Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Cardiac & Saponin Glycoside
1. STEROIDAL OR CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE
1. Action includes both beneficial and toxic effects on heart
2. Used since 1500 BC for arrow poisoning, emetics, diuretics
and heart tonics.
3. In modern treatment of CCF, atrial fibrillation & flutter
4. M/a: by affecting the availability of intracellular Ca+2 for
myocardial contraction or increasing the sensitivity of
myocardial contractile proteins.
5. Steroid glycosides are invariably employed in the
therapeutic domain primarily for two vital reasons, namely:
(a) to enhance the tone, excitability and above all the
contractibility of the cardiac muscle; and (b) to increase the
diuretic action, due principally to the enhanced renal
circulation (an inherent secondary action).
6. Composed of 2 structures: sugar(glycone) & the non-
sugar(aglycone-steroid) moieties
Aglycone Moiety:
1. Steroid nucleus has –OH grp at 3- & 14- position of which
the sugar attachment uses the 3-OH grp.
2. 14-OH is normally unsubstituted
3. Many genins have –OH grp at 12- & 16- positions.
4. Additional –OH grp influence the partitioning of the cardiac
INTRODUCTION
glycoside into the aqueous media and affect duration of
action.
5. Lactone moiety at C-17 position is an important structural
feature.
6. Size and degree of unsaturation varies with source of
glycoside.
7. Normally plant 5 membered unsaturated lactone while
animal 6 membered.
Glycone Moiety:
1. 1 to 4 sugars are found to be attached to the 3b-OH grp.
2. Sugar includes: L-rhamnose, D-glucose,D-digitoxose, D-
digitalose,D-digginose,D-sarmentose, L-vallarose and D-
fructose.
3. Presence of –CH3CO grp on sugar affects the lippphilic
character and kinetics of entire glycoside.
Cardenolide Bufadienolides
Unsaturated butyrolactone Pyrone ring
ring
Lactone has single double 2 double bond attached at
bond & attached at C-17 of 17^a position
steroidal nucleus
2. 5 membered lactone ring & 6 membered lactone ring &
form a C23 steroid form a C24 steroid
Found in Leguminosae, Found in Liliaceae,
Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae Ranunculaceae family
family
e.g. Digitalis e.g. Squill
1 DIGITALIS (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
Source Dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Linn
Family Scrophulariaceae
Syn. Purple foxglove, Lady’s glove, Finger flower
Histroy The word purpurea has been derived from the purple colour of flowers
Image
England, Germany, France, North America, India, Iraq, Japan, Mexico,
G.S.
Spain, Turkey
1. Biennial herb (a plant which blooms in its second year and then
dies)
2. Good quality of drug is obtained especially from cultivated plant.
3. Flourish best in well drained loose soil preferably of siliceous
origin with some slight shade
4. Plant growing in sunny situation possesses the active qualities of
herb compare to shade by trees.
5. Best grown when allowed to seed itself
Cultivation
6. Seeds should be mixed with fine sand in order to ensure even
distribution.
7. Before sowing soil is sterilized.
8. Sown in spring, the plant is not blossom till the following year.
9. In dry season, sufficient water is supplied.
10. In 1st yr, long stalk with rosette of leaves is produced.
11. True plant shows dull pink or magenta not pale colored or spotted
externally.
1. September to November by hand
Collection
2. Organic matter and discolored leaves are avoided.
3. 3. After collection, leaves should be dried as soon as possible at
60°C.
4. By quick drying, green color of leaves is maintained.
5. Drying is carried out till moisture is NMT 5%.
6. Packed under-pressure in airtight container.
Color Dark grayish green
Odour odourless
Taste bitter
Shape Ovate lanceolate to broadly ovate
Size 10-30 cm long, 4-10 cm wide
Morphology Margin Crenate or dentate
Apex Sub acute
Base decurrent
Upper surface Hairy, slightly pubescent, dark green and little
wrinkled
Lower surface Hairy, grayish green, very pubescent
Microscopy
1. Dorsiventral leaf
2. Plenty of simple covering & glandular trichome on both surfaces
3. Covering trichome: uniseriate, 3-4 celled long, collapsed cells,
acute apex & finely warty cuticle.
4. Glandular trichome: short unicellular stalk, bicellular or rarely
unicellular head
5. Anomocytic(ranunculaceous) stomata
6. Trichome-stomata more in lower surface
7. Pericycle: parenchymatous above & collechymatous below
8. Calcium oxalate crystal absent
Chemical 1. 0.2-0.45% primary & secondary glycosides
4. Constituents 2. Primary: Purpurea glycoside A&B, glucogitoloxin
3. Purpurea Glycoside A (Fresh leaves) digipuridase enzyme hydrolysis Digitoxin
+ Glucose
4. Purpurea Glycoside B (Fresh leaves) digipuridase enzyme hydrolysis Gitoxin +
Glucose
5. Digitoxin on hydrolysis Digitoxigenin + 3 Digitoxose
6. Gitoxin on hydrolysis Gitoxigenin + 3 Digitoxose
7. Verodoxin on hydrolysis Gitaloxigenin + Digitalose
8. Verodoxin found to potentiate activity of digitoxin by synergism
9. Digitoxose, Digitalose-Cardiac glycoside
10. Saponin- digitonin, tigonin, gitonin, luteolin (a flavones responsible for color of
drug and present in leaves)
1. Baljet Test: thick section of leaf + Sodium picrate Yellow to orange
color
Legal Test:Glycoside (dissolved in pyridine) + Sodium nitroprusside (to
Chemical Test make alkaline) Pink to red color
2. Keller-killiani Test: isolate glycoside(dissolved in glacial acetic acid) +
FeCl3 + H2SO4 reddish brown color between two liquids and upper
layer becomes bluish green
5. Heart complaints, internal heamorrhage, inflammatory disease, epilepsy,
acute mania
Uses
Note: it has cumulative effect in the body so the dose has to be decided
very carefully.
Market Lanoxin tablets (Glaxo Smith Kline)
preparation
1. Verbascum thapus: Mullelin leaves, covered with large woolly
branched candelabra trichomes
Adulterants 2. Primula vulgaris: long 8-9 celled covering trichomes
3. Symphytum officinale: comfrey leaves, multicellular trichome
forming hook at the top
1.1 DIGITALIS LANATA (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
Source Dried leaves of Digitalis lanata
Family Scrophulariaceae
Syn. Grecian foxglove
Gain much importance in recent years because of the less cumulative
History
effect ad 3-4 times greater activity than D.purpurea
6. Image
G.S. Central & southern Europe, England, California, India
1. Biennial herb (a plant which blooms in its second year and then
dies) of 0.3-0.6 m
2. Perrenial herb (perennial (Latin per, "through", annus, "year") is a
plant that lives for more than two years)
3. Light(sandy), medium loamy and heavy clay soil
Cultivation 4. Prefers acid-alkaline-neutral soil
5. Can grow in semi-shade or no shade.
6. Dry or moist soil
7. Propagated by seeds
8. Seeds are sown in early spring in a cold frame
9. Germination in 2-4 weeks at 20° C
1. Large enough to handle, seedlings are transplanted into individual
Collection
pots and planted them out in summer
Shape Sessile, linear lanceolate
Size 30 cm long, 4 cm wide
Morphology Margin entire
Apex acuminate
10-14 celled non glandular trichomes
1. Lanatoside A,B,C,E
Chemical
2. Lanatoside A & B: acetyl derivative of purpurea glycoside A & B
Constituents
3. Lanatoside C hydrolysis Digoxin
7. Same like D. purpurea
Commercial source of Digoxin
Uses
Auricular fibrillation, CCF(supervised application)
(S/e: nausea, vomiting, slow pulse, visual disturbance, anorexia & fainting
2 STROPHANTHUS (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
Dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe deprived of their awns
Source
(an awn is either a hair- or bristle-like appendage on a larger structure)
Family Apocynaceae
Syn. Kombe seeds, Strophanti semina
Image
East Africa, near lakes of Nyasaland and Tanganyika, Portugese,
G.S.
Cameroon
-Strophanthus = Strophos ( twisted cord or rope) + anthos ( a flower)
History
Tribals are using this plant as Arrow poison (frog type animal)
8-10% Cardiac glycoside: k-strophanthin (cymarin + k-strophanthin P + k-
Chemical strophanthoside, On hydrolysis strophanthidin, cymarose-methoxy
Constituents digitoxose (sugar)
Mucilage, resin, fixed oil, choline, trigonellin, kombic acid (an acid saponin)
Chemical Test -Baljet Test: thick section of leaf + Sodium picrate Yellow to orange
8. color
-Legal Test:Glycoside (dissolved in pyridine) + Sodium nitroprusside (to
make alkaline) Pink to red color
-Keller-killiani Test: isolate glycoside(dissolved in glacial acetic acid) +
FeCl3 + H2SO4 reddish brown color between two liquids and upper layer
becomes bluish green[cymarose]
- seed + 80% H2SO4 green color
Same as digitalis, adjuvant/ alternative of Digitalis
Uses Diuretic, dropsy
Note: no cumulative effect
3 SQUILL (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
Dried slices of the bulb of white variety Urginea maritima
Source
Red variety: Urginea maritima
Family Liliaceae
Syn. Scillae bulbus, Urginea scilla, Drimia maritime, European Scilla
Image
Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, Southern France, Italy, Dalmatia,
G.S.
Greece, Syria
White variety
Cardiac glycoside: Bufadienolide: Scillaren A (2/3rd of total glycoside
content, responsible for activity ) & Scillaren B
Scillaren A acid hydrolysis Scillarenin + Scillabiose (Glucose +
Rhamnose)
Scillaren A enzyme hydrolysis Proscillaridin A + Glucose
Chemical
Glucoscillaren A: Scillarenin + Rhamnose + Glucose + Glucose
Constituents
Proscillaridin A acid hydrolysis Scillarenin A + Rhamnose
Xanthoscillide, flavonoids, mucilage, Calcium oxalate, sinistrin
(carbohydrate similar to inulin), volatile substances (causing irritation)
Red variety
Anthocyanin (red color), Scilliroside (glycoside which is toxic to rat)
White & Red variety is chemical races.
9. -NOT POSITIVE Baljet Test & Legal Test:
Liberman’s sterol Test: Squill glycoside
Squill mesophyll region: mucilage, calcium oxalate and yellow coloring
matter xanthoscillide is present.
Mucilage not pink color with ruthenium red but stains red with
corallin soda & pale yellow with iodine
Chemical Test Due to mucilage, it is very much susceptible for moisture & with moisture
it forms clumpy mass.
Moisture hydrolyses glycoside content aglycone become less
active
Calcium oxalate, as a bundle of long acicular crystal, which easily
penetrate skin when bulbs are handled, cause intense irritation,
sometimes eruptions
Stimulating, expectorant, diuretic property, cardiac tonic, same like
Uses digitalis (but more irritating to GI mucus membrane), chronic bronchitis,
catarrhal affection, asthma
3.1 INDIAN SQUILL (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
Source Dried slices of the bulb of Urginea indica
Family Liliaceae
Syn. Sea onion, jungali pyaj
Image
G.S. Westernal Himalaya, Konkan, Coramandal coast, Bihar
Chemical Cardiac glycoside similar to European squill, Mucilage in mesophyll cell
Constituents
Mesophyll Colarin solution red.
Chemical Test Mucilage reddish purple with iodine water while European squill does
not
10. Cardiotonic, Expectorant, Stimulant, Diuretic, Cathartic, Bronchodilator &
Uses
anti cancer
4 NERIUM (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
Source Dried seeds and leaves of Nerium indicum
Family Apocynaceae
Syn. Indian Oleander, Kaner,
Image
G.S. USA, India, West indies
Chemical Cardiac Glycoside: Oleandrine, Gitoxigenin, Neridiginosideadynerigenin,
Constituents Terpenoids, Sterols, Tannins, Essential oils
Leaves-cutaneous eruptions, Root paste-Haemorrhoides and ulceration
Uses
Glycoside—paralysing action on heart, stimulating action on spinal cord
5 THEVETIA (CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE)
Source Dried seeds of Thevetia nerifolia (Thevetia peruviana)
Family Apocynaceae
Syn. Yellow Oleander, Lucky nut tree, Trumphet flower
Image
G.S. Mexico, America, India
Kernel-cardioactive glycoside:Thevetia A, Thevetia B (Cerebroside),
Chemical
peruvoside, Nerrifolin, Thevenenin(ruvoside), peruvosidic acid (perusitin)
Constituents
Sugar: L-thevetose, D-Glucose
Entire plant :Poisonous , seeds most toxic, Ticture: Cathartic, febrifuge,
Emetic; Root paste: tumours; Seeds: treatment of rheumatism, dropsy,
Uses abortifacient & purgative
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDE
11. 1. Referred to as “Natural detergent” because of their foamy texture
2. Name derive from soapwort plant (saponaria), the root of which
was used historically as a Soap(Latin sapo-soap)
3. Tendency to froth formation when shaken with water
4. Hemolytic, sneezing effect, toxicity, complex formation with
cholesterol & antibiotic properties.
5. Consists of polycyclic aglycone that is either a choline steroid or
triterpenoid attached via C3 and ether bond to sugar side chain.
6. The aglycone is referred to as the sapogenin and steroid saponins
are called sarsaponins.
7. The ability of saponin to foam is caused by the combination of the
non polar sapogenin and the water soluble side chain.
8. Bitter and reduce the palatability of livestock feeds.
9. If triterpenoid aglycone, taste as glucuronic acid replaces sugar in
triterpenoid.
10. For example, saponins found in oats and spinach increase and
accelerate the body’s ability to absorb Calcium and Silicon, thus
assisting digestion.
11. Composed of Steroidal (C-27) or Triterpenoid (C-30) saponin
nucleus with one more carbohydrate branches.
Chemical Properties:
1. Rarely crystalline & generally amorphous powder with high MW
INTRODUCTION
2. Soluble in water and form colloidal solutions
3. Soluble in ethyl & methyl alcohol
4. Insoluble in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform and
acetone etc.
5. Bitter in taste
6. Non-alkaline in nature
7. Produce sneezing and have property of lowering surface tension
8. Hydrolysed by acids, alkalies to yield aglycone called sapogenin
Physiological Properties:
1. Extremely toxic to fishes but not poisonous to man when taken
orally
2. Very dilute solution of saponins hemolyses RBC (hemolysis takes
place due to the formation of complex with the cholesterol or
erythrocyte membrane causing its destruction (chief property of
saponin, very rarely shown by any other plant product.
3. Accelerate the germination and growth of the seeds.
4. Shows fungicidal, antifertility, molluscidal, blood purifying,
abortifacient, anthelmintic, sedative & antispasmodic effects.
Occurrence:
1. In whole, 75% of the families showed the presence of saponins
2. Function in the plant is as storage in form of carbohydrate and
acts as immune system.
12. 3. Also found in animals: Snake venom, starfish, sea cucumber
TETRACYCLIC TRITERPENOID SAPONIN OR STEROIDAL SAPONINS
1. Used as the raw material for synthesis of Vitamin D, Cardiac
glycoside, Corticoids like betamethasone, cortisone acetate, sex
hormone & contraceptives.
2. Steroidal sapogenin viz. Diosgenin & Hecogenin
INTRODUCTION
3. Distribution in dicot families like Leguminosae, Apocynacea &
Solanaceae
4. Distribution in monocot families like Liliaceae, Dioscoriadaceae &
Amyryllidaceae
6 DIOSCOREA (STEROIDAL SAPONIN)
Dried tubers of Dioscorea deltoidea, D. composita & other species of
Source
Dioscorea
Family Dioscoreaceae
Syn. Yam, Rheumatism root
Image
G.S. North western Himalaya, USA, Mexico
Non-edible as very bitter. Rhizome: 75% starch & phenol; Roots:
Diosgenin (4-6%) steroidal sapogenin, glycoside: smilagenin,
epismilagenin, B-isomer of yammogenin, Enzyme: sapogenase;
Diosgenin is hydrolytic product of saponin dioscin.
Chemical
Constituents
Source of diosgenin (in manufacturing progesterone, steroidal drugs,
Uses
contraceptive ) & in treatment of arthritis
13. 7 ASPARGUS-SHATAVARI (STEROIDAL SAPONIN)
Source Dried tuberous roots of Aspargus racemosus
Family Liliaceae
Syn. Shatavari, Satmuli
Image
Tropical Africa, Java, Australia, India, Sri Lanka and southern parts of
China.
G.S.
In India it is found in plains to 4,000 ft high, in tropical, sub-tropical dry
and deciduous forests and in the Himalayas.
-under-shrub, climbs up to 1-3 m high, with stout and creeping root stock.
-The root occurs in clusters or fascicle at the base of the stem with
succulent and tuberous rootlets.
-The stem is scandent, woody, triquetrous, striate, terete and climbing.
-The young stem is delicate, brittle and smooth.
-The spines are long, sub-recurved or straight.
-Cladodes are in tufts of 2-6 in a node, slender, finely acuminate, falcate
Morphology
divaricate. [A flattened leaflike stem]
-The flowers, solitary or fascicles, simple or branched racemes of 3 cm
long. -The pedicel is slender and jointed in the middle.
-Perianth lobes white, fragrant and 3 mm in length.
-The anthers minute and purple.
-The berry globular or obscurely 3 lobbed, purple-reddish, seeds hard
with brittle testa.
14. Microscopy
Shatavarin I-IV (0.1-0.2%) Aglycone: Sarsapogenin
Shatavarin-I: 3 Glucose + 1 Rhamnose
Shatavarin-IV: 2 Glucose + 1 Rhamnose
Β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, spirostanolic acid, Furostanolic saponins, 4,6-
hydroxy-2-O-(2’-hydroxyl-isobutyl) benzaldehyde, Undecanyl cetanoate,
Chemical
polycyclic alkaloid asparagamine A.
Constituents
Oleaginous, cooling, antispasmodic, indigestible, appetizer, alliterative,
stomach, tonic, aphrodisiac, galactagogue, astringent, antidiarrhoeatic,
Uses antidysenteric, laxative properties and is useful in tumors, Unflammations,
diseases of blood and eye, throat complaints, tuberculosis, leprosy,
epilepsy, night blindness and kidney troubles
Market Menosan, Diabecon (Himalaya)
preparation Mahanarayn tel (Baidynath)
8 AGAVE STEROIDAL SAPONIN
Source Dried leaves of Agave sisalana
Family Agavaceae
Syn. Sisal, sisal fiber
15. Image
G.S. Sub tropical America & Kenya
Agave (derived from greek word, agavos = noble)
History
Sisal (place on the coast of Yucatan)
Chemical Juice & pulp from the leaves: Hecogenin, Smilagenin, Tigogenin
Constituents
-Source of hecogenin & manufacturing of corticosteroids
-demulcent, laxative, gastric ailments, liver disease, infection &
Uses inflammation
[Note: contact may cause allergy, irritation & swelling of tissue]
9 FENUGREEK STEROIDAL SAPONIN
Source Dried seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
Syn. Methi, Greek Hay, Medhika
G.S. India, Europe, US, Africa
Image
Steroidal saponin: Diosgenin & Trigofoenoside A,B,C,D,E,F,G
Chemical
Trigonelloside C, yamogenin tetrosid B & C, coumarin derivative &
Constituents
mucilage, Trigonellin-alkaloid
Anticholesterolemic, Anti-inflammatory, antitumour, carminative,
Uses expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, parasiticide, uterine tonic
-Externally: boils, ulcer, burn
Market Dabur vatika anti-dandruff shampoo (dabur)
Preparation Ayurslim (Himalaya)
10 SMILAX (STEROIDAL SAPONIN)
Dried roots & sometimes rhizomes of species of Smilax
Source
Mexican (S. aristolochiaefolia), Honduras (S.regelii), Peruvianr
16. (S.febrifuga), India (S.zeylanica), China (S.china)
Family Liliaceae (Modern: Smilacaceae)
Syn. Sarsaparilla
Image
G.S. Central & south America, China, India
Sarsaparilla = Zarza (thorny shrub) + Parilla (grape vine)
History
Thorny stem of the plant
Steroidal Saponin: Smilagenin, Sarsapogenin (differ in configuration at C-
25)
Chemical
-reduced form of Diosgenin & yamogenin
Constituents
-parillin (sarsaponin + sarsasaponoside) hydrolysis sarsapogenin + 3
glucose + rhamnose
-syphilis, rheumatism, skin diseases, psoriasis, eczema
Uses -vehicle in non-alcoholic drink
-genin-partial synthesis of cortisone & other steroids
PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENOID SAPONINS
17. 1. The group contains the sapogenins with pentacyclic triterpenoids
nucleus which is linked with sugars and uronic acids. The sapogenins
are furthered divided in to α-amyrin, β-amyrin & Lupeol.
2. Important derivative of this group is triterpenoid acid formed via
substitution of carboxylic acid group at C4, C17 & C20 positions.
INTRODUCTION
11 LIQUORICE (SAPONIN GLYCOSIDE)
Dried peeled or unpeeled roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra & Glycyrrhiza
Source
species
Family Leguminosae
Syn. Radix Glycyrrhizae, Sweet licorice, Mulethi,Jethimadh
The word Glycyrrhiza has been derived from the Greek origin that means sweet
History root; and glabra means smooth and usually refers to the smooth, pod-like fruit
of this particular species.
Image
18. G.S. China, Europe, Iraq, India, Japan, Spain, Turkey, US
-Deep well cultivated fertile moistened retentive soil for good root production
-prefers a sandy soil with abundant moisture and does not flourish in clay.
-slightly alkaline condition gives best production
Cultivation -thrives in maritime climate
-propagated using seeds and roots
-seeds are presoaked for 24 h in warm water and then sown in spring or autumn
in a green house
-The roots are usually harvested after 3 to 4 years from its plantation when they
mostly display enough growth.
-The rhizomes and roots are normally harvested in the month of October,
particularly from all such plants that have not yet borne the fruits, thereby
ascertaining maximum sweetness of the sap.
-The rootlets and buds are removed manually and the drug is washed with
Collection & running water.
Preparation -The drug is first dried under the sun and subsequently under the shade till it
loses almost 50% of its initial weight.
-The large thick roots of the Russian Liquorice are usually peeled before drying. -
It is an usual practice in Turkey, Spain and Israel to extract a substantial quantity
of the drug with water, the resulting liquid is filtered and evaporated under
vacuo and the concentrated extract is molded either into sticks or other suitable
forms.
Color Unpeeled Liquorice-Externally, yellowish brown or dark brown;
and internally, yellowish colour
Odour Faint and characteristic
Morphology
Shape Unpeeled drug—Straight and nearly cylindrical Peeled drug—
Mostly angular
Size Length 20 to 50 cm; Diameter 2 cm
19. Taste Sweet
Fracture Fibrous in bark; and splintery in the wood
Microscopy
-Glycyrrhizin (6-8%) is found to be 50 times as sweet as sugar.
- Glycyrrhizin upon hydrolysis loses its sweet taste and gives rise to the aglycone
glycyrrhetinic acid (glycyrrhetic acid) together with two moles of glucuronic acid.
-Color of drug is due to Chalcone glycoside-isoliquiritin
-A host of other chemical constituents essentially include are namely: coumarin
derivatives e.g., umbelliferone and herniarin; flavonoid glycoside e.g.,
liquiritoside; isoliquiritoside, liquiritin; isoliquiritin, rhanoliquiritin, and
rhamnoisoliquiritin; Usparagines; 22-33-dihyrostigmasterol; glucose; mannitol and
about 20% of starch. Interestingly, carbenoxolone, which is an oleandane
Chemical derivative
Constituents
Chemical Section/Powder + 80% H2SO4 orange yellow color
Test (transformation of flavones glycoside liquiritin to chalcone glycoside isoliquiritin
-demulscent and expectorant;
-as a masking agent for bitter drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, such as:
Uses
quinine, aloe, ammonium chloride etc.
-Ammoniated glycyrrhiza: as a flavouring agent in beverages, pharmaceuticals
20. and confectionary.
- The inherent surfectant activity due to the presence of saponins helps to
facilitate the absorption of poorly absorbed drugs, for instance: anthraquinone
glycosides.
-It is invariably added to beer to form stable and enhanced foaminess.
-It imparts a distinct and characteristic bitter tastte to a number of beverages,
such as: stout, root beer and porter.
-The presence of glycyrrhetinic acid exert mineralocorticoid activity and hence it
is used in the treatment of inflamations, rhematoid arthritis and Addison’s
disease.
- liquid extract: as a foam stabilizer in the foam type-fire-extinguisher & in the
treatment of peptic ulcer.
- In Europe the glycyrrhetic acid: in dermatological formulations; anti-
iinflammatory properties.
1. Glycyrrhiza uralansis, also known as Manchurian Liquorice, which is pale
Substitutes chocholate brown in appearance having wavy medullary rays and
& exfoliated cork This
Adulterants 2. Russian Liquorice is also used as an adulterant, because the drug is
purplish in appreance, has long roots but having no stolons.
12 QUILLAIA (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
Source Dried inner bark of Quillaia saponaria and other species of Quillaia
Family Rosaceae
Syn. Soap bark, Panama wood, China bark, Cortex quillaiae
Image
G.S. South America i.e., Peru and Chile. It is also cultivated in Northern India.
The generic name is derived from the Chilean word quillean= to wash, from the
History
use made of the bark
-Saponin (10%), quillaic acid, Calcium oxalate, starch, sucrose, tannin
Chemical
-Quillaia saponin on hydrolysis pentacyclic triterpenoid, quillaic acid (quillaia
Constituents
sapogenin), a sugar glucuronic acid & gypsogenin
21. 1. Powdered drug + water shaking produce soap like froth which
Chemical
persists for some time.
Test
2. Drug + blood drop hemolytic zone formation
-emulsifying agent, for coal tar emulsion, cleansing industrial equipments,
washing delicate fabrics, to prepare tooth powder-tooth paste, hair shampoo,
hair tonic, tar solution & metal polishes.
-added in topical preparation for skin disorders and as a protective agents for
Uses
cracks, bruises, frostbite and insect bites.
[Drug is highly irritating & causing nausea-and expectorant on internal
consumption.]
-Diuretic & cutaneous stimulant
13 GINSENG (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
Dried roots of Panax ginseng (Korea) and other species of Panax
Source P. japonicas (Japan), P. pseudoginseng (Himalaya), P. quinquefolius (American),
P. trifolius (Dwarf), P. vietnamensis (Vietnamese), P. notoginseng (Chinese)
Family Araliaceae
Syn. Ninjin, Pannag, Energofit
Image
G.S. Korea, China, Russia now cultivated in Japan, Canada & US
The term panax (derived from greek) panaceae = cure all
History The term ginseng (derived from chinese) shen sang = man root
Shape of human body
- Ginsenosides, Panaxosides and Chikusetsu Saponins.
Chemical
- Ginsenoside consists of aglycone dammarol
Constituents
- Panaxoside have aglycone as oleanolic acid
22. - Starch, Gum, Resin, volatile oil, flavonoids, sesqui terpenoids
-important immunomodulatory drug, increase natural resistance and overcome
illness
-both stimulant & sedative property
Uses -aphordiasic & adrenal & thyroid disfuntioning
-blood sugar, anaemia, gastritis etc
[toxic on prolonged usage
14 BACOPA (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
Source Fresh leaves and stem of Bacopa monnieri (Herpestis monnieri)
Family Scrophulariaceae
Syn. Jalbrahmi, Neerbrahmi
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G.S. Throughout India in wet, damp & marshy places up to 1200 m elevation
-saponin glycosides known as bacoside A and bacoside B
-on acid hydrolysis triterpenoid aglycone bacogenin A and bacogenin B
- asiatic acid and brahmic acid
Chemical
Constituents
23. - treatment of insanity and epilepsy, asthma
Uses - potent nervetonic, cardiotonic and diuretic
- mild laxative.
15 HYDROCOTYL (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
Source dried aerial parts of Centella asiatica (Hydrocotyl asiatica)
Family Umbelliferae
Syn. Indian pennywort, Mangosteen,Mandukparni
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G.S. India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Madagaskar
-tri terpenoid saponin glycoside in form of α-amyrin derivative:
asiaticoside,madecassoside
- Asiaticoside hydrolysis asiatic acid + 2 glucose + rhamnose
-Madecassoside hydrolysis madecassic acid + 2 glucose + rhamnose
Chennai & Lucknow variety Brahmoside, Brahminoside hydrolysis brahmic
acid & iso brahmic acid , arabinose, glucose, rhamnose
Chemical
Constituents
-nervine tonic, spasmolytic, anti anxiety, anti-stress, sedative
Uses
-skin diseases, leprosy, syphilis
Market -Iqmen (Lupin)
preparation -Abana, Menosan (Himalaya)
16 ACACIA CONCINNA (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
Source Dried seed of Acacia concinna
Family Mimosaceae (Touch me not)
Syn. Shikakai, Soap Pod
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G.S. India
-hydrolysis lupeol, spinasterol, acacic acid, lactone
-sugar: glucose, arabinose and rhamnose.
Chemical
-hexacosanol, spinasterone, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid,
Constituents
ascorbic acid
-alkaloids calyctomine and nicotine.
-"fruit for the hair" as it has a naturally mild pH, that gently cleans the hair
without stripping it of natural oils.
- control dandruff, promoting hair growth and strengthening hair roots.
Uses
- leaves are used in malarial fever,
-decoction of the pods are used to relieve biliousness and acts as a purgative.
- An ointment, prepared from the ground pods, is good for skin diseases.
17 SAPINDUS (TRI TERPENOID SAPONIN)
Source Dried fruits of Sapindus saponaria
Family Sapindaceae
Syn. Indian soap plant, Reetha
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G.S. Brazil, India-Himalaya to Assam
Chemical Hederagenin-aglycone, saponin, cyano genetic glycoside, cyclitols (shikimic acid),
Constituents Oleic acid
Uses In shampoo manufacturing, purgative, anthelmintic, anti spasmodic