Report for Science Technology and Society(STS) hope you like it! The first 10 slides are motivation so its not really inportant.

1. Science Technology and
Society
July 28, 2013
Aiza Mae Bernabe
4/BSE/A Physical Science Major1

2. What is our partner in work?
July 28, 20132

3. What is our partner in work?
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4. What is our partner in work?
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5. They are like our signature…
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6. How far can you go?
1+3=
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20-9=
4 x 6 =
45 ÷ 5 =√16 =
62 = 364
11
24
94

7. July 28, 20137

8. July 28, 20138

9. July 28, 20139

10. It’s Use in education
 In most countries, students use calculators for schoolwork.
 There was some initial resistance to the idea out of fear
that basic arithmetic skills would suffer.
 There remains disagreement about the importance of the
ability to perform calculations "in the head", with some
curricula restricting calculator use until a certain level of
proficiency has been obtained, while others concentrate
more on teaching estimation techniques and problem-
solving.
 Research suggests that inadequate guidance in the use of
calculating tools can restrict the kind of mathematical
thinking that students engage in.
July 28, 201310

11. Where did calculator came from?
History
Of
Calculato
r
July 28, 201311

12.  The abacus also
called a counting
frame, is a
calculating tool
used primarily in
parts of Asia for
performing arithmet
ic processes.
 the Sumerian, Ancie
nt
Egypt, Persians, Gre
ek
July 28, 201312

13. July 28, 201313
Roman abacus
Chinese abacus
dates to the 2nd
century BC
”Suanpan”

14.  n Japanese, the
abacus is
called soroban impor
ted from China
around 1600.
July 28, 201314
Native American
“Inca quipu”

15. Abacus
 The first calculator
 Today it is still debated whether the
Babylonians or the Chinese invented it.
 Used before written numeral system
invented.
 Constructed from a wooden frame with
beads sliding on wires.
 Still used by some merchants, fishermen
and clerks in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere.
July 28, 201315

16. c1600 - Napier's
bones
 An abacus created
by John Napier for
calculation.
 Invented in 1614.
 Used for multiplication and division.
 "Napier's bones" invented by John Napier
for multiplication, based on the ancient
numerical scheme known as the Arabian
lattice.
July 28, 201316

17. 1622 - Slide rule.
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William Gunter developed a logarithmic rule for
multiplication and division using dividers, which
was the forerunner of the slide rule.
Invented in 1622 by William Oughtred.
Allows multiplication and division operations to be
carried out significantly faster.
People who sent the space shuttle Apollo to the
moon used the
slide rule for
their calculations
which was in
1961.

18. 1623 Calculating Clock
 Invented in 1623 by
Wihelm Schickard.
 Known as the first
mechanical calculator.
 The calculator was
made from cogs and
gears which were
normally used for clocks.
 It was the size of a typewriter.
 It could add, subtract, multiply, and divide to up
to six-digit numbers.
July 28, 201318

19. 1642 - the Pascaline
o Capable of addition,
subtraction was performed
by nines-complement
addition, and multiplication
was performed by repeated
additions and subtractions.
 Invented by Blaise Pascal
 Pascal invented it to reduce his father’s tax work
load.
 Used for taxes in France until 1799 July 28, 201319

20. 1820 - Arithmometer
July 28, 2013
 Inventor: Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar
 The arithmometer was the first commercially successful
calculating machine to complete all four basic operations —
addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division — according to IBM.
Like Hahn, Thomas also based his calculator on the stepped
drum mechanism of Leibniz.
The machine featured a second
result display for subtraction and
division as well as a multiplication
gear.20

21.  W.T. Odhner in Sweden independently develops
the pin-wheel calculator, the first of the long
series of Odhner calculators. Since then, many
calculating machines have used the same
principle.
July 28, 201321
1874 - Odhner calculators

22.  Dorr E. Felt invents
The Comptometer,
the first succesfull
key-driven adding and
calculating machine. In 1886 he joined with
Robert Tarrant to form the Felt & Tarrant
Manufacturing Company which went on to
make thousands of Comptometers
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1884 - Comptometer

23. 1900-1975
Madas 20BZS
 Madas 20BZS, a
typical electrically
driven, stepped-
gear calculator with
automatic
multiplication and
division.
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24. 1948 - Curta
 Curta miniature hand-
held mechanical
calculator introduced.
One of the few major
innovations in
mechanical calculators
in the mid 20th century.
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25. 1961
 The first electronic
desktop calculators. They
use vacuum tubes.
 The world's first
electronic desktop
calculators were
announced by the Bell
Punch
Co., Uxbridge, England -
theAnita Mk VII for the
continental European
market and theAnita Mk
8 for other markets.
These models used cold-
cathode vacuum tubes
and numerical display
("Nixie" type) tubes. July 28, 201325

26. 1963-1964
 First commercial all-
transistor desktop
calculators: Friden
EC130 & EC132,
 Mathatron, IME 84,
 Sharp CS10A.
 Prices comparable to
that of family cars.
July 28, 201326

27. 1969
 First battery powered, hand-
held, electronic calculator.
 First calculator using just LSI
(Large Scale Integration)
chips - Sharp QT-8D, with
ICs by Rockwell. Size &
weight much
reduced, calculator now
portable.
 First battery powered, hand-
held calculator - Sharp QT-
8B.
 Green fluorescent tube
displays introduced .
July 28, 201327

28. 1970
 Hand-held calculators take off.
 First shirt pocket sized electronic calculator.
 All very expensive.
 Some of the first hand-held calculators:
Canon Pocketronic,
 Sanyo ICC-0081 ,
 Sharp EL-8, but very expensive.
 First use of "calculator on a chip" introduced by Mostek
of Dallas - used in Busicom Junior(desk calculator) and
allows the production of the first shirt pocket sized
electronic calculator, the Busicom LE-120A.
 First use of LED (Light Emitting Diode) displays used
in Busicom LE-120A. July 28, 201328

29. July 28, 201329

30. 1971
 First calculator to
use a
microprocessor.
 First
microprocessor -
Intel 4004 - was
designed for and
used in Busicom
141-PF desk
calculator
July 28, 201330

31. 1972
 Rapid development of electronic calculators, and reduction in
price.
 First scientific pocket calculator introduced - Hewlet-Packard
HP35.
 Ultra-thin Sinclair Executive launched.
 Many new companies entering the calculator business and prices
dropping rapidly.
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Device) displays appear briefly in a version
giving silver-reflective numbers, including:
Lloyds Accumatic 100,
 Rapidman 1208LC.
 The Sharp EL-801 sees the first use of C-MOS (Complementary
Metal-oxide Semiconductor) integrated circuits in a calculator.July 28, 201331

32. July 28, 201332

33. 1973
 First Sharp "COS"
(Crystal on Substrate)
reflective LCD
calculators, including E
L-805S
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34. 1974
 Texas Instruments awarded
patent for "miniature
electronic calculator", based
on the "CalTech".
 The Hewlett Packard HP65 is
the first hand-held
programmable calculator.
July 28, 201334

35. 1978
 First solar-powered and
first credit card sized
calculators.
 The first solar powered
calculators were
introduced, the Royal
Solar 1, Teal Photon, and
Sharp EL-8028.
 The Casio Mini Card LC-
78 is the first credit card
sized calculator. July 28, 201335

36. 1980
 First hand-held
computer
 The Sharp PC1211 /
Tandy TRS80 PC-1 is
the first hand-held
computer; it has a
QWERTY keypad and
runs the BASIC
language.
July 28, 201336

37. 1985: First Graphing
Calculator
Device Name: Casio fx-7000G
Inventor: Casio
A Brief History: The Casio
fx-7000G was developed with
422 bytes of memory and could
store up to ten programs in 10
program slots, according to the
Computing History website. It offered 82 scientific
functions, and its display could toggle between 8 lines of 16
characters each or a 64x96 dot matrix graphical display.
 Interesting Fact: Today’s graphing calculators like the TI-
83 kept the fx-7000G’s display format. July 28, 201337

38.  2003: First Graphing Calculator with Touch
Functionality
 Photo Credit: Gumtree
 Device Name: Sharp EL-9650
 Inventor: Sharp
 A Brief History: When most
people think of touch devices, they
think of using their fingers, but Sharp broke the mold by
debuting the first stylus-based graphing calculator, according
to Tech Powered Math. Sharp, unfortunately, didn’t find much
success with the model.
 Interesting Fact: The EL-9650 had a slideshow
functionality that allowed teachers to walk through pre-
programmed lessons and formulas on the calculator.
July 28, 201338

39. 2010: First Color Graphing Calculator
Device Name: Casio PRIZM
Inventor: Casio
A Brief History: While the world
of mobile devices quickly moved to
full-color screens in the early 2000s,
it took a while for graphing calculators
to catch up. Casio’s PRIZM calculator,
with its advanced, 216x384 resolution,
full-color display, debuted in late 2010.
Texas Instruments soon followed with its own color
calculator, the TI-NSpire Cx, in early 2011. Students could finally
bid good-bye to the monochrome, low-pixel displays of years past.
 Interesting Fact: The PRIZM allows students to create graphs
over images, which helps them understand the real-world
applications of the work they’re doing on their graphing
calculators. July 28, 201339

40. July 28, 201340
Thank
You for
Listening!