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Games Need You Jonathan Blow 29 July 2008
Games Need You Jonathan Blow 29 July 2008
Problems Too Big for Us (that must be solved nonetheless) Jonathan Blow 29 July 2008
"The formula followed by virtually all games  is a steady progression toward victory:  you accomplish tasks until you win."  "Like cinema, games will need to embrace the dynamics  of failure, tragedy, comedy and romance.  They will need to stop pandering  to the player’s desire for mastery  in favor of enhancing  the player’s emotional and intellectual life." Daniel Radosh,  The New York Times , 28 September 2007
“ The first 35 years of motion pictures, from 1895 to 1930,  yielded a handful of films that are considered masterpieces  for their technical innovations, but the following decade  was when cinema first became the art form that we know today.  As cinema matured, films developed the power to transform as well as to entertain.  Video games are poised to enter a similar golden age.  But the first step isn’t Halo 3.”
Mainstream Games are Inherently Conflicted People can sense a conflicted work; it won’t strike them deeply. Disharmonious, it won’t resonate. How can we solve this? How can we remove the conflict?
grounded in realism but reaching for the sky
Art Games  (Very Small) Communicating via game rules or perceptual primitives.
The Marriage  by Rod Humble “ Here’s what Rod’s marriage feels like.” Free download on the Internet.
Gravitation  by Jason Rohrer Expressing “Real-Life” Themes through Rules of Interaction Free download on the Internet.
Introduce new rules to  Gravitation :  change /  dilute / damage the meaning.  Power-up: Freeze the block counters,  once, so you have time to push them.  What does this freeze  mean ? By adding and subtracting rules from Gravitation you can travel a continuum. Gravitation will always some meaning.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mainstream Designers are not thinking about dynamical meaning. Rather, implementing a story and a basic gameplay mechanic that is "fun". The story and "fun" mechanics have separate meanings that often conflict. Like a film scoring Happy Circus Music through a funeral scene.
Our Big Games are Story Games
“ Like cinema, games will need to embrace the dynamics  of failure, tragedy, comedy and romance...” This implies some kind of story… probably.
Big Daddy and Little Sister Bioshock Conflict: Altruism vs. Balance
Plus health, ammo, mana, and Hypnotize Big Daddy spells.
Grand Theft Auto 4 Conflict: “I like Kate.” No, I don’t. The game rules expressed to me  that I don’t care about her.
Half-Life 2 Conflict: Alyx Relationship vs. Game Progress
There are many conflicts in these games. (I just picked one from each.) How to solve these conflicts? a) Don't Use Story b) Don't Use Dynamical Meaning c) Make Dynamical Meaning Match Story
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],I’d like (1) but realistically, (2) is major.
What does a story do? ... Gives you "Interesting Mental Stuff"   - What happens next?   - Adds mental interest (people doing things)   - Themes / moods / etc Perhaps we just need to supply Interesting Mental Stuff  that doesn’t come from story.   - But while Rohrer games are hard,  anyone can write a story.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],“ ... Games will need to embrace the dynamics  of failure, tragedy, comedy and romance...” Create these dynamics with story, and don’t sabotage them via gameplay.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Still No Golden Age There are other, more-fundamental conflicts. Very difficult to solve! “ Why should we care?  We're making tons of money.” Maybe games will always be an immature medium  (as the public sees them).
Fundamental Conflict:  Challenge vs Progression  We base our mainstream games on story,  but also challenge. Why challenge?  It's visceral, "fun", etc, etc. But more fundamentally... Challenge communicates to you  that your interaction means something –  that it is important or necessary.
Fundamental Conflict:  Challenge vs Progression  A Reason to Exist Like "Suspension of Disbelief",  but for games and importance. Without challenge (or something to take its place),  that suspension is hard to maintain.
But the audience wants Story.  Challenge conflicts with Story:  Story is a reward and the purpose of challenge is to not give us a reward until we deserve it. Industry Solution: reduce challenge;  use faux challenge instead… - Dramatic Presentation of Non-Difficulty  (e.g. God of War) - DDA This is a mitigation, not a fix. Thus the conflict still exists and the works are weakened.
Challenge Substitutes:  Not Difficult, but Interesting “ Invitation”-style alternatives. Open Problem: How to make the game meaningfully respond to the player’s choices,  without blocking progress.
Fundamental Conflict:  Interactivity vs Delivery Trying to create “Drama” or “Crafted Impact”. Requires careful pacing and framing. Delivery.
Interactivity sabotages Delivery! You don't know where he came from. “ Intelligent” drama manager?  Yeah, show me… It can never match a human drama manager. A human drama manager can never match a human writing a pre-baked story. (Character animation analogy!)
Dynamic story generation  will always produce worse stories  than human writers! If your interest is in presenting authored drama,  novels + movies are always going to be better  than games. The interactivity doesn't strengthen immersion,  it weakens it!  If we adopt authored drama as the core value proposition ... then our core is something other media do better?  That is no golden age. Summary of Conflict:  Interactivity vs Delivery
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This is an unimaginably big job, but we must do it.
“ ... Games will need to embrace the dynamics  of failure, tragedy, comedy and romance...” We said this viewpoint was a bit too story-centric...
Video games are not a traditional storytelling medium  per se . The player is an agent of chaos, making the medium ill-equipped to convey a pre-authored narrative with anywhere near the effectiveness of books or film. Rather, a video game is a box of possibilities, and the best stories told are those that arise from the player expressing his own agency within a functional, believable gameworld…  Steve Gaynor from his blog  Fullbright , July 27 th , 2008:
These are player stories, not author stories, and hence they belong to the player himself. Unlike a great film or piece of literature, they don't give the audience an admiration for the genius in someone else's work; they instead supply the potential for genuine personal experience, acts attempted and accomplished by the player as an individual, unique memories that are the player's to own and to pass on.  ...The most powerful stories told are the ones the player is responsible for. To the player, video games are the most personally meaningful entertainment medium of them all. It is not about the other -- the author, the director. It is about you.” cf. Doug Church’s “Abdication of Authorship”
A good place to go for the “story” part of things, though I think there is an essential author/director  within this framework. (I don’t quite believe in Abdication of Authorship.) But this is not where we are headed now. Half-Life 2 developer commentary! AAA market forces encourage over-control of the player.
The Art Games can help us make progress. Will we ever reach the goal?  I DON’T KNOW. But to try competently, we Art Game authors   must abandon  the Message Model of Meaning.
“ The Moral of the Story Is” High School: Taught to read works and say what they are about. Gamers get mad at Art Games: * Inherently Pretentious * Being condescended to This is often true!  If the message model of meaning is applied when the works are created.  The Message Model of Meaning Is Insufficient.
Frank Lantz (via email): “ ...meaning which is less specific, less concrete and deliberate, harder to define, harder to pin down, a meaning that transcends the author-reader conduit model of ‘message’ style meaning, a meaning that absorbs intention but is not bound by it, a meaning that can't be reduced to a claim about the world, but is no less about the world because of it.”
Message Model author is at least a little deluded.  The true meaning of a game can be discovered, explored.  It’s multidimensional and fuzzy. “ If I understand it, it can't be that important.” Instead, what if I build something that reaches beyond the edge of my understanding, and we all explore it?
“ As cinema matured, films developed the power to transform as well as to entertain.  Video games are poised to enter a similar golden age...” Not yet, unless we just want to be film + interactivity – human impact But if we work hard, for a long time, we can get there. Maybe.
 
 
 
What Are Games? (For our purposes, software running on computers.) ‏ Trying to achieve a goal, with some rules governing your actions and the game-world's response. Games create a  meaning of life   in a temporary, low-stakes subdomain.
Games make goals achievable by training the player. The player builds a mental model of the game. Formal Abstract Design Tools' “Perceivable Consequence”
That is to say, all games actively teach. This teaching can happen at many different levels (not just the core game rules). See these books for varying perspectives on games-as-teaching.
What Games Can Provide
What Games Can Provide 1. Entertainment / Fantasy / Escapism  I am not satisfied with only this. (Nor are many others.)
What Games Can Provide 2. Meaningful Artistic Expression  (you care, audience cares). Coming from a different angle than other media. ?
Expressing Audiovisuals and Gameplay Everyday Shooter  by Jonathan Mak Downloadable from Playstation Network
What Games Can Provide 3. A means of exploring the universe  (for both the creators and the players). Systems are biased toward producing truth (or at least consistency).
 
Games are Going to Be Huge.
[object Object],[object Object],Many people will be playing games... Games will heavily impact patterns of human thought, and thus  what it means to be human. (as books and film already have .) ‏
Game Designers Lack Discernment. All we care about is whether  a lot of people want to play our game. We don't care why they want to play. We don't show concern  for our players' quality of life.
Scheduled Rewards: Collectables, Unlockables,  Advancing Story, Achievements MMOs have empty gameplay but keep players hooked with constant fake rewards. (“The Treadmill”) .
There are many ways to make a game “fun”, but we usually pick the easy one, which involves sacrificing  the player's quality of life. Keeping players hooked via rewards. Often the gameplay is mindless. So long as people play, it is the same to us. Would they still want to play our game if we removed the scheduled rewards?
Rewards can be like  food  (naturally beneficial) ‏ or like  drugs  (artificial stimuli). We over-use the drugs,  because we don't understand food. Radosh is hungry, but we give him cheap drugs instead.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],All games teach. What does World of Warcraft teach?
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Natural Rewards (reinforced by artificial rewards) ‏ Manveer Heir on Clint Hocking's blog: “ The brilliance in Portal lies not only in its simplicity (and excellent humor), but also in the moments of realization when you figure out a puzzle. No puzzle stumped me for more than five minutes in that game,  yet I went from being COMPLETELY dumbfounded one moment to feeling like a genius the next, as I realized what I was supposed to do.”
The primary challenge for mankind in this century Our actions create the environment, whether we intend this or not. global warming ozone holes air / water pollutants light pollution intellectual property digital rights control human rights safety leisure time fast transportation intellectual exchange economic mobility
When millions of people buy our game, we are  pumping a  (mental)  substance   into the  (mental)  environment . This is a public mental health issue. We have the power to shape humanity. How will we use it?
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
When millions of people buy our game, think of the multiplier that acts on any small improvement we make. When millions of people buy our game, think of the multiplier that acts on any small improvement we make.
Architecting vs. Exploring
Presumption of Architecture Architecting: top-down Exploring: adaptive, unhierarchical Explorational design helps find truth, or at least naturally interesting things.
The Meaning of Life in Bioshock?
“ A shooter must be well-balanced” (a very Architected idea). This conflicts badly with the supposed moral choice. The message delivered is: The designers of this game are  trying to manipulate your emotions in a clumsy way.
Bioshock claims to be about altruism and humanity,  but here is what it really teaches: Shoot everyone you see without warning, from as far away as possible. Only care for women and pre-teen girls. It's a very weird game that we couldn't proffer as an example to normal humans.
Good Explorational Design (augmented  by architecture): Portal
Architected Save or Kill? Explored (with supplemental architecting) ‏ MUST MURDER! Little Sister Weighted Companion Cube
mkozlows on the Quarter to Three forums: “ It's a measure of Bioshock's quality that killing little girls  actually made me, a jaded and manipulative gamer,  feel guilty and slightly uncomfortable. But Portal actually made me feel guilty and  slightly uncomfortable about throwing a crate into a pit. That's pretty damn impressive.”
Listening Skills
Listening Skills a.k.a. How do you merge architecture with exploration?
It's hard to listen if you are shouting all the time. If you are constantly reinforcing your architected design, you blind yourself to the possibilities being revealed.
Smash TV
Ambient Danger Gradient
Total Carnage Mines hidden behind trees, walls crossed the line between emergent circumstances and deliberate sadism.
Pac-Man Championship Edition Ghosts are edible safety timers.
If you look for little design ripples like these, you will see them all over.
If you're on a big story-based game, precluding much exploration, you could just notice when you squash these things, and build the listening skill.
Conclusion (inasmuch as there is one)
“ As cinema matured, films developed the power to transform  as well as to entertain.  Video games are poised to enter a similar golden age.”   As a designer, I want to see us harness  that power to transform.
As a player, I desire to be transformed. I am not getting that, most of the time. I am frustrated by games.
What is worthwhile, or deep, or interesting? It is very subjective. Your ideas are different from mine.
But as designers, we can hold the intention to be worthwhile, or deep, or interesting, whatever that means to each of us, and to respect the player's potential to live a high-quality life.
The Next Step

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Games:EDU:08 South: Jonathan Blow

  • 1. Games Need You Jonathan Blow 29 July 2008
  • 2. Games Need You Jonathan Blow 29 July 2008
  • 3. Problems Too Big for Us (that must be solved nonetheless) Jonathan Blow 29 July 2008
  • 4. "The formula followed by virtually all games is a steady progression toward victory: you accomplish tasks until you win." "Like cinema, games will need to embrace the dynamics of failure, tragedy, comedy and romance. They will need to stop pandering to the player’s desire for mastery in favor of enhancing the player’s emotional and intellectual life." Daniel Radosh, The New York Times , 28 September 2007
  • 5. “ The first 35 years of motion pictures, from 1895 to 1930, yielded a handful of films that are considered masterpieces for their technical innovations, but the following decade was when cinema first became the art form that we know today. As cinema matured, films developed the power to transform as well as to entertain. Video games are poised to enter a similar golden age. But the first step isn’t Halo 3.”
  • 6. Mainstream Games are Inherently Conflicted People can sense a conflicted work; it won’t strike them deeply. Disharmonious, it won’t resonate. How can we solve this? How can we remove the conflict?
  • 7. grounded in realism but reaching for the sky
  • 8. Art Games (Very Small) Communicating via game rules or perceptual primitives.
  • 9. The Marriage by Rod Humble “ Here’s what Rod’s marriage feels like.” Free download on the Internet.
  • 10. Gravitation by Jason Rohrer Expressing “Real-Life” Themes through Rules of Interaction Free download on the Internet.
  • 11. Introduce new rules to Gravitation : change / dilute / damage the meaning. Power-up: Freeze the block counters, once, so you have time to push them. What does this freeze mean ? By adding and subtracting rules from Gravitation you can travel a continuum. Gravitation will always some meaning.
  • 12.
  • 13. Mainstream Designers are not thinking about dynamical meaning. Rather, implementing a story and a basic gameplay mechanic that is "fun". The story and "fun" mechanics have separate meanings that often conflict. Like a film scoring Happy Circus Music through a funeral scene.
  • 14. Our Big Games are Story Games
  • 15. “ Like cinema, games will need to embrace the dynamics of failure, tragedy, comedy and romance...” This implies some kind of story… probably.
  • 16. Big Daddy and Little Sister Bioshock Conflict: Altruism vs. Balance
  • 17. Plus health, ammo, mana, and Hypnotize Big Daddy spells.
  • 18. Grand Theft Auto 4 Conflict: “I like Kate.” No, I don’t. The game rules expressed to me that I don’t care about her.
  • 19. Half-Life 2 Conflict: Alyx Relationship vs. Game Progress
  • 20. There are many conflicts in these games. (I just picked one from each.) How to solve these conflicts? a) Don't Use Story b) Don't Use Dynamical Meaning c) Make Dynamical Meaning Match Story
  • 21.
  • 22. What does a story do? ... Gives you "Interesting Mental Stuff" - What happens next? - Adds mental interest (people doing things) - Themes / moods / etc Perhaps we just need to supply Interesting Mental Stuff that doesn’t come from story. - But while Rohrer games are hard, anyone can write a story.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. Still No Golden Age There are other, more-fundamental conflicts. Very difficult to solve! “ Why should we care? We're making tons of money.” Maybe games will always be an immature medium (as the public sees them).
  • 27. Fundamental Conflict: Challenge vs Progression We base our mainstream games on story, but also challenge. Why challenge? It's visceral, "fun", etc, etc. But more fundamentally... Challenge communicates to you that your interaction means something – that it is important or necessary.
  • 28. Fundamental Conflict: Challenge vs Progression A Reason to Exist Like "Suspension of Disbelief", but for games and importance. Without challenge (or something to take its place), that suspension is hard to maintain.
  • 29. But the audience wants Story. Challenge conflicts with Story: Story is a reward and the purpose of challenge is to not give us a reward until we deserve it. Industry Solution: reduce challenge; use faux challenge instead… - Dramatic Presentation of Non-Difficulty (e.g. God of War) - DDA This is a mitigation, not a fix. Thus the conflict still exists and the works are weakened.
  • 30. Challenge Substitutes: Not Difficult, but Interesting “ Invitation”-style alternatives. Open Problem: How to make the game meaningfully respond to the player’s choices, without blocking progress.
  • 31. Fundamental Conflict: Interactivity vs Delivery Trying to create “Drama” or “Crafted Impact”. Requires careful pacing and framing. Delivery.
  • 32. Interactivity sabotages Delivery! You don't know where he came from. “ Intelligent” drama manager? Yeah, show me… It can never match a human drama manager. A human drama manager can never match a human writing a pre-baked story. (Character animation analogy!)
  • 33. Dynamic story generation will always produce worse stories than human writers! If your interest is in presenting authored drama, novels + movies are always going to be better than games. The interactivity doesn't strengthen immersion, it weakens it! If we adopt authored drama as the core value proposition ... then our core is something other media do better? That is no golden age. Summary of Conflict: Interactivity vs Delivery
  • 34.
  • 35. “ ... Games will need to embrace the dynamics of failure, tragedy, comedy and romance...” We said this viewpoint was a bit too story-centric...
  • 36. Video games are not a traditional storytelling medium per se . The player is an agent of chaos, making the medium ill-equipped to convey a pre-authored narrative with anywhere near the effectiveness of books or film. Rather, a video game is a box of possibilities, and the best stories told are those that arise from the player expressing his own agency within a functional, believable gameworld… Steve Gaynor from his blog Fullbright , July 27 th , 2008:
  • 37. These are player stories, not author stories, and hence they belong to the player himself. Unlike a great film or piece of literature, they don't give the audience an admiration for the genius in someone else's work; they instead supply the potential for genuine personal experience, acts attempted and accomplished by the player as an individual, unique memories that are the player's to own and to pass on. ...The most powerful stories told are the ones the player is responsible for. To the player, video games are the most personally meaningful entertainment medium of them all. It is not about the other -- the author, the director. It is about you.” cf. Doug Church’s “Abdication of Authorship”
  • 38. A good place to go for the “story” part of things, though I think there is an essential author/director within this framework. (I don’t quite believe in Abdication of Authorship.) But this is not where we are headed now. Half-Life 2 developer commentary! AAA market forces encourage over-control of the player.
  • 39. The Art Games can help us make progress. Will we ever reach the goal? I DON’T KNOW. But to try competently, we Art Game authors must abandon the Message Model of Meaning.
  • 40. “ The Moral of the Story Is” High School: Taught to read works and say what they are about. Gamers get mad at Art Games: * Inherently Pretentious * Being condescended to This is often true! If the message model of meaning is applied when the works are created. The Message Model of Meaning Is Insufficient.
  • 41. Frank Lantz (via email): “ ...meaning which is less specific, less concrete and deliberate, harder to define, harder to pin down, a meaning that transcends the author-reader conduit model of ‘message’ style meaning, a meaning that absorbs intention but is not bound by it, a meaning that can't be reduced to a claim about the world, but is no less about the world because of it.”
  • 42. Message Model author is at least a little deluded. The true meaning of a game can be discovered, explored. It’s multidimensional and fuzzy. “ If I understand it, it can't be that important.” Instead, what if I build something that reaches beyond the edge of my understanding, and we all explore it?
  • 43. “ As cinema matured, films developed the power to transform as well as to entertain. Video games are poised to enter a similar golden age...” Not yet, unless we just want to be film + interactivity – human impact But if we work hard, for a long time, we can get there. Maybe.
  • 44.  
  • 45.  
  • 46.  
  • 47. What Are Games? (For our purposes, software running on computers.) ‏ Trying to achieve a goal, with some rules governing your actions and the game-world's response. Games create a meaning of life in a temporary, low-stakes subdomain.
  • 48. Games make goals achievable by training the player. The player builds a mental model of the game. Formal Abstract Design Tools' “Perceivable Consequence”
  • 49. That is to say, all games actively teach. This teaching can happen at many different levels (not just the core game rules). See these books for varying perspectives on games-as-teaching.
  • 50. What Games Can Provide
  • 51. What Games Can Provide 1. Entertainment / Fantasy / Escapism I am not satisfied with only this. (Nor are many others.)
  • 52. What Games Can Provide 2. Meaningful Artistic Expression (you care, audience cares). Coming from a different angle than other media. ?
  • 53. Expressing Audiovisuals and Gameplay Everyday Shooter by Jonathan Mak Downloadable from Playstation Network
  • 54. What Games Can Provide 3. A means of exploring the universe (for both the creators and the players). Systems are biased toward producing truth (or at least consistency).
  • 55.  
  • 56. Games are Going to Be Huge.
  • 57.
  • 58. Game Designers Lack Discernment. All we care about is whether a lot of people want to play our game. We don't care why they want to play. We don't show concern for our players' quality of life.
  • 59. Scheduled Rewards: Collectables, Unlockables, Advancing Story, Achievements MMOs have empty gameplay but keep players hooked with constant fake rewards. (“The Treadmill”) .
  • 60. There are many ways to make a game “fun”, but we usually pick the easy one, which involves sacrificing the player's quality of life. Keeping players hooked via rewards. Often the gameplay is mindless. So long as people play, it is the same to us. Would they still want to play our game if we removed the scheduled rewards?
  • 61. Rewards can be like food (naturally beneficial) ‏ or like drugs (artificial stimuli). We over-use the drugs, because we don't understand food. Radosh is hungry, but we give him cheap drugs instead.
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65. Natural Rewards (reinforced by artificial rewards) ‏ Manveer Heir on Clint Hocking's blog: “ The brilliance in Portal lies not only in its simplicity (and excellent humor), but also in the moments of realization when you figure out a puzzle. No puzzle stumped me for more than five minutes in that game, yet I went from being COMPLETELY dumbfounded one moment to feeling like a genius the next, as I realized what I was supposed to do.”
  • 66. The primary challenge for mankind in this century Our actions create the environment, whether we intend this or not. global warming ozone holes air / water pollutants light pollution intellectual property digital rights control human rights safety leisure time fast transportation intellectual exchange economic mobility
  • 67. When millions of people buy our game, we are pumping a (mental) substance into the (mental) environment . This is a public mental health issue. We have the power to shape humanity. How will we use it?
  • 68.
  • 69. When millions of people buy our game, think of the multiplier that acts on any small improvement we make. When millions of people buy our game, think of the multiplier that acts on any small improvement we make.
  • 71. Presumption of Architecture Architecting: top-down Exploring: adaptive, unhierarchical Explorational design helps find truth, or at least naturally interesting things.
  • 72. The Meaning of Life in Bioshock?
  • 73. “ A shooter must be well-balanced” (a very Architected idea). This conflicts badly with the supposed moral choice. The message delivered is: The designers of this game are trying to manipulate your emotions in a clumsy way.
  • 74. Bioshock claims to be about altruism and humanity, but here is what it really teaches: Shoot everyone you see without warning, from as far away as possible. Only care for women and pre-teen girls. It's a very weird game that we couldn't proffer as an example to normal humans.
  • 75. Good Explorational Design (augmented by architecture): Portal
  • 76. Architected Save or Kill? Explored (with supplemental architecting) ‏ MUST MURDER! Little Sister Weighted Companion Cube
  • 77. mkozlows on the Quarter to Three forums: “ It's a measure of Bioshock's quality that killing little girls actually made me, a jaded and manipulative gamer, feel guilty and slightly uncomfortable. But Portal actually made me feel guilty and slightly uncomfortable about throwing a crate into a pit. That's pretty damn impressive.”
  • 79. Listening Skills a.k.a. How do you merge architecture with exploration?
  • 80. It's hard to listen if you are shouting all the time. If you are constantly reinforcing your architected design, you blind yourself to the possibilities being revealed.
  • 83. Total Carnage Mines hidden behind trees, walls crossed the line between emergent circumstances and deliberate sadism.
  • 84. Pac-Man Championship Edition Ghosts are edible safety timers.
  • 85. If you look for little design ripples like these, you will see them all over.
  • 86. If you're on a big story-based game, precluding much exploration, you could just notice when you squash these things, and build the listening skill.
  • 87. Conclusion (inasmuch as there is one)
  • 88. “ As cinema matured, films developed the power to transform as well as to entertain. Video games are poised to enter a similar golden age.” As a designer, I want to see us harness that power to transform.
  • 89. As a player, I desire to be transformed. I am not getting that, most of the time. I am frustrated by games.
  • 90. What is worthwhile, or deep, or interesting? It is very subjective. Your ideas are different from mine.
  • 91. But as designers, we can hold the intention to be worthwhile, or deep, or interesting, whatever that means to each of us, and to respect the player's potential to live a high-quality life.