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Chapter8
1. Understanding Intercultural
Communication Second Edition
Chapter 8
What Causes us to Hold Biases Against
Outgroups?
Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva C. Chung
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
PowerPoint Slides Designed by Alex Flecky and Noorie Baig
2. TODAY’S MENU
I. Human Perception Tendencies:
Some General Principles
II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes
III. Marking Ingroup/Outgroup
Membership Boundaries
IV. Shattered Lens: Prejudice,
Discrimination, and Racism
V. Intercultural Reality Check: Do-
3. I. Human Perception Tendencies:
Some
General Principles
Human perception:
• Process of selecting cues quickly from the
environment, organizing them into a
coherent pattern and labeling that pattern,
and interpreting that pattern in
accordance with our expectation.
Quick three-step process:
• Selective attention
• Selective organization and labeling
• Selective interpretation.
5. II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes
A. Ethnocentrism and Communication
Ethnocentrism: derived from two Greek
words:
Ethno: ―one’s own ethnic or cultural
group‖
Centrism: ―One’s own group should be
looked upon as the center of the world‖
Degrees of ethnocentrism:
• Distance of disparagement (high ethnocentrism)
• Distance of avoidance (moderate
ethnocentrism)
6. II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes
Developmental Model of Intercultural
Sensitivity (DMIS)
Developed by Janet Bennett & Milton Bennett
A Popular Intercultural Training Model:
• Three states of ethnocentrism
• Three states in development of ethnorelativism
7. II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity
8. II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes
Stereotype content model (SCM):
Formed along two dimensions:
• Perception of warmth dimension
• Perception of competence dimension
9. II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes
A Two-Dimensional Stereotype Content Model
10. II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes
Stereotyping is inevitable; key is to
distinguish between inflexible and
flexible stereotyping.
• Inflexible stereotyping: holds onto negative
stereotypes by operating on automatic pilot.
• Flexible stereotyping: ―mindfully minding
our mind.‖
11. II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism and
Stereotypes
Table 8.1
Inflexible Stereotyping Flexible Stereotyping
Automatic pilot Mindful of
reaction categorization
Rigid categories Open-ended categories
Premature closure First best-guesses
Polarized evaluations Loose interpretations
Information distortion Information openness
Unwilling to change Willingness to change
categories categories
12. II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism
and Stereotypes
Click here to view UCLA student Alexandra
Wallace’s rant on Asian students in the library
• What are your interpretations?
• Apology accepted? Forgive & forget? Forgive but not
forget?
Click here to view Jimmy Wong’s reaction to
Alexandra Wallace
• What did you think of Wong’s response to Alex?
13. II. Biased Intergroup Filters:
Ethnocentrism
and Stereotypes
B. Stereotypes and Communication
Stereotypes:
• Exaggerated pictures about a group of people
on the basis of inflexible beliefs and
expectations about the characteristics or
behaviors of the group.
• What are some factors that shape
stereotypes?
Click here to view a clip from The Color of Friendship
15. III. Marking Ingroup-Outgroup
Membership Boundaries
A. Us versus Them
Social identity theory:
Study of ingroup, outgroup membership,
how emotional attachment to social
group plays key role in forming
social/personal identity.
Ingroup: feel connected to.
Outgroup: feel emotionally and psychologically
detached.
16. III. Marking Ingroup/Outgroup
Membership Boundaries
B. Group Membership Struggle
C. Intergroup Attribution Biases
Attributions: the explanations—the
meanings of why people behave as
they do.
• Fundamental attribution error
• Principle of negativity
• Favorable self-bias and other-derogation
principle
• Self-effacement bias
17. III. Marking Ingroup/Outgroup
Membership Boundaries
Media Analysis: Crash film clip
Reflection Questions:
• Where did the wife acquire her fear and
biases?
• Do you think stereotypes—both negative
and positive—have their place? How so?
• Where do we learn our stereotypes?
18. IV. Shattered Lens: Prejudice,
Discrimination, and Racism
Prejudice:
Describes an individual’s feelings and
predispositions toward outgroup members
in a pejorative or negative direction, but can
also mean the opposite: One can be
indiscriminately for or against members of a
particular group.
Four explanations for development of
prejudice:
• Exploitation theory
• Scapegoating theory
19. IV. Shattered Lens: Prejudice,
Discrimination, and Racism
B. Prejudiced Remarks . . .or Innocent
Jokes?
Click here to watch a clip on how some ingroup
members treat their own members like outgroup
members.
Where to draw the line question is difficult to
answer. . .
Click here to move toward the conscious competence
stage with respect to stereotyping, prejudice and
discrimination.
20. IV. Shattered Lens: Prejudice,
Discrimination, and Racism
C. Four Discriminatory Practices
Discrimination:
Verbal and nonverbal actions that carry out
prejudiced attitudes. Four practices:
• Isolate discrimination:
• Small-group discrimination
• Direct institutional discrimination
• Indirect institutional discrimination
21. IV. Shattered Lens: Prejudice,
Discrimination, and Racism
D. Different Types of Racism
Racism involves three principles:
• Feelings of superiority based on biological or
racial differences;
• Strong ingroup preferences and the rejection of
outgroups, different in customs or beliefs; and
• Doctrine that conveys special advantage to
those in power.
Three basic examples of racism:
• Racial profiling
• Perpetuating stereotypic images
• Hate crimes
22. V. Intercultural Reality Check: Do-
Ables
• Be honest about your own biases.
• Understand where you learn your
stereotypes.
• Seek accurate identity membership
knowledge.
• Get involved in diverse identity
communities.
• Cultivate constructive, intergroup contacts.
• Work on positive, interdependent task
23. Parting Thoughts…
In spite of everything I still believe that people are
really good at heart.
I simply can't build up my hopes on a foundation
consisting of confusion, misery and death.
~ Anne Frank