors

PersonalityPersonality
 Personality disordersPersonality disorders
 Long-standing patterns of maladaptive behavior thatLong-standing patterns of maladaptive behavior that
are usually evident during the adolescent years & areare usually evident during the adolescent years & are
resistant to treatment.resistant to treatment.
 DSM-IV-TRDSM-IV-TR 10 personality disorders divided into10 personality disorders divided into
3 clusters:3 clusters:
 Cluster ACluster A
 Odd or eccentric behaviorOdd or eccentric behavior
 Cluster BCluster B
 Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviorDramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
 Cluster CCluster C
 Anxious or fearful behaviorAnxious or fearful behavior

Antisocial personality disorderAntisocial personality disorder
Characterized by deceitful, impulsive,Characterized by deceitful, impulsive,
reckless actions that violate social norms forreckless actions that violate social norms for
which the individual feels no remorse.which the individual feels no remorse.
PastPast
TermsTerms
PsychopathPsychopath
SociopathSociopath

Rarely seek professional helpRarely seek professional help
UnlessUnless
Excuse to be absent from workExcuse to be absent from work
Acquire drugsAcquire drugs
Avoid prisonAvoid prison
 Submitting to court-ordered treatmentSubmitting to court-ordered treatment

 Antisocial individuals do not experience theAntisocial individuals do not experience the
warning signals of anxietywarning signals of anxiety
 ImpulsiveImpulsive
 No regard for feelings or well-being of others.No regard for feelings or well-being of others.
 Immediate gratificationImmediate gratification
 Lack emotional attachmentsLack emotional attachments
 No remorseNo remorse
 Antisocial persons do not develop conditionedAntisocial persons do not develop conditioned
fear responses readily.fear responses readily.

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders

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