16. Contiguity: DO NOTContiguity: DO NOT
Separate textSeparate text
FeedbackFeedback
Separate DirectionsSeparate Directions
Bottom TextBottom Text
Narrate then show graphicsNarrate then show graphics
18. Redundancy PrincipleRedundancy Principle
Old Idea: Auditory and Visual LearnersOld Idea: Auditory and Visual Learners
Time WastedTime Wasted
Resources WastedResources Wasted
19. Coherence PrincipleCoherence Principle
ClutterClutter
Keep what is CentralKeep what is Central
No Extraneous PicturesNo Extraneous Pictures
No irrelevant picturesNo irrelevant pictures
23. Clark, R., & Mayer, R. (2011).Clark, R., & Mayer, R. (2011). e-learninge-learning
and the science of instruction: Provenand the science of instruction: Proven
guidelines for consumers and designers ofguidelines for consumers and designers of
multimedia learningmultimedia learning. Pfeiffer.. Pfeiffer.