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STEROIDAL OR CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE
                   1. Action includes both beneficial and toxic effects on heart
                   2. Used since 1500 BC for arrow poisoning, emetics, diuretics
                      and heart tonics.
                   3. In modern treatment of CCF, atrial fibrillation & flutter
                   4. M/a: by affecting the availability of intracellular Ca+2 for
                      myocardial contraction or increasing the sensitivity of
                      myocardial contractile proteins.
                   5. Steroid glycosides are invariably employed in the
                      therapeutic domain primarily for two vital reasons, namely:
                      (a) to enhance the tone, excitability and above all the
                      contractibility of the cardiac muscle; and (b) to increase the
                      diuretic action, due principally to the enhanced renal
                      circulation (an inherent secondary action).
                   6. Composed of 2 structures: sugar(glycone) & the non-
                      sugar(aglycone-steroid) moieties
               Aglycone Moiety:
                   1. Steroid nucleus has –OH grp at 3- & 14- position of which
                      the sugar attachment uses the 3-OH grp.
                   2. 14-OH is normally unsubstituted
                   3. Many genins have –OH grp at 12- & 16- positions.
                   4. Additional –OH grp influence the partitioning of the cardiac
INTRODUCTION
                      glycoside into the aqueous media and affect duration of
                      action.
                   5. Lactone moiety at C-17 position is an important structural
                      feature.
                   6. Size and degree of unsaturation varies with source of
                      glycoside.
                   7. Normally plant 5 membered unsaturated lactone while
                      animal 6 membered.
               Glycone Moiety:
                   1. 1 to 4 sugars are found to be attached to the 3b-OH grp.
                   2. Sugar includes: L-rhamnose, D-glucose,D-digitoxose, D-
                      digitalose,D-digginose,D-sarmentose, L-vallarose and D-
                      fructose.
                   3. Presence of –CH3CO grp on sugar affects the lippphilic
                      character and kinetics of entire glycoside.
                          Cardenolide                       Bufadienolides
                Unsaturated butyrolactone          Pyrone ring
                ring
                Lactone has single double          2 double bond attached at
                bond & attached at C-17 of         17^a position
                steroidal nucleus
5 membered lactone ring &        6 membered lactone ring &
                     form a C23 steroid               form a C24 steroid
                     Found in Leguminosae,            Found in Liliaceae,
                     Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae        Ranunculaceae family
                     family
                     e.g. Digitalis                   e.g. Squill
    1         DIGITALIS                         (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
 Source       Dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Linn
 Family       Scrophulariaceae
  Syn.        Purple foxglove, Lady’s glove, Finger flower
 Histroy      The word purpurea has been derived from the purple colour of flowers




  Image




              England, Germany, France, North America, India, Iraq, Japan, Mexico,
   G.S.
              Spain, Turkey
                 1. Biennial herb (a plant which blooms in its second year and then
                      dies)
                 2. Good quality of drug is obtained especially from cultivated plant.
                 3. Flourish best in well drained loose soil preferably of siliceous
                      origin with some slight shade
                 4. Plant growing in sunny situation possesses the active qualities of
                      herb compare to shade by trees.
                 5. Best grown when allowed to seed itself
Cultivation
                 6. Seeds should be mixed with fine sand in order to ensure even
                      distribution.
                 7. Before sowing soil is sterilized.
                 8. Sown in spring, the plant is not blossom till the following year.
                 9. In dry season, sufficient water is supplied.
                 10. In 1st yr, long stalk with rosette of leaves is produced.
                 11. True plant shows dull pink or magenta not pale colored or spotted
                      externally.
                 1. September to November by hand
Collection
                 2. Organic matter and discolored leaves are avoided.
3. After collection, leaves should be dried as soon as possible at
                  60°C.
               4. By quick drying, green color of leaves is maintained.
               5. Drying is carried out till moisture is NMT 5%.
               6. Packed under-pressure in airtight container.

             Color              Dark grayish green
             Odour              odourless
             Taste              bitter
             Shape              Ovate lanceolate to broadly ovate
             Size               10-30 cm long, 4-10 cm wide
Morphology   Margin             Crenate or dentate
             Apex               Sub acute
             Base               decurrent
             Upper surface      Hairy, slightly pubescent, dark green and little
                                wrinkled
             Lower surface      Hairy, grayish green, very pubescent




Microscopy



               1. Dorsiventral leaf
               2. Plenty of simple covering & glandular trichome on both surfaces
               3. Covering trichome: uniseriate, 3-4 celled long, collapsed cells,
                  acute apex & finely warty cuticle.
               4. Glandular trichome: short unicellular stalk, bicellular or rarely
                  unicellular head
               5. Anomocytic(ranunculaceous) stomata
               6. Trichome-stomata more in lower surface
               7. Pericycle: parenchymatous above & collechymatous below
               8. Calcium oxalate crystal absent
 Chemical      1.   0.2-0.45% primary & secondary glycosides
Constituents       2.  Primary: Purpurea glycoside A&B, glucogitoloxin
                   3.  Purpurea Glycoside A (Fresh leaves) digipuridase enzyme hydrolysis Digitoxin
                       + Glucose
                   4. Purpurea Glycoside B (Fresh leaves) digipuridase enzyme hydrolysis Gitoxin +
                       Glucose
                   5. Digitoxin on hydrolysis Digitoxigenin + 3 Digitoxose
                   6. Gitoxin on hydrolysis Gitoxigenin + 3 Digitoxose
                   7. Verodoxin on hydrolysis Gitaloxigenin + Digitalose
                   8. Verodoxin found to potentiate activity of digitoxin by synergism
                   9. Digitoxose, Digitalose-Cardiac glycoside
                   10. Saponin- digitonin, tigonin, gitonin, luteolin (a flavones responsible for color of
                       drug and present in leaves)




                1. Baljet Test: thick section of leaf + Sodium picrate Yellow to orange
                            color
                   Legal Test:Glycoside (dissolved in pyridine) + Sodium nitroprusside (to
Chemical Test      make alkaline) Pink to red color
                2. Keller-killiani Test: isolate glycoside(dissolved in glacial acetic acid) +
                   FeCl3 + H2SO4 reddish brown color between two liquids and upper
                   layer becomes bluish green
Heart complaints, internal heamorrhage, inflammatory disease, epilepsy,
              acute mania
   Uses
              Note: it has cumulative effect in the body so the dose has to be decided
              very carefully.
  Market      Lanoxin tablets (Glaxo Smith Kline)
preparation
                 1. Verbascum thapus: Mullelin leaves, covered with large woolly
                    branched candelabra trichomes
Adulterants      2. Primula vulgaris: long 8-9 celled covering trichomes
                 3. Symphytum officinale: comfrey leaves, multicellular trichome
                    forming hook at the top
   1.1        DIGITALIS LANATA                  (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
  Source      Dried leaves of Digitalis lanata
  Family      Scrophulariaceae
   Syn.       Grecian foxglove
              Gain much importance in recent years because of the less cumulative
  History
              effect ad 3-4 times greater activity than D.purpurea
Image




    G.S.       Central & southern Europe, England, California, India
                   1. Biennial herb (a plant which blooms in its second year and then
                      dies) of 0.3-0.6 m
                   2. Perrenial herb (perennial (Latin per, "through", annus, "year") is a
                      plant that lives for more than two years)
                   3. Light(sandy), medium loamy and heavy clay soil
Cultivation        4. Prefers acid-alkaline-neutral soil
                   5. Can grow in semi-shade or no shade.
                   6. Dry or moist soil
                   7. Propagated by seeds
                   8. Seeds are sown in early spring in a cold frame
                   9. Germination in 2-4 weeks at 20° C
                   1. Large enough to handle, seedlings are transplanted into individual
 Collection
                      pots and planted them out in summer
                Shape             Sessile, linear lanceolate
                Size              30 cm long, 4 cm wide
Morphology      Margin            entire
                Apex              acuminate
                                  10-14 celled non glandular trichomes
                   1. Lanatoside A,B,C,E
 Chemical
                   2. Lanatoside A & B: acetyl derivative of purpurea glycoside A & B
Constituents
                   3. Lanatoside C hydrolysis Digoxin
Same like D. purpurea
                Commercial source of Digoxin
    Uses
                Auricular fibrillation, CCF(supervised application)
                (S/e: nausea, vomiting, slow pulse, visual disturbance, anorexia & fainting
     2          STROPHANTHUS                        (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
                Dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe deprived of their awns
   Source
                (an awn is either a hair- or bristle-like appendage on a larger structure)
   Family       Apocynaceae
    Syn.        Kombe seeds, Strophanti semina



   Image



                East Africa, near lakes of Nyasaland and Tanganyika, Portugese,
    G.S.
                Cameroon
                -Strophanthus = Strophos ( twisted cord or rope) + anthos ( a flower)
   History
                Tribals are using this plant as Arrow poison (frog type animal)
                8-10% Cardiac glycoside: k-strophanthin (cymarin + k-strophanthin P + k-
 Chemical       strophanthoside, On hydrolysis strophanthidin, cymarose-methoxy
Constituents    digitoxose (sugar)
                Mucilage, resin, fixed oil, choline, trigonellin, kombic acid (an acid saponin)
Chemical Test   -Baljet Test: thick section of leaf + Sodium picrate Yellow to orange
color
               -Legal Test:Glycoside (dissolved in pyridine) + Sodium nitroprusside (to
               make alkaline) Pink to red color
               -Keller-killiani Test: isolate glycoside(dissolved in glacial acetic acid) +
               FeCl3 + H2SO4 reddish brown color between two liquids and upper layer
               becomes bluish green[cymarose]
               - seed + 80% H2SO4 green color
               Same as digitalis, adjuvant/ alternative of Digitalis
   Uses        Diuretic, dropsy
               Note: no cumulative effect
     3         SQUILL                               (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
               Dried slices of the bulb of white variety Urginea maritima
  Source
               Red variety: Urginea maritima
  Family       Liliaceae
   Syn.        Scillae bulbus, Urginea scilla, Drimia maritime, European Scilla




   Image




               Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, Southern France, Italy, Dalmatia,
    G.S.
               Greece, Syria
                                               White variety
               Cardiac glycoside: Bufadienolide: Scillaren A (2/3rd of total glycoside
               content, responsible for activity ) & Scillaren B
               Scillaren A acid hydrolysis Scillarenin + Scillabiose (Glucose +
               Rhamnose)
               Scillaren A enzyme hydrolysis Proscillaridin A + Glucose
 Chemical
               Glucoscillaren A: Scillarenin + Rhamnose + Glucose + Glucose
Constituents
               Proscillaridin A acid hydrolysis Scillarenin A + Rhamnose
               Xanthoscillide, flavonoids, mucilage, Calcium oxalate, sinistrin
               (carbohydrate similar to inulin), volatile substances (causing irritation)
                                                Red variety
               Anthocyanin (red color), Scilliroside (glycoside which is toxic to rat)
               White & Red variety is chemical races.
-NOT POSITIVE Baljet Test & Legal Test:
                Liberman’s sterol Test: Squill glycoside
                Squill mesophyll region: mucilage, calcium oxalate and yellow coloring
                matter xanthoscillide is present.
                Mucilage not pink color with ruthenium red but stains red with
                corallin soda & pale yellow with iodine
Chemical Test   Due to mucilage, it is very much susceptible for moisture & with moisture
                it forms clumpy mass.
                Moisture hydrolyses glycoside content aglycone become less
                active
                Calcium oxalate, as a bundle of long acicular crystal, which easily
                penetrate skin when bulbs are handled, cause intense irritation,
                sometimes eruptions
                Stimulating, expectorant, diuretic property, cardiac tonic, same like
    Uses        digitalis (but more irritating to GI mucus membrane), chronic bronchitis,
                catarrhal affection, asthma
    3.1         INDIAN SQUILL                      (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
   Source       Dried slices of the bulb of Urginea indica
   Family       Liliaceae
    Syn.        Sea onion, jungali pyaj




   Image




    G.S.        Westernal Himalaya, Konkan, Coramandal coast, Bihar
 Chemical       Cardiac glycoside similar to European squill, Mucilage in mesophyll cell
Constituents
                Mesophyll Colarin solution red.
Chemical Test   Mucilage reddish purple with iodine water while European squill does
                not
Cardiotonic, Expectorant, Stimulant, Diuretic, Cathartic, Bronchodilator &
   Uses
               anti cancer
     4         NERIUM                            (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
  Source       Dried seeds and leaves of Nerium indicum
  Family       Apocynaceae
   Syn.        Indian Oleander, Kaner,




   Image




    G.S.       USA, India, West indies
 Chemical      Cardiac Glycoside: Oleandrine, Gitoxigenin, Neridiginosideadynerigenin,
Constituents   Terpenoids, Sterols, Tannins, Essential oils
               Leaves-cutaneous eruptions, Root paste-Haemorrhoides and ulceration
   Uses
               Glycoside—paralysing action on heart, stimulating action on spinal cord
     5         THEVETIA                          (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
  Source       Dried seeds of Thevetia nerifolia (Thevetia peruviana)
  Family       Apocynaceae
   Syn.        Yellow Oleander, Lucky nut tree, Trumphet flower




   Image




    G.S.       Mexico, America, India
               Kernel-cardioactive glycoside:Thevetia A, Thevetia B (Cerebroside),
 Chemical
               peruvoside, Nerrifolin, Thevenenin(ruvoside), peruvosidic acid (perusitin)
Constituents
               Sugar: L-thevetose, D-Glucose
               Entire plant :Poisonous , seeds most toxic, Ticture: Cathartic, febrifuge,
               Emetic; Root paste: tumours; Seeds: treatment of rheumatism, dropsy,
   Uses        abortifacient & purgative



               SAPONIN GLYCOSIDE
1. Referred to as “Natural detergent” because of their foamy texture
                  2. Name derive from soapwort plant (saponaria), the root of which
                      was used historically as a Soap(Latin sapo-soap)
                  3. Tendency to froth formation when shaken with water
                  4. Hemolytic, sneezing effect, toxicity, complex formation with
                      cholesterol & antibiotic properties.
                  5. Consists of polycyclic aglycone that is either a choline steroid or
                      triterpenoid attached via C3 and ether bond to sugar side chain.
                  6. The aglycone is referred to as the sapogenin and steroid saponins
                      are called sarsaponins.
                  7. The ability of saponin to foam is caused by the combination of the
                      non polar sapogenin and the water soluble side chain.
                  8. Bitter and reduce the palatability of livestock feeds.
                  9. If triterpenoid aglycone, taste as glucuronic acid replaces sugar in
                      triterpenoid.
                  10. For example, saponins found in oats and spinach increase and
                      accelerate the body’s ability to absorb Calcium and Silicon, thus
                      assisting digestion.
                  11. Composed of Steroidal (C-27) or Triterpenoid (C-30) saponin
                      nucleus with one more carbohydrate branches.
               Chemical Properties:
                  1. Rarely crystalline & generally amorphous powder with high MW
INTRODUCTION
                  2. Soluble in water and form colloidal solutions
                  3. Soluble in ethyl & methyl alcohol
                  4. Insoluble in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform and
                      acetone etc.
                  5. Bitter in taste
                  6. Non-alkaline in nature
                  7. Produce sneezing and have property of lowering surface tension
                  8. Hydrolysed by acids, alkalies to yield aglycone called sapogenin
               Physiological Properties:
                  1. Extremely toxic to fishes but not poisonous to man when taken
                      orally
                  2. Very dilute solution of saponins hemolyses RBC (hemolysis takes
                      place due to the formation of complex with the cholesterol or
                      erythrocyte membrane causing its destruction (chief property of
                      saponin, very rarely shown by any other plant product.
                  3. Accelerate the germination and growth of the seeds.
                  4. Shows fungicidal, antifertility, molluscidal, blood purifying,
                      abortifacient, anthelmintic, sedative & antispasmodic effects.
               Occurrence:
                  1. In whole, 75% of the families showed the presence of saponins
                  2. Function in the plant is as storage in form of carbohydrate and
                      acts as immune system.
3. Also found in animals: Snake venom, starfish, sea cucumber
               TETRACYCLIC TRITERPENOID SAPONIN OR   STEROIDAL SAPONINS
                  1. Used as the raw material for synthesis of Vitamin D, Cardiac
                     glycoside, Corticoids like betamethasone, cortisone acetate, sex
                     hormone & contraceptives.
                  2. Steroidal sapogenin viz. Diosgenin & Hecogenin
INTRODUCTION
                  3. Distribution in dicot families like Leguminosae, Apocynacea &
                     Solanaceae
                  4. Distribution in monocot families like Liliaceae, Dioscoriadaceae &
                     Amyryllidaceae
     6         DIOSCOREA                         (STEROIDAL SAPONIN)
               Dried tubers of Dioscorea deltoidea, D. composita & other species of
  Source
               Dioscorea
  Family       Dioscoreaceae
   Syn.        Yam, Rheumatism root




   Image




    G.S.       North western Himalaya, USA, Mexico
               Non-edible as very bitter. Rhizome: 75% starch & phenol; Roots:
               Diosgenin (4-6%) steroidal sapogenin, glycoside: smilagenin,
               epismilagenin, B-isomer of yammogenin, Enzyme: sapogenase;
               Diosgenin is hydrolytic product of saponin dioscin.



 Chemical
Constituents




               Source of diosgenin (in manufacturing progesterone, steroidal drugs,
   Uses
               contraceptive ) & in treatment of arthritis
7        ASPARGUS-SHATAVARI (STEROIDAL SAPONIN)
  Source     Dried tuberous roots of Aspargus racemosus
  Family     Liliaceae
   Syn.      Shatavari, Satmuli




  Image




             Tropical Africa, Java, Australia, India, Sri Lanka and southern parts of
             China.
   G.S.
             In India it is found in plains to 4,000 ft high, in tropical, sub-tropical dry
             and deciduous forests and in the Himalayas.
             -under-shrub, climbs up to 1-3 m high, with stout and creeping root stock.
             -The root occurs in clusters or fascicle at the base of the stem with
             succulent and tuberous rootlets.
             -The stem is scandent, woody, triquetrous, striate, terete and climbing.
             -The young stem is delicate, brittle and smooth.
             -The spines are long, sub-recurved or straight.
             -Cladodes are in tufts of 2-6 in a node, slender, finely acuminate, falcate
Morphology
             divaricate. [A flattened leaflike stem]
             -The flowers, solitary or fascicles, simple or branched racemes of 3 cm
             long. -The pedicel is slender and jointed in the middle.
             -Perianth lobes white, fragrant and 3 mm in length.
             -The anthers minute and purple.
             -The berry globular or obscurely 3 lobbed, purple-reddish, seeds hard
             with brittle testa.
Microscopy




               Shatavarin I-IV (0.1-0.2%) Aglycone: Sarsapogenin
               Shatavarin-I: 3 Glucose + 1 Rhamnose
               Shatavarin-IV: 2 Glucose + 1 Rhamnose
               Β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, spirostanolic acid, Furostanolic saponins, 4,6-
               hydroxy-2-O-(2’-hydroxyl-isobutyl) benzaldehyde, Undecanyl cetanoate,
 Chemical
               polycyclic alkaloid asparagamine A.
Constituents




               Oleaginous, cooling, antispasmodic, indigestible, appetizer, alliterative,
               stomach, tonic, aphrodisiac, galactagogue, astringent, antidiarrhoeatic,
   Uses        antidysenteric, laxative properties and is useful in tumors, Unflammations,
               diseases of blood and eye, throat complaints, tuberculosis, leprosy,
               epilepsy, night blindness and kidney troubles
  Market       Menosan, Diabecon (Himalaya)
preparation    Mahanarayn tel (Baidynath)
     8         AGAVE                                 STEROIDAL SAPONIN
  Source       Dried leaves of Agave sisalana
  Family       Agavaceae
   Syn.        Sisal, sisal fiber
Image




    G.S.       Sub tropical America & Kenya
               Agave (derived from greek word, agavos = noble)
  History
               Sisal (place on the coast of Yucatan)
 Chemical      Juice & pulp from the leaves: Hecogenin, Smilagenin, Tigogenin
Constituents
               -Source of hecogenin & manufacturing of corticosteroids
               -demulcent, laxative, gastric ailments, liver disease, infection &
   Uses        inflammation
               [Note: contact may cause allergy, irritation & swelling of tissue]


     9         FENUGREEK                            STEROIDAL SAPONIN
  Source       Dried seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum
  Family       Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
   Syn.        Methi, Greek Hay, Medhika
   G.S.        India, Europe, US, Africa



   Image



               Steroidal saponin: Diosgenin & Trigofoenoside A,B,C,D,E,F,G
 Chemical
               Trigonelloside C, yamogenin tetrosid B & C, coumarin derivative &
Constituents
               mucilage, Trigonellin-alkaloid
               Anticholesterolemic, Anti-inflammatory, antitumour, carminative,
   Uses        expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, parasiticide, uterine tonic
               -Externally: boils, ulcer, burn
  Market       Dabur vatika anti-dandruff shampoo (dabur)
Preparation    Ayurslim (Himalaya)
    10         SMILAX                       (STEROIDAL SAPONIN)
               Dried roots & sometimes rhizomes of species of Smilax
  Source
               Mexican (S. aristolochiaefolia), Honduras (S.regelii), Peruvianr
(S.febrifuga), India (S.zeylanica), China (S.china)
  Family       Liliaceae (Modern: Smilacaceae)
   Syn.        Sarsaparilla



   Image




    G.S.       Central & south America, China, India
               Sarsaparilla = Zarza (thorny shrub) + Parilla (grape vine)
  History
               Thorny stem of the plant
               Steroidal Saponin: Smilagenin, Sarsapogenin (differ in configuration at C-
               25)
 Chemical
               -reduced form of Diosgenin & yamogenin
Constituents
               -parillin (sarsaponin + sarsasaponoside) hydrolysis sarsapogenin + 3
               glucose + rhamnose
               -syphilis, rheumatism, skin diseases, psoriasis, eczema
   Uses        -vehicle in non-alcoholic drink
               -genin-partial synthesis of cortisone & other steroids
                  PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENOID SAPONINS
1. The group contains the sapogenins with pentacyclic triterpenoids
                    nucleus which is linked with sugars and uronic acids. The sapogenins
                    are furthered divided in to α-amyrin, β-amyrin & Lupeol.




                 2. Important derivative of this group is triterpenoid acid formed via
                    substitution of carboxylic acid group at C4, C17 & C20 positions.


INTRODUCTION




 11        LIQUORICE                               (SAPONIN GLYCOSIDE)
           Dried peeled or unpeeled roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra & Glycyrrhiza
Source
           species
Family     Leguminosae
 Syn.      Radix Glycyrrhizae, Sweet licorice, Mulethi,Jethimadh
           The word Glycyrrhiza has been derived from the Greek origin that means sweet
History    root; and glabra means smooth and usually refers to the smooth, pod-like fruit
           of this particular species.
Image
G.S.     China, Europe, Iraq, India, Japan, Spain, Turkey, US
             -Deep well cultivated fertile moistened retentive soil for good root production
             -prefers a sandy soil with abundant moisture and does not flourish in clay.
             -slightly alkaline condition gives best production
Cultivation -thrives in maritime climate
             -propagated using seeds and roots
             -seeds are presoaked for 24 h in warm water and then sown in spring or autumn
             in a green house
             -The roots are usually harvested after 3 to 4 years from its plantation when they
             mostly display enough growth.
             -The rhizomes and roots are normally harvested in the month of October,
             particularly from all such plants that have not yet borne the fruits, thereby
             ascertaining maximum sweetness of the sap.
             -The rootlets and buds are removed manually and the drug is washed with
Collection & running water.
Preparation -The drug is first dried under the sun and subsequently under the shade till it
             loses almost 50% of its initial weight.
             -The large thick roots of the Russian Liquorice are usually peeled before drying. -
             It is an usual practice in Turkey, Spain and Israel to extract a substantial quantity
             of the drug with water, the resulting liquid is filtered and evaporated under
             vacuo and the concentrated extract is molded either into sticks or other suitable
             forms.
               Color         Unpeeled Liquorice-Externally, yellowish brown or dark brown;
                             and internally, yellowish colour
               Odour         Faint and characteristic
Morphology
               Shape         Unpeeled drug—Straight and nearly cylindrical Peeled drug—
                             Mostly angular
               Size          Length 20 to 50 cm; Diameter 2 cm
Taste        Sweet
                Fracture     Fibrous in bark; and splintery in the wood




Microscopy




               -Glycyrrhizin (6-8%) is found to be 50 times as sweet as sugar.
               - Glycyrrhizin upon hydrolysis loses its sweet taste and gives rise to the aglycone
               glycyrrhetinic acid (glycyrrhetic acid) together with two moles of glucuronic acid.
               -Color of drug is due to Chalcone glycoside-isoliquiritin
               -A host of other chemical constituents essentially include are namely: coumarin
               derivatives e.g., umbelliferone and herniarin; flavonoid glycoside e.g.,
               liquiritoside; isoliquiritoside, liquiritin; isoliquiritin, rhanoliquiritin, and
               rhamnoisoliquiritin; Usparagines; 22-33-dihyrostigmasterol; glucose; mannitol and
               about 20% of starch. Interestingly, carbenoxolone, which is an oleandane
 Chemical      derivative
Constituents




 Chemical      Section/Powder + 80% H2SO4 orange yellow color
   Test        (transformation of flavones glycoside liquiritin to chalcone glycoside isoliquiritin
               -demulscent and expectorant;
               -as a masking agent for bitter drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, such as:
   Uses
               quinine, aloe, ammonium chloride etc.
               -Ammoniated glycyrrhiza: as a flavouring agent in beverages, pharmaceuticals
and confectionary.
               - The inherent surfectant activity due to the presence of saponins helps to
               facilitate the absorption of poorly absorbed drugs, for instance: anthraquinone
               glycosides.
               -It is invariably added to beer to form stable and enhanced foaminess.
               -It imparts a distinct and characteristic bitter tastte to a number of beverages,
               such as: stout, root beer and porter.
               -The presence of glycyrrhetinic acid exert mineralocorticoid activity and hence it
               is used in the treatment of inflamations, rhematoid arthritis and Addison’s
               disease.
               - liquid extract: as a foam stabilizer in the foam type-fire-extinguisher & in the
               treatment of peptic ulcer.
               - In Europe the glycyrrhetic acid: in dermatological formulations; anti-
               iinflammatory properties.

                  1. Glycyrrhiza uralansis, also known as Manchurian Liquorice, which is pale
Substitutes          chocholate brown in appearance having wavy medullary rays and
     &               exfoliated cork This
Adulterants       2. Russian Liquorice is also used as an adulterant, because the drug is
                     purplish in appreance, has long roots but having no stolons.
    12            QUILLAIA                       (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
  Source       Dried inner bark of Quillaia saponaria and other species of Quillaia
  Family       Rosaceae
   Syn.        Soap bark, Panama wood, China bark, Cortex quillaiae




   Image




    G.S.     South America i.e., Peru and Chile. It is also cultivated in Northern India.
             The generic name is derived from the Chilean word quillean= to wash, from the
  History
             use made of the bark
             -Saponin (10%), quillaic acid, Calcium oxalate, starch, sucrose, tannin
 Chemical
             -Quillaia saponin on hydrolysis pentacyclic triterpenoid, quillaic acid (quillaia
Constituents
             sapogenin), a sugar glucuronic acid & gypsogenin
1. Powdered drug + water shaking produce soap like froth which
 Chemical
                      persists for some time.
   Test
                  2. Drug + blood drop hemolytic zone formation
              -emulsifying agent, for coal tar emulsion, cleansing industrial equipments,
              washing delicate fabrics, to prepare tooth powder-tooth paste, hair shampoo,
              hair tonic, tar solution & metal polishes.
              -added in topical preparation for skin disorders and as a protective agents for
   Uses
              cracks, bruises, frostbite and insect bites.
              [Drug is highly irritating & causing nausea-and expectorant on internal
              consumption.]
              -Diuretic & cutaneous stimulant
    13        GINSENG                       (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
              Dried roots of Panax ginseng (Korea) and other species of Panax
  Source      P. japonicas (Japan), P. pseudoginseng (Himalaya), P. quinquefolius (American),
              P. trifolius (Dwarf), P. vietnamensis (Vietnamese), P. notoginseng (Chinese)
  Family      Araliaceae
   Syn.       Ninjin, Pannag, Energofit




   Image




    G.S.     Korea, China, Russia now cultivated in Japan, Canada & US
             The term panax (derived from greek) panaceae = cure all
  History    The term ginseng (derived from chinese) shen sang = man root
             Shape of human body
             - Ginsenosides, Panaxosides and Chikusetsu Saponins.
 Chemical
             - Ginsenoside consists of aglycone dammarol
Constituents
             - Panaxoside have aglycone as oleanolic acid
- Starch, Gum, Resin, volatile oil, flavonoids, sesqui terpenoids




               -important immunomodulatory drug, increase natural resistance and overcome
               illness
               -both stimulant & sedative property
   Uses        -aphordiasic & adrenal & thyroid disfuntioning
               -blood sugar, anaemia, gastritis etc
               [toxic on prolonged usage


    14         BACOPA                        (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
  Source       Fresh leaves and stem of Bacopa monnieri (Herpestis monnieri)
  Family       Scrophulariaceae
   Syn.        Jalbrahmi, Neerbrahmi




   Image




    G.S.       Throughout India in wet, damp & marshy places up to 1200 m elevation
               -saponin glycosides known as bacoside A and bacoside B
               -on acid hydrolysis triterpenoid aglycone bacogenin A and bacogenin B
               - asiatic acid and brahmic acid
 Chemical
Constituents
- treatment of insanity and epilepsy, asthma
   Uses        - potent nervetonic, cardiotonic and diuretic
               - mild laxative.
    15         HYDROCOTYL                       (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
  Source       dried aerial parts of Centella asiatica (Hydrocotyl asiatica)
  Family       Umbelliferae
   Syn.        Indian pennywort, Mangosteen,Mandukparni




   Image




    G.S.       India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Madagaskar
               -tri terpenoid saponin glycoside in form of α-amyrin derivative:
               asiaticoside,madecassoside
               - Asiaticoside hydrolysis asiatic acid + 2 glucose + rhamnose
               -Madecassoside hydrolysis madecassic acid + 2 glucose + rhamnose
               Chennai & Lucknow variety Brahmoside, Brahminoside hydrolysis brahmic
               acid & iso brahmic acid , arabinose, glucose, rhamnose
 Chemical
Constituents




               -nervine tonic, spasmolytic, anti anxiety, anti-stress, sedative
   Uses
               -skin diseases, leprosy, syphilis
  Market       -Iqmen (Lupin)
preparation    -Abana, Menosan (Himalaya)
    16         ACACIA CONCINNA (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
  Source       Dried seed of Acacia concinna
  Family       Mimosaceae (Touch me not)
   Syn.        Shikakai, Soap Pod
Image




    G.S.     India
             -hydrolysis lupeol, spinasterol, acacic acid, lactone
             -sugar: glucose, arabinose and rhamnose.
 Chemical
             -hexacosanol, spinasterone, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid,
Constituents
             ascorbic acid
             -alkaloids calyctomine and nicotine.
             -"fruit for the hair" as it has a naturally mild pH, that gently cleans the hair
             without stripping it of natural oils.
             - control dandruff, promoting hair growth and strengthening hair roots.
   Uses
             - leaves are used in malarial fever,
             -decoction of the pods are used to relieve biliousness and acts as a purgative.
             - An ointment, prepared from the ground pods, is good for skin diseases.
    17         SAPINDUS                 (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
   Source      Dried fruits of Sapindus saponaria
   Family      Sapindaceae
    Syn.       Indian soap plant, Reetha




   Image




    G.S.       Brazil, India-Himalaya to Assam
 Chemical      Hederagenin-aglycone, saponin, cyano genetic glycoside, cyclitols (shikimic acid),
Constituents   Oleic acid
   Uses        In shampoo manufacturing, purgative, anthelmintic, anti spasmodic

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Cardiac & Saponin Glycoside

  • 1. STEROIDAL OR CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE 1. Action includes both beneficial and toxic effects on heart 2. Used since 1500 BC for arrow poisoning, emetics, diuretics and heart tonics. 3. In modern treatment of CCF, atrial fibrillation & flutter 4. M/a: by affecting the availability of intracellular Ca+2 for myocardial contraction or increasing the sensitivity of myocardial contractile proteins. 5. Steroid glycosides are invariably employed in the therapeutic domain primarily for two vital reasons, namely: (a) to enhance the tone, excitability and above all the contractibility of the cardiac muscle; and (b) to increase the diuretic action, due principally to the enhanced renal circulation (an inherent secondary action). 6. Composed of 2 structures: sugar(glycone) & the non- sugar(aglycone-steroid) moieties Aglycone Moiety: 1. Steroid nucleus has –OH grp at 3- & 14- position of which the sugar attachment uses the 3-OH grp. 2. 14-OH is normally unsubstituted 3. Many genins have –OH grp at 12- & 16- positions. 4. Additional –OH grp influence the partitioning of the cardiac INTRODUCTION glycoside into the aqueous media and affect duration of action. 5. Lactone moiety at C-17 position is an important structural feature. 6. Size and degree of unsaturation varies with source of glycoside. 7. Normally plant 5 membered unsaturated lactone while animal 6 membered. Glycone Moiety: 1. 1 to 4 sugars are found to be attached to the 3b-OH grp. 2. Sugar includes: L-rhamnose, D-glucose,D-digitoxose, D- digitalose,D-digginose,D-sarmentose, L-vallarose and D- fructose. 3. Presence of –CH3CO grp on sugar affects the lippphilic character and kinetics of entire glycoside. Cardenolide Bufadienolides Unsaturated butyrolactone Pyrone ring ring Lactone has single double 2 double bond attached at bond & attached at C-17 of 17^a position steroidal nucleus
  • 2. 5 membered lactone ring & 6 membered lactone ring & form a C23 steroid form a C24 steroid Found in Leguminosae, Found in Liliaceae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae Ranunculaceae family family e.g. Digitalis e.g. Squill 1 DIGITALIS (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE) Source Dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Linn Family Scrophulariaceae Syn. Purple foxglove, Lady’s glove, Finger flower Histroy The word purpurea has been derived from the purple colour of flowers Image England, Germany, France, North America, India, Iraq, Japan, Mexico, G.S. Spain, Turkey 1. Biennial herb (a plant which blooms in its second year and then dies) 2. Good quality of drug is obtained especially from cultivated plant. 3. Flourish best in well drained loose soil preferably of siliceous origin with some slight shade 4. Plant growing in sunny situation possesses the active qualities of herb compare to shade by trees. 5. Best grown when allowed to seed itself Cultivation 6. Seeds should be mixed with fine sand in order to ensure even distribution. 7. Before sowing soil is sterilized. 8. Sown in spring, the plant is not blossom till the following year. 9. In dry season, sufficient water is supplied. 10. In 1st yr, long stalk with rosette of leaves is produced. 11. True plant shows dull pink or magenta not pale colored or spotted externally. 1. September to November by hand Collection 2. Organic matter and discolored leaves are avoided.
  • 3. 3. After collection, leaves should be dried as soon as possible at 60°C. 4. By quick drying, green color of leaves is maintained. 5. Drying is carried out till moisture is NMT 5%. 6. Packed under-pressure in airtight container. Color Dark grayish green Odour odourless Taste bitter Shape Ovate lanceolate to broadly ovate Size 10-30 cm long, 4-10 cm wide Morphology Margin Crenate or dentate Apex Sub acute Base decurrent Upper surface Hairy, slightly pubescent, dark green and little wrinkled Lower surface Hairy, grayish green, very pubescent Microscopy 1. Dorsiventral leaf 2. Plenty of simple covering & glandular trichome on both surfaces 3. Covering trichome: uniseriate, 3-4 celled long, collapsed cells, acute apex & finely warty cuticle. 4. Glandular trichome: short unicellular stalk, bicellular or rarely unicellular head 5. Anomocytic(ranunculaceous) stomata 6. Trichome-stomata more in lower surface 7. Pericycle: parenchymatous above & collechymatous below 8. Calcium oxalate crystal absent Chemical 1. 0.2-0.45% primary & secondary glycosides
  • 4. Constituents 2. Primary: Purpurea glycoside A&B, glucogitoloxin 3. Purpurea Glycoside A (Fresh leaves) digipuridase enzyme hydrolysis Digitoxin + Glucose 4. Purpurea Glycoside B (Fresh leaves) digipuridase enzyme hydrolysis Gitoxin + Glucose 5. Digitoxin on hydrolysis Digitoxigenin + 3 Digitoxose 6. Gitoxin on hydrolysis Gitoxigenin + 3 Digitoxose 7. Verodoxin on hydrolysis Gitaloxigenin + Digitalose 8. Verodoxin found to potentiate activity of digitoxin by synergism 9. Digitoxose, Digitalose-Cardiac glycoside 10. Saponin- digitonin, tigonin, gitonin, luteolin (a flavones responsible for color of drug and present in leaves) 1. Baljet Test: thick section of leaf + Sodium picrate Yellow to orange color Legal Test:Glycoside (dissolved in pyridine) + Sodium nitroprusside (to Chemical Test make alkaline) Pink to red color 2. Keller-killiani Test: isolate glycoside(dissolved in glacial acetic acid) + FeCl3 + H2SO4 reddish brown color between two liquids and upper layer becomes bluish green
  • 5. Heart complaints, internal heamorrhage, inflammatory disease, epilepsy, acute mania Uses Note: it has cumulative effect in the body so the dose has to be decided very carefully. Market Lanoxin tablets (Glaxo Smith Kline) preparation 1. Verbascum thapus: Mullelin leaves, covered with large woolly branched candelabra trichomes Adulterants 2. Primula vulgaris: long 8-9 celled covering trichomes 3. Symphytum officinale: comfrey leaves, multicellular trichome forming hook at the top 1.1 DIGITALIS LANATA (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE) Source Dried leaves of Digitalis lanata Family Scrophulariaceae Syn. Grecian foxglove Gain much importance in recent years because of the less cumulative History effect ad 3-4 times greater activity than D.purpurea
  • 6. Image G.S. Central & southern Europe, England, California, India 1. Biennial herb (a plant which blooms in its second year and then dies) of 0.3-0.6 m 2. Perrenial herb (perennial (Latin per, "through", annus, "year") is a plant that lives for more than two years) 3. Light(sandy), medium loamy and heavy clay soil Cultivation 4. Prefers acid-alkaline-neutral soil 5. Can grow in semi-shade or no shade. 6. Dry or moist soil 7. Propagated by seeds 8. Seeds are sown in early spring in a cold frame 9. Germination in 2-4 weeks at 20° C 1. Large enough to handle, seedlings are transplanted into individual Collection pots and planted them out in summer Shape Sessile, linear lanceolate Size 30 cm long, 4 cm wide Morphology Margin entire Apex acuminate 10-14 celled non glandular trichomes 1. Lanatoside A,B,C,E Chemical 2. Lanatoside A & B: acetyl derivative of purpurea glycoside A & B Constituents 3. Lanatoside C hydrolysis Digoxin
  • 7. Same like D. purpurea Commercial source of Digoxin Uses Auricular fibrillation, CCF(supervised application) (S/e: nausea, vomiting, slow pulse, visual disturbance, anorexia & fainting 2 STROPHANTHUS (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE) Dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe deprived of their awns Source (an awn is either a hair- or bristle-like appendage on a larger structure) Family Apocynaceae Syn. Kombe seeds, Strophanti semina Image East Africa, near lakes of Nyasaland and Tanganyika, Portugese, G.S. Cameroon -Strophanthus = Strophos ( twisted cord or rope) + anthos ( a flower) History Tribals are using this plant as Arrow poison (frog type animal) 8-10% Cardiac glycoside: k-strophanthin (cymarin + k-strophanthin P + k- Chemical strophanthoside, On hydrolysis strophanthidin, cymarose-methoxy Constituents digitoxose (sugar) Mucilage, resin, fixed oil, choline, trigonellin, kombic acid (an acid saponin) Chemical Test -Baljet Test: thick section of leaf + Sodium picrate Yellow to orange
  • 8. color -Legal Test:Glycoside (dissolved in pyridine) + Sodium nitroprusside (to make alkaline) Pink to red color -Keller-killiani Test: isolate glycoside(dissolved in glacial acetic acid) + FeCl3 + H2SO4 reddish brown color between two liquids and upper layer becomes bluish green[cymarose] - seed + 80% H2SO4 green color Same as digitalis, adjuvant/ alternative of Digitalis Uses Diuretic, dropsy Note: no cumulative effect 3 SQUILL (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE) Dried slices of the bulb of white variety Urginea maritima Source Red variety: Urginea maritima Family Liliaceae Syn. Scillae bulbus, Urginea scilla, Drimia maritime, European Scilla Image Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, Southern France, Italy, Dalmatia, G.S. Greece, Syria White variety Cardiac glycoside: Bufadienolide: Scillaren A (2/3rd of total glycoside content, responsible for activity ) & Scillaren B Scillaren A acid hydrolysis Scillarenin + Scillabiose (Glucose + Rhamnose) Scillaren A enzyme hydrolysis Proscillaridin A + Glucose Chemical Glucoscillaren A: Scillarenin + Rhamnose + Glucose + Glucose Constituents Proscillaridin A acid hydrolysis Scillarenin A + Rhamnose Xanthoscillide, flavonoids, mucilage, Calcium oxalate, sinistrin (carbohydrate similar to inulin), volatile substances (causing irritation) Red variety Anthocyanin (red color), Scilliroside (glycoside which is toxic to rat) White & Red variety is chemical races.
  • 9. -NOT POSITIVE Baljet Test & Legal Test: Liberman’s sterol Test: Squill glycoside Squill mesophyll region: mucilage, calcium oxalate and yellow coloring matter xanthoscillide is present. Mucilage not pink color with ruthenium red but stains red with corallin soda & pale yellow with iodine Chemical Test Due to mucilage, it is very much susceptible for moisture & with moisture it forms clumpy mass. Moisture hydrolyses glycoside content aglycone become less active Calcium oxalate, as a bundle of long acicular crystal, which easily penetrate skin when bulbs are handled, cause intense irritation, sometimes eruptions Stimulating, expectorant, diuretic property, cardiac tonic, same like Uses digitalis (but more irritating to GI mucus membrane), chronic bronchitis, catarrhal affection, asthma 3.1 INDIAN SQUILL (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE) Source Dried slices of the bulb of Urginea indica Family Liliaceae Syn. Sea onion, jungali pyaj Image G.S. Westernal Himalaya, Konkan, Coramandal coast, Bihar Chemical Cardiac glycoside similar to European squill, Mucilage in mesophyll cell Constituents Mesophyll Colarin solution red. Chemical Test Mucilage reddish purple with iodine water while European squill does not
  • 10. Cardiotonic, Expectorant, Stimulant, Diuretic, Cathartic, Bronchodilator & Uses anti cancer 4 NERIUM (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE) Source Dried seeds and leaves of Nerium indicum Family Apocynaceae Syn. Indian Oleander, Kaner, Image G.S. USA, India, West indies Chemical Cardiac Glycoside: Oleandrine, Gitoxigenin, Neridiginosideadynerigenin, Constituents Terpenoids, Sterols, Tannins, Essential oils Leaves-cutaneous eruptions, Root paste-Haemorrhoides and ulceration Uses Glycoside—paralysing action on heart, stimulating action on spinal cord 5 THEVETIA (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE) Source Dried seeds of Thevetia nerifolia (Thevetia peruviana) Family Apocynaceae Syn. Yellow Oleander, Lucky nut tree, Trumphet flower Image G.S. Mexico, America, India Kernel-cardioactive glycoside:Thevetia A, Thevetia B (Cerebroside), Chemical peruvoside, Nerrifolin, Thevenenin(ruvoside), peruvosidic acid (perusitin) Constituents Sugar: L-thevetose, D-Glucose Entire plant :Poisonous , seeds most toxic, Ticture: Cathartic, febrifuge, Emetic; Root paste: tumours; Seeds: treatment of rheumatism, dropsy, Uses abortifacient & purgative SAPONIN GLYCOSIDE
  • 11. 1. Referred to as “Natural detergent” because of their foamy texture 2. Name derive from soapwort plant (saponaria), the root of which was used historically as a Soap(Latin sapo-soap) 3. Tendency to froth formation when shaken with water 4. Hemolytic, sneezing effect, toxicity, complex formation with cholesterol & antibiotic properties. 5. Consists of polycyclic aglycone that is either a choline steroid or triterpenoid attached via C3 and ether bond to sugar side chain. 6. The aglycone is referred to as the sapogenin and steroid saponins are called sarsaponins. 7. The ability of saponin to foam is caused by the combination of the non polar sapogenin and the water soluble side chain. 8. Bitter and reduce the palatability of livestock feeds. 9. If triterpenoid aglycone, taste as glucuronic acid replaces sugar in triterpenoid. 10. For example, saponins found in oats and spinach increase and accelerate the body’s ability to absorb Calcium and Silicon, thus assisting digestion. 11. Composed of Steroidal (C-27) or Triterpenoid (C-30) saponin nucleus with one more carbohydrate branches. Chemical Properties: 1. Rarely crystalline & generally amorphous powder with high MW INTRODUCTION 2. Soluble in water and form colloidal solutions 3. Soluble in ethyl & methyl alcohol 4. Insoluble in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform and acetone etc. 5. Bitter in taste 6. Non-alkaline in nature 7. Produce sneezing and have property of lowering surface tension 8. Hydrolysed by acids, alkalies to yield aglycone called sapogenin Physiological Properties: 1. Extremely toxic to fishes but not poisonous to man when taken orally 2. Very dilute solution of saponins hemolyses RBC (hemolysis takes place due to the formation of complex with the cholesterol or erythrocyte membrane causing its destruction (chief property of saponin, very rarely shown by any other plant product. 3. Accelerate the germination and growth of the seeds. 4. Shows fungicidal, antifertility, molluscidal, blood purifying, abortifacient, anthelmintic, sedative & antispasmodic effects. Occurrence: 1. In whole, 75% of the families showed the presence of saponins 2. Function in the plant is as storage in form of carbohydrate and acts as immune system.
  • 12. 3. Also found in animals: Snake venom, starfish, sea cucumber TETRACYCLIC TRITERPENOID SAPONIN OR STEROIDAL SAPONINS 1. Used as the raw material for synthesis of Vitamin D, Cardiac glycoside, Corticoids like betamethasone, cortisone acetate, sex hormone & contraceptives. 2. Steroidal sapogenin viz. Diosgenin & Hecogenin INTRODUCTION 3. Distribution in dicot families like Leguminosae, Apocynacea & Solanaceae 4. Distribution in monocot families like Liliaceae, Dioscoriadaceae & Amyryllidaceae 6 DIOSCOREA (STEROIDAL SAPONIN) Dried tubers of Dioscorea deltoidea, D. composita & other species of Source Dioscorea Family Dioscoreaceae Syn. Yam, Rheumatism root Image G.S. North western Himalaya, USA, Mexico Non-edible as very bitter. Rhizome: 75% starch & phenol; Roots: Diosgenin (4-6%) steroidal sapogenin, glycoside: smilagenin, epismilagenin, B-isomer of yammogenin, Enzyme: sapogenase; Diosgenin is hydrolytic product of saponin dioscin. Chemical Constituents Source of diosgenin (in manufacturing progesterone, steroidal drugs, Uses contraceptive ) & in treatment of arthritis
  • 13. 7 ASPARGUS-SHATAVARI (STEROIDAL SAPONIN) Source Dried tuberous roots of Aspargus racemosus Family Liliaceae Syn. Shatavari, Satmuli Image Tropical Africa, Java, Australia, India, Sri Lanka and southern parts of China. G.S. In India it is found in plains to 4,000 ft high, in tropical, sub-tropical dry and deciduous forests and in the Himalayas. -under-shrub, climbs up to 1-3 m high, with stout and creeping root stock. -The root occurs in clusters or fascicle at the base of the stem with succulent and tuberous rootlets. -The stem is scandent, woody, triquetrous, striate, terete and climbing. -The young stem is delicate, brittle and smooth. -The spines are long, sub-recurved or straight. -Cladodes are in tufts of 2-6 in a node, slender, finely acuminate, falcate Morphology divaricate. [A flattened leaflike stem] -The flowers, solitary or fascicles, simple or branched racemes of 3 cm long. -The pedicel is slender and jointed in the middle. -Perianth lobes white, fragrant and 3 mm in length. -The anthers minute and purple. -The berry globular or obscurely 3 lobbed, purple-reddish, seeds hard with brittle testa.
  • 14. Microscopy Shatavarin I-IV (0.1-0.2%) Aglycone: Sarsapogenin Shatavarin-I: 3 Glucose + 1 Rhamnose Shatavarin-IV: 2 Glucose + 1 Rhamnose Β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, spirostanolic acid, Furostanolic saponins, 4,6- hydroxy-2-O-(2’-hydroxyl-isobutyl) benzaldehyde, Undecanyl cetanoate, Chemical polycyclic alkaloid asparagamine A. Constituents Oleaginous, cooling, antispasmodic, indigestible, appetizer, alliterative, stomach, tonic, aphrodisiac, galactagogue, astringent, antidiarrhoeatic, Uses antidysenteric, laxative properties and is useful in tumors, Unflammations, diseases of blood and eye, throat complaints, tuberculosis, leprosy, epilepsy, night blindness and kidney troubles Market Menosan, Diabecon (Himalaya) preparation Mahanarayn tel (Baidynath) 8 AGAVE STEROIDAL SAPONIN Source Dried leaves of Agave sisalana Family Agavaceae Syn. Sisal, sisal fiber
  • 15. Image G.S. Sub tropical America & Kenya Agave (derived from greek word, agavos = noble) History Sisal (place on the coast of Yucatan) Chemical Juice & pulp from the leaves: Hecogenin, Smilagenin, Tigogenin Constituents -Source of hecogenin & manufacturing of corticosteroids -demulcent, laxative, gastric ailments, liver disease, infection & Uses inflammation [Note: contact may cause allergy, irritation & swelling of tissue] 9 FENUGREEK STEROIDAL SAPONIN Source Dried seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Syn. Methi, Greek Hay, Medhika G.S. India, Europe, US, Africa Image Steroidal saponin: Diosgenin & Trigofoenoside A,B,C,D,E,F,G Chemical Trigonelloside C, yamogenin tetrosid B & C, coumarin derivative & Constituents mucilage, Trigonellin-alkaloid Anticholesterolemic, Anti-inflammatory, antitumour, carminative, Uses expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, parasiticide, uterine tonic -Externally: boils, ulcer, burn Market Dabur vatika anti-dandruff shampoo (dabur) Preparation Ayurslim (Himalaya) 10 SMILAX (STEROIDAL SAPONIN) Dried roots & sometimes rhizomes of species of Smilax Source Mexican (S. aristolochiaefolia), Honduras (S.regelii), Peruvianr
  • 16. (S.febrifuga), India (S.zeylanica), China (S.china) Family Liliaceae (Modern: Smilacaceae) Syn. Sarsaparilla Image G.S. Central & south America, China, India Sarsaparilla = Zarza (thorny shrub) + Parilla (grape vine) History Thorny stem of the plant Steroidal Saponin: Smilagenin, Sarsapogenin (differ in configuration at C- 25) Chemical -reduced form of Diosgenin & yamogenin Constituents -parillin (sarsaponin + sarsasaponoside) hydrolysis sarsapogenin + 3 glucose + rhamnose -syphilis, rheumatism, skin diseases, psoriasis, eczema Uses -vehicle in non-alcoholic drink -genin-partial synthesis of cortisone & other steroids PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENOID SAPONINS
  • 17. 1. The group contains the sapogenins with pentacyclic triterpenoids nucleus which is linked with sugars and uronic acids. The sapogenins are furthered divided in to α-amyrin, β-amyrin & Lupeol. 2. Important derivative of this group is triterpenoid acid formed via substitution of carboxylic acid group at C4, C17 & C20 positions. INTRODUCTION 11 LIQUORICE (SAPONIN GLYCOSIDE) Dried peeled or unpeeled roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra & Glycyrrhiza Source species Family Leguminosae Syn. Radix Glycyrrhizae, Sweet licorice, Mulethi,Jethimadh The word Glycyrrhiza has been derived from the Greek origin that means sweet History root; and glabra means smooth and usually refers to the smooth, pod-like fruit of this particular species. Image
  • 18. G.S. China, Europe, Iraq, India, Japan, Spain, Turkey, US -Deep well cultivated fertile moistened retentive soil for good root production -prefers a sandy soil with abundant moisture and does not flourish in clay. -slightly alkaline condition gives best production Cultivation -thrives in maritime climate -propagated using seeds and roots -seeds are presoaked for 24 h in warm water and then sown in spring or autumn in a green house -The roots are usually harvested after 3 to 4 years from its plantation when they mostly display enough growth. -The rhizomes and roots are normally harvested in the month of October, particularly from all such plants that have not yet borne the fruits, thereby ascertaining maximum sweetness of the sap. -The rootlets and buds are removed manually and the drug is washed with Collection & running water. Preparation -The drug is first dried under the sun and subsequently under the shade till it loses almost 50% of its initial weight. -The large thick roots of the Russian Liquorice are usually peeled before drying. - It is an usual practice in Turkey, Spain and Israel to extract a substantial quantity of the drug with water, the resulting liquid is filtered and evaporated under vacuo and the concentrated extract is molded either into sticks or other suitable forms. Color Unpeeled Liquorice-Externally, yellowish brown or dark brown; and internally, yellowish colour Odour Faint and characteristic Morphology Shape Unpeeled drug—Straight and nearly cylindrical Peeled drug— Mostly angular Size Length 20 to 50 cm; Diameter 2 cm
  • 19. Taste Sweet Fracture Fibrous in bark; and splintery in the wood Microscopy -Glycyrrhizin (6-8%) is found to be 50 times as sweet as sugar. - Glycyrrhizin upon hydrolysis loses its sweet taste and gives rise to the aglycone glycyrrhetinic acid (glycyrrhetic acid) together with two moles of glucuronic acid. -Color of drug is due to Chalcone glycoside-isoliquiritin -A host of other chemical constituents essentially include are namely: coumarin derivatives e.g., umbelliferone and herniarin; flavonoid glycoside e.g., liquiritoside; isoliquiritoside, liquiritin; isoliquiritin, rhanoliquiritin, and rhamnoisoliquiritin; Usparagines; 22-33-dihyrostigmasterol; glucose; mannitol and about 20% of starch. Interestingly, carbenoxolone, which is an oleandane Chemical derivative Constituents Chemical Section/Powder + 80% H2SO4 orange yellow color Test (transformation of flavones glycoside liquiritin to chalcone glycoside isoliquiritin -demulscent and expectorant; -as a masking agent for bitter drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, such as: Uses quinine, aloe, ammonium chloride etc. -Ammoniated glycyrrhiza: as a flavouring agent in beverages, pharmaceuticals
  • 20. and confectionary. - The inherent surfectant activity due to the presence of saponins helps to facilitate the absorption of poorly absorbed drugs, for instance: anthraquinone glycosides. -It is invariably added to beer to form stable and enhanced foaminess. -It imparts a distinct and characteristic bitter tastte to a number of beverages, such as: stout, root beer and porter. -The presence of glycyrrhetinic acid exert mineralocorticoid activity and hence it is used in the treatment of inflamations, rhematoid arthritis and Addison’s disease. - liquid extract: as a foam stabilizer in the foam type-fire-extinguisher & in the treatment of peptic ulcer. - In Europe the glycyrrhetic acid: in dermatological formulations; anti- iinflammatory properties. 1. Glycyrrhiza uralansis, also known as Manchurian Liquorice, which is pale Substitutes chocholate brown in appearance having wavy medullary rays and & exfoliated cork This Adulterants 2. Russian Liquorice is also used as an adulterant, because the drug is purplish in appreance, has long roots but having no stolons. 12 QUILLAIA (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN) Source Dried inner bark of Quillaia saponaria and other species of Quillaia Family Rosaceae Syn. Soap bark, Panama wood, China bark, Cortex quillaiae Image G.S. South America i.e., Peru and Chile. It is also cultivated in Northern India. The generic name is derived from the Chilean word quillean= to wash, from the History use made of the bark -Saponin (10%), quillaic acid, Calcium oxalate, starch, sucrose, tannin Chemical -Quillaia saponin on hydrolysis pentacyclic triterpenoid, quillaic acid (quillaia Constituents sapogenin), a sugar glucuronic acid & gypsogenin
  • 21. 1. Powdered drug + water shaking produce soap like froth which Chemical persists for some time. Test 2. Drug + blood drop hemolytic zone formation -emulsifying agent, for coal tar emulsion, cleansing industrial equipments, washing delicate fabrics, to prepare tooth powder-tooth paste, hair shampoo, hair tonic, tar solution & metal polishes. -added in topical preparation for skin disorders and as a protective agents for Uses cracks, bruises, frostbite and insect bites. [Drug is highly irritating & causing nausea-and expectorant on internal consumption.] -Diuretic & cutaneous stimulant 13 GINSENG (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN) Dried roots of Panax ginseng (Korea) and other species of Panax Source P. japonicas (Japan), P. pseudoginseng (Himalaya), P. quinquefolius (American), P. trifolius (Dwarf), P. vietnamensis (Vietnamese), P. notoginseng (Chinese) Family Araliaceae Syn. Ninjin, Pannag, Energofit Image G.S. Korea, China, Russia now cultivated in Japan, Canada & US The term panax (derived from greek) panaceae = cure all History The term ginseng (derived from chinese) shen sang = man root Shape of human body - Ginsenosides, Panaxosides and Chikusetsu Saponins. Chemical - Ginsenoside consists of aglycone dammarol Constituents - Panaxoside have aglycone as oleanolic acid
  • 22. - Starch, Gum, Resin, volatile oil, flavonoids, sesqui terpenoids -important immunomodulatory drug, increase natural resistance and overcome illness -both stimulant & sedative property Uses -aphordiasic & adrenal & thyroid disfuntioning -blood sugar, anaemia, gastritis etc [toxic on prolonged usage 14 BACOPA (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN) Source Fresh leaves and stem of Bacopa monnieri (Herpestis monnieri) Family Scrophulariaceae Syn. Jalbrahmi, Neerbrahmi Image G.S. Throughout India in wet, damp & marshy places up to 1200 m elevation -saponin glycosides known as bacoside A and bacoside B -on acid hydrolysis triterpenoid aglycone bacogenin A and bacogenin B - asiatic acid and brahmic acid Chemical Constituents
  • 23. - treatment of insanity and epilepsy, asthma Uses - potent nervetonic, cardiotonic and diuretic - mild laxative. 15 HYDROCOTYL (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN) Source dried aerial parts of Centella asiatica (Hydrocotyl asiatica) Family Umbelliferae Syn. Indian pennywort, Mangosteen,Mandukparni Image G.S. India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Madagaskar -tri terpenoid saponin glycoside in form of α-amyrin derivative: asiaticoside,madecassoside - Asiaticoside hydrolysis asiatic acid + 2 glucose + rhamnose -Madecassoside hydrolysis madecassic acid + 2 glucose + rhamnose Chennai & Lucknow variety Brahmoside, Brahminoside hydrolysis brahmic acid & iso brahmic acid , arabinose, glucose, rhamnose Chemical Constituents -nervine tonic, spasmolytic, anti anxiety, anti-stress, sedative Uses -skin diseases, leprosy, syphilis Market -Iqmen (Lupin) preparation -Abana, Menosan (Himalaya) 16 ACACIA CONCINNA (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN) Source Dried seed of Acacia concinna Family Mimosaceae (Touch me not) Syn. Shikakai, Soap Pod
  • 24. Image G.S. India -hydrolysis lupeol, spinasterol, acacic acid, lactone -sugar: glucose, arabinose and rhamnose. Chemical -hexacosanol, spinasterone, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, Constituents ascorbic acid -alkaloids calyctomine and nicotine. -"fruit for the hair" as it has a naturally mild pH, that gently cleans the hair without stripping it of natural oils. - control dandruff, promoting hair growth and strengthening hair roots. Uses - leaves are used in malarial fever, -decoction of the pods are used to relieve biliousness and acts as a purgative. - An ointment, prepared from the ground pods, is good for skin diseases. 17 SAPINDUS (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN) Source Dried fruits of Sapindus saponaria Family Sapindaceae Syn. Indian soap plant, Reetha Image G.S. Brazil, India-Himalaya to Assam Chemical Hederagenin-aglycone, saponin, cyano genetic glycoside, cyclitols (shikimic acid), Constituents Oleic acid Uses In shampoo manufacturing, purgative, anthelmintic, anti spasmodic