forest fire - one of the hazards for environmental development

1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT – BASIC
CONCEPTS & FRAMEWORK
Dr. A.D. Kaushik
National Institute of Disaster Management
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India
New Delhi-110002
adkaushik@gmail.com

2. W hat makes South Asia
unique?

7. DEFINITION OF DISASTER
A SERIOUS DISRUPTION OF THE
FUNCTIONING OF A SOCIETY,
CAUSING WIDESPREAD HUMAN,
MATERIAL, OR ENVIRONMENTAL
LOSSES WHICH EXCEED THE ABILITY
OF THE AFFECTED SOCIETY TO COPE
USING ONLY ITS OWN RESOURCES

8. Contd...
• THE UNITED NATION DEFINES
DISASTER AS “THE
OCCURRENCE OF A SUDDEN OR
MAJOR MISFORTUNE WHICH
DISRUPTS THE BASIC FABRIC
AND NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF
A SOCIETY (COMMUNITY).”

9. DEFINITION OF HAZARD
A RARE OR EXTREME NATURAL
OR HUMAN-MADE EVENT THAT
THREATENS TO ADVERSELY
AFFECT HUMAN LIFE, PROPERTY
OR ACTIVITY TO THE EXTENT OF
CAUSING A DISASTER

10. Risk
Risk is a measure of the expected
losses due to a hazard event of a
particular magnitude occurring in
a given area over a specific time
period. The level of risk depends
upon:
• Nature of the hazard.
• Vulnerability of affected elements.
• Economic value of affected elements.

11. Vulnerability of India
Indian sub-continent is amongst
the world’s most disaster
vulnerable areas with:
• 57% area to earthquake.
• 28% to drought.
• 8% to cyclones and
• 12% to floods.
• 18% to landslides
• 50% area to forest fire

12. Types of Vulnerability
• Physical Vulnerability
• Social Vulnerability.
• Economic Vulnerability
• Political

13. Vulner ability
Capacity to Cope
High Low
Exposure
to Hazard High Low High
Vulnerability Vulnerability
Low Very Low Low
Vulnerability Vulnerability

14. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Disaster
Preparedness
Relief
Mitigation
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction

15. A DISASTER AS THE INTERFACE BETWEEN
NATURAL HAZARDS AND VULNERABLE
CONDITIONS
Disaster
The Progression of Vulnerability Hazard
1 2 3
Underlying Causes Dynamic pressures Unsafe conditions
Lack of
Poverty •Local institutions Fragile physical Trigger events
Limited access to •education environment
•Power structures •training •dangerous locations Disaster
•Earthquake
•resources
•appropriate skills •dangerous buildings = •High winds
•local investment and infrastructure
Ideologies •local markets
Vulnerability •Flooding
Fragile local + •Volcanic eruption
Economic systems •press freedom
economy Hazard
•Landslide
General pre- Macro-forces •livelihoods at risk •Drought
•population expansion •War, civil conflict
conditioning •urbanization
•low income levels
•Technological
factors •environmental Public actions accident
•degradation

16. Type of Disasters
High Powered Committee (HPC)
identified 33 disasters in the
country, categorized into five sub
groups:
• Water and Climate related disasters.
• Geologically related disasters.
• Chemical, Industrial & Nuclear related
disasters.
• Accident related disasters.
• Biologically related disasters.

17. DISASTERS IDENTIFIED BY HPC
I. WATER AND CLIMATE RELATED DISASTERS
1. Floods
2. Cyclones
3. Tornadoes
4. Hailstorm
5. Cloud Burst
6. Heat Wave and Cold Wave
7. Snow Avalanches
8. Droughts
9. Sea Erosion
10. Thunder and Lightning
11. Tsunami (added ?)

18. II. GEOLOGICALLY RELATED
DISASTERS
1. Landslides and Mudflows
2. Earthquakes
3. Dam Failures/ Dam Bursts
4. Mine Fires
III. CHEMICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND
NUCLEAR
• Chemical and Industrial Disasters
• Nuclear Disasters

19. IV. ACCIDENT RELATED
DISASTERS
1. For est Fir es
2. Urban Fir es
3. Mine Flooding
4. Oil Spill
5. Major Building Collapse
6. Serial Bomb Blasts
7. Festival r elated disaster s
8. Electrical Disaster s and Fir es
9. Air, Road and Rail Accidents
10. Boat Capsizing
11. V illa ge Fir e

20. V. BIOLOGICALLY RELATED DISASTERS
1. Biological Disasters and Epidemics
2. Pest Attacks
3. Cattle Epidemics
4. Food Poisoning

21. DM POLICY FRAMEWORK:
PARADIGM SHIFT (Yokohama 1994)
• Change from response & relief centric to
mitigation & preparedness
• Multi dimensional , multi sectoral and Multi
Tier approach with emphasis on
incorporating risk reduction measures in
development planning

22. NODAL MINISTRIES
• Natural Disasters (Flood, Tsunami, Cyclone,
Earthquake etc.)- Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA)
• Drought-Ministry of Agriculture
• Biological Disasters-Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare
• Chemical Disasters-Ministry of Environment &
Forests (MoEF)
• Forest related Disasters- MoEF
• Nuclear Disasters-Ministry of Atomic Energy
• Air Accidents-Ministry of Civil Aviation
• Railway Accidents-Ministry of Railways….

23. INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM AT
NATIONAL LEVEL
• In the event of a disaster of a severe nature, National
Crisis Management Committee under Cabinet Secretary
gives policy directions and guidelines to the Crisis
Management Group where national/international efforts
are required.
• Crisis Management Group in MHA reviews the situation
in Inter-Ministerial meetings to coordinate various
emergency support functions for the affected States.
• Union Cabinet may set up a Cabinet Committee/Task
Force/GoM for effective coordination of relief measures in
the wake of calamities of severe nature.

24. INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM AT
STATE LEVEL
• A State level Crisis Management Committee
under the Chairmanship of Chief Secretary is
responsible for emergency management
• The committee comprises of concerned
functionaries in various State Departments and
representatives of Central Organizations located in
the State.
• State Relief/Disaster Management Commissioner
is the Nodal Officer for Coordinating the activities
for relief operations in the event of natural disasters

25. DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT 2005
• The Disaster Management Act was enacted on 23rd
December,2005. The Act provides for establishment of
• NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority)
• SDMA (State Disaster Management Authority)
• DDMA (District Disaster Management Authority)
• Act provides for constitution of Disaster Response Fund
and Disaster Mitigation Fund at National, State and
District level.
• Establishment of NIDM and NDRF.
• Provides penalties for obstruction, false claims,
misappropriation etc.
• There shall be no discrimination on the ground of sex,
caste, community, descent or religion in providing
compensation and relief.

26. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT
AUTHORITY (NDMA)
 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
headed by the Prime Minister with up to a maximum of
nine members nominated by Prime Minister.
 The Authority may constitute an Advisory Committee
consisting of experts in the field of disaster
management.
 The Authority shall be assisted by a National Executive
Committee of Secretaries to be constituted by Central
Government.

27. NDMA Cont.
• Lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster
management.
• The National Executive Committee shall prepare a
National Disaster Management Plan in consultation
with the State Governments.
• The National Plan shall include measures for
• prevention and mitigation of disasters,
• integration of mitigation measures in the plans,
• preparedness and capacity building.
• NDMA shall recommend guidelines for the minimum
standards of relief provided to persons affected by
disaster

28. STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
AUTHORITY (SDMA)
 SDMA with eight members to be nominated by the
Chief Minister and the Chairperson of the State
Executive Committee.
 One of the members may be designated as the Vice-
Chairperson of the State Authority by the Chief
Minister.
 SDMA may constitute an Advisory Committee of
experts, as and when necessary.

29. DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT
AUTHORITY (DDMA)
 The State Government shall establish a District
Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) in each
district.
 The District Authority will be headed by District
Magistrate and shall consist of members, not exceeding
seven, as may be prescribed by the State Government.
 The District Authority shall act as the district planning,
coordinating and implementing body for disaster
management.

30. LOCAL AUTHORITY
 The Local Authority shall ensure training of its officers
and employees and maintenance of resources so as to
be readily available for use in the event of a disaster.
 Ensure that all construction projects under it conform
to the standards and specifications laid down.
 Carry out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities in the affected area within its jurisdiction.

31. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT (NIDM)
The Central Government shall constitute the National
Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) , Chapter 7
of DM Act
NIDM shall:
 plan and promote training and research in disaster
management
 Start documentation, development of national level
information base of disaster management policies,
prevention mechanisms, mitigation measures.
 Networking

32. NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE
FORCE (NDRF)
 A National Disaster Response Force shall be constituted
for specialist response.
 The general superintendence and direction of the Force
shall be vested in and exercised by the National
Authority.
 Command and supervision of the Force shall vest in an
officer to be appointed by the Central Government as
the Director General of the NDRF

33. NDRF Cont.
 , Biological and Chemical Disasters 8 Battalion (8x
1158) of National Response Force raised
 Each battalion consist of 18 specialist response team
besides other supporting staff
 Each Specialist Response Team of 45 persons
comprising
4 SAR Team
1 Medical Support Team
1 Technical Support Team
1 Dog Squad
 Each battalion to have 1 diving and 1 Water Rescue
Team
 Four of these battalion to specialize on Nuclear

34. NATIONAL POLICY ON
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 The National Policy on Disaster Management
(2009) has been finalized and approved by Home
Minister.
 Inter-Ministerial consultation process has been
completed.
 The Policy is now under consideration of NDMA.
 Draft Policy lays down the roadmap/direction for
all Government endeavors.

35. OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL POLICY
ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• A holistic and pro-active approach for prevention, mitigation and
preparedness will be adopted for disaster management.
• Each Ministry/Department of the Central/State Government will set
apart an appropriate quantum of funds under the Plan for specific
schemes/projects addressing vulnerability reduction and
preparedness.
• Where there is a shelf of projects, projects addressing mitigation will
be given priority. Mitigation measures shall be built into the on-going
schemes/programmes
• Each project in a hazard prone area will have mitigation as an
essential term of reference. The project report will include a statement
as to how the project addresses vulnerability reduction

36. National Policy Cont.
• Community involvement and awareness generation, particularly that
of the vulnerable segments of population and women has been
emphasized as necessary for sustainable disaster risk reduction. This is
a critical component of the policy since communities are the first
responders to disasters and, therefore, unless they are empowered and
made capable of managing disasters, any amount of external support
cannot lead to optimal results.
• There will be close interaction with the corporate sector,
nongovernmental organizations and the media in the national efforts
for disaster prevention/vulnerability reduction.
• Institutional structures/appropriate chain of command will be built up
and appropriate training imparted to disaster managers at various
levels to ensure coordinated and quick response at all levels; and
development of inter-State arrangements for sharing of resources
during emergencies.
• A culture of planning and preparedness is to be inculcated at all levels
for capacity building measures.

37. NP on DM Cont.
• Standard operating procedures and disaster management plans at
state and district levels as well as by relevant central government
departments for handling specific disasters will be laid down.
• Construction designs must correspond to the requirements as laid
down in relevant Indian Standards.
• All lifeline buildings in seismic zones III, IV & V – hospitals,
railway stations, airports/airport control towers, fire station
buildings, bus stands major administrative centre will need to be
evaluated and, if necessary, retro-fitted.
• The existing relief codes in the States will be revised to develop
them into disaster management codes/manuals for
institutionalizing the planning process with particular attention to
mitigation and preparedness.

38. NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
STRUCTURE

39. MAJOR PHASES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Disaster
Preparedness
Relief
Mitigation
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction

40. LINKING DISASTERS AND
DEVELOPMENT
• The cause and effect relationship
between disasters and development
has been ignored
• Disasters were seen in the context of
emergency response
• Development programs were not
assessed in the context of disasters
• Communities under disaster stress
were seen as too turbulent for
development initiatives

41. The Relationship Between
Disasters and Development
Development Development
can increase can reduce
vulnerability vulnerability
Disaster can Disaster
set back can provide
development development
opportunities

42. IMPACT OF DISASTER ON
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
• Loss of resources
• Interruption of
programs
• Negative impact
on investment
Disaster can climate
set back • Disruption of the
development
non-formal sector
• Political
destabilization

43. Development
can increase
vulnerability

44. Disaster can
provide
development
opportunities

45. AIMS OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
• Reduce (avoid, if possible)
the potential losses from
hazards
• Assure prompt and
appropriate assistance to
victims when necessary
• Achieve rapid and durable
recovery

46. ELEMENTS OF DISASTR
MANAGEMENT
• Disaster preparedness planning
- Vulnerability and risk assessment
• Disaster response
- Disaster assessment
• Rehabilitation & reconstruction
• Disaster mitigation

47. DISASTER
PREPAREDNESS
AIMS :
• To minimize the adverse effects of
a hazard
• Through effective precautionary
actions
• To ensure timely, appropriate, and
efficient organization and delivery
of relief

48. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
FRAMEWORK
Vulnerability Institutional
Planning
Assessment Framework
Information Resource Warning
Systems Base Systems
Response Public Education
Rehearsals
Mechanisms and Training

49. Hyogo Framework for
Action
• Three main Strategic Goals
• Integration DRR in Sustainable
Development
• Capacity Building-Resilience to
hazards
• Systematic incorporation of risk
reduction approaches in to the
emergency preparedness,
response and recovery
programmes

50. Five Action Points of
HFA
• Make DRR a priority
• Know the risk and take action
• Build Understanding and
Awareness
• Reduce Risk
• Be prepared and Ready to Act

51. Linking issues of forestry
sector in DM
• Planning for management of forests and natural
resources aimed at
sustainable development
• Ecosystem approach to resource management
• Public participation and partnerships in natural
resource management
• Non-timber forest produce management
• Poverty Alleviation and addressing livelihood
concerns through forestry
• Co-op Management, Micro-enterprises functioning,
Micro-credit and Institutional finance
• Forestry Extension

52. Issues………….cont.
• Introduction and background to Global Warming &
Climate Change
• Forest carbon stock assessment
• Managing forestry eco-system as carbon pool
• Carbon mitigation potential- case studies from
farm/forest lands
• Preparation and Development of Clean
Development Mechanisms
Projects under Kyoto Protocol
• Trees outside forests : Agro-forestry, Urban
Forestry, Landscape planning and management
• Damage assessment to disasters in forestry sector
(flood, landslide,forest fire, avalanches, tsunami,
pest attack and sea erosion)

53. Major Disasters in Forests
 Forest Fire
 Epidemics
 Pest Attack
 Invasive species
 Man animal conflict
 Climate change induced
disaster s
 Gre garious flowering of
bamboo ???
 Ear thquake
 Landslide
 Floods / Flash flood
 Drought
 Cloudbur st / Hailstor ms
 Avalanches

54. Forest Fire – A Major
Disaster
INDIA
• Total Forest Area –
77.47 m ha (FSI,
2005)
• 3.73 m ha annually
affected by fire
• Almost 50% of area
prone to fire
• 0.84% - very heavy
fire
• 0.14% - heavy fire
• 5.16% - frequent fire
• 43.06% - occasional
fire

55. Need of Institutional Setup for For est Fir e
Mana gement (FFM) and Stakeholder s
coor dination
National level
• Inspector General Forest Fire be assisted by-
• International organisations
• NDMA
• DM Division, GOI
• FSI
• FRI
• DIG & AIG Forest Fire
• AIG – Air operation Wing &
• Regional offices of MoEF
State level
• CCF (CCFF – State) be assisted by –
• FSI
• SDMA & DM Department
• DDMA
• CF (Forest Fire)
• Divisional Forest Officer & Range Officer

56. T ANK
H
YOU
adkaushik@gmail.com