F1

DISCOVER WITH F Series: Basic FLUID MECHANICS
Complete Fluid Mechanics Laboratory– F1
Statics | Dynamics | Open/Closed channel flow | Rotodynamics | Hydr aulics
NEW
Statics
Dynamics

Hydraulics

Rotodynamics

© Armfield Ltd. 2010
OPEN/CLOSED
CHANNEL FLOW
NEW NEW NEW
C7-MkII Pipe surge & water hammer apparatus
C11-MkII Pipe networks accessory

S16 Hydraulic flow demonstrator


© Armfield Ltd. 2010 © Armfield Ltd. 2010

(Shown with F1-10 Hydraulics bench) (Shown with F1-10 Hydraulics bench) (Shown with F1-10 Hydraulics bench)

NEW NEW NEW NEW
F1-29 Fluid statics & manometry apparatus

F1-32 Francis turbine demonstration
F1-30 Fluid properties apparatus

F1-31 Pascal's apparatus


© Armfield Ltd. 2010 © Armfield Ltd. 2010 © Armfield Ltd. 2010

F1-10 and associated products

The Armfield Hydraulics Bench and accessories have long been
the benchmark used in Fluid Mechanics teaching laboratories.
The comprehensive range of equipment covers all aspects of the
teaching of Hydraulics in a safe, visual and easy to understand
way, backed up by first class teaching materials. <E X T E N D E D >
WARRANTY
This range of equipment has now been extended and reinforced
UCTS
2 -Y R W

2 years
OD

with an integrated range of Hydrostatics teaching accessories
AR

AN
PR

LD
R

TY
ON AL L ARMFIE

together with some new hydraulics products. Thus the complete
curriculum can be covered with this attractive range of products. The latest version of this data sheet is available at: issue 1
www.armfield.co.uk/f1

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics
(Closed Conduit Flow)
F1-15 Bernoulli’s theorem

F1-16 Impact of a jet
F1-11 Dead weight calibrator

F1-17 Orifice and free jet flow

F1-17A Orifice discharge
F1-12 Hydrostatic pressure

F1-18 Energy losses in pipes

F1-14 Metacentric height F1-20 Osborne-Reynolds demonstration

NEW
F1-29 Fluid statics & manometry apparatus

NEW
F1-21 Flow meter demonstration
F1-30 Fluid properties apparatus

F1-22 Energy losses in bends
NEW
F1-31 Pascal's apparatus

F1-23 Free and fixed vortices

F1-24 Hydraulic ram

F1-28 Cavitation demonstration

C6-MkII Fluid friction apparatus (shown with F1-10)

NEW
C7-MkII Pipe surge and
water hammer apparatus (shown with F1-10)

NEW
C11-MkII Pipe networks accessory
(shown with F1-10)

NEW
S16 Hydraulic flow demonstrator (shown with F1-10)

Open Channel Flow Rotodynamic Machines
(Free Surface Flow) (Fluid Machinery)

F1-13 Flow over weirs

F1-25 Demonstration Pelton turbine

F1-19 Flow channel
F1-26 Series parallel pumps

C4-MkII Multi-purpose teaching flume
(shown with F1-10)

F1-27 Centrifugal pump characteristics

S16 Hydraulic flow demonstrator (shown with F1-10) NEW
F1-32 Demonstration Francis turbine


(also see the comprehensive range of
computer controlled rotodynamic machines
in the Armfield ‘Capture’ FM range.
URL: www.armfield.co.uk/fm)

Note: ‘F’ Coded products are aimed at an introduction
to basic principles. ‘C’ and ‘S’ coded products provide
a more thorough understanding of the topic covered.

22
20
18
16

Head (metres of water)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Flow (litres S -1)

F1-10 Basic Hydraulics Bench Service pump characteristics curve (indicative)

The F1-10 Basic Hydraulics Bench

Description TECHNICAL DETAILS

This unit is designed as a portable and self-contained Pump: centrifugal type
service module for the range of accessories described later
max. head 21m H2O
in this data sheet.
max. flow 1.35 litres/sec
The bench is constructed from lightweight corrosion
resistant plastic and is mounted on wheels for mobility. Motor rating: 0.37kW
The bench top incorporates an open channel with side Sump tank capacity: 250 litres
channels to support the accessory on test. High flow volumetric tank: 40 litres
Volumetric measurement is integral and has been chosen Low flow volumetric tank: 6 litres
in preference to other methods of flow measurement for its
Height of working surface: 1 metre above floor level
ease of use, accuracy and safety in use (no heavy weights
for students to handle).
OVERALL DIMENSIONS
The volumetric measuring tank is stepped to accommodate
low or high flow rates. A stilling baffle reduces turbulence Height: 1.00m
and a remote sight tube with scale gives an instantaneous Width: 1.13m
indication of water level. A measuring cylinder is included in Depth: 0.73m
the supply for measurement of very small flow rates.
A dump valve in the base of the volumetric tank is operated SHIPPING SPECIFICATION
by a remote actuator. Opening the dump valve returns the Volume 1.5m3
measured volume of water to the sump in the base of the Gross weight 160kg
bench for recycling. An overflow in the volumetric tank
avoids flooding. Individual accessories on request
Water is drawn from the sump tank by a centrifugal pump SERVICES REQUIRED
and a panel mounted control valve regulates the flow. An
easy-to-use quick release pipe connector situated in the Electrical supply:
bench top allows for the rapid exchange of accessories F1-10-A: 220/240V/1ph/50Hz @ 10A
without the need for hand tools. F1-10-B: 110/120V/1ph/60Hz @ 20A
Each accessory is supplied as a complete piece of F1-10-G: 220V/1ph/60Hz @ 10A
equipment needing no additional service items other than Water:
the Hydraulics Bench. When coupled to the bench they are Fill with clean water.
immediately ready for use. No permanent connection required.



F1–11 Dead Weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator F1-12 Hydrostatic Pressure

F1-11 Dead Weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator F1-12 Hydrostatic Pressure

This calibrator functions on the same principle adopted in The Hydrostatic Pressure accessory has been designed
calibrating industrial pressure gauges. to determine the static thrust exerted by a fluid on a
submerged surface and allow comparison of the measured
DEMONSTRATION CAPABILITIES magnitude and position of this force with simple theory.
> Calibrating a Bourdon type pressure gauge
DEMONSTRATION CAPABILITIES
Description etermining the centre of pressure on both a submerged
D
This dead weight pressure gauge calibrator consists or partially submerged plane surface and comparison with
of a precision machined piston and cylinder assembly the theoretical position
mounted on levelling screws.
Description
A Bourdon gauge is supplied for calibration. The weights
supplied are added to the upper end of the piston rod A fabricated quadrant is mounted on a balance arm which
which is rotated to minimise friction effects. pivots on knife edges. The knife edges coincide with the
centre of arc of the quadrant. Thus, of the hydrostatic
The gauge is thus subject to known pressures which forces acting on the quadrant when immersed, only the
may be compared with the gauge readings and an error force on the rectangular end face gives rise to a moment
curve drawn. about the knife edges.
Technical Details The balance arm incorporates a hanger for the weights
supplied and an adjustable counterbalance.
Pressure gauge: Bourdon tube This assembly is mounted on top of an acrylic tank which
range 0 to 200 KN/m2 (KPa) may be levelled by adjusting screwed feet. Correct
Area of Piston: 244.8 x 10-6 m2 alignment is indicated on a circular spirit level mounted on
the base of the tank.
Mass of piston: 0.5kg
An indicator attached to the side of the tank shows when
Ancillary masses: 2x 0.5kg, 1.0kg and 2.5kg the balance arm is horizontal. Water is admitted to the top
of the tank by a flexible tube and may be drained through a
cock in the side of the tank. The water level is indicated on
a scale on the side of the quadrant.
120
Technical Details
Calibrated pressure KN/m 2

100
Tank capacity: 5.5 litres
80 Distance between suspended mass and fulcrum: 275mm
Cross-sectional area of quadrant (torroid): 7.5 x 10 -3m²
60
Total depth of completely immersed quadrant: 160mm
40 Height of fulcrum above quadrant: 100mm
20

0 FULLY SUBMERGED PLATE ONLY
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 200

Indicated pressure KN/m
3
r (mm)

PARTIALLY SUBMERGED BELOW THIS POINT

0
0 MASS (g) 500

Graph plotting r against mass using F1-12 (indicative)

Requires F1-10


F1–13 Flow over Weirs - vee notch weir F1–14 Metacentric Height

F1-13 Flow over Weirs F1-14 Metacentric Height

Two weir plates of different shape are provided allowing This equipment allows a thorough investigation of the
familiarisation and comparison with theory. factors affecting the stability of a floating body.

DEMONSTRATION CAPABILITIES DEMONSTRATION CAPABILITIES
emonstrating the characteristics of
D etermining the centre of gravity of the pontoon
D
flow over a rectangular notch
etermining the metacentric height and from this
D
emonstrating the characteristics
D
of flow over a vee notch the position of the metacentre for the pontoon
etermining the coefficient of discharge
D arying the metacentric height with angle of heel
V

Description Description

The Flow over Weirs consists of five basic elements used in The position of the metacentre can be varied to produce
conjunction with the flow channel in the moulded bench top of stable and unstable equilibrium.
the Hydraulics Bench. The equipment consists of a plastic rectangular floating
A quick release connector in the base of the channel is pontoon, the centre of gravity of which can be varied by an
unscrewed and a delivery nozzle screwed in its place. adjustable weight which slides and can be clamped in any
A stilling baffle locates into slots in the walls of the channel. position on a vertical mast.
The inlet nozzle and stilling baffle in combination promote A single plumb-bob is suspended from the mast which
smooth flow conditions in the channel. indicates the angle of heel on a calibrated scale.
A Vernier hook and point gauge is mounted on an instrument A weight with lateral adjustment allows the degree of
carrier which is located on the side channels of the moulded
heel to be varied and hence the stability of the pontoon
top. The carrier may be moved along the channels to the
required measurement position. determined.
The rectangular notch weir or (V) vee notch weir to be tested The equipment does not require a separate water tank
is clamped to the weir carrier in the channel by thumb nuts. as it may be used on the Hydraulics Bench by filling the
The stainless steel weir plates incorporate captive studs to volumetric tank.
aid assembly.
TECHNICAL DETAILS
TECHNICAL DETAILS Max. angle of heel: ±13º
Overall dimensions of weir plates: height 160mm Corresponding linear dimension: ±90mm
width 230mm Pontoon dimensions: length 350mm
thickness 4mm width 200mm
Dimensions of rectangular notch: height 82mm overall height 475mm
width 30mm

Angle of vee notch weir: 90° inclusive
Hook point gauge range: 0 to 150mm
Accuracy 0.1mm
Requires Hydraulics Bench Service unit F1-10

(x10 -4 m 3/s) (x10 -3 m 3/s)
5.0 1.5
FLOW RATE

FLOW RATE

0 0
0 H 5/2 (m 5/2) 0.001 0 H 3/2 (m 3/2) 0.03

Typical results obtained using F1–13 vee notch weir (left) and rectangular weir

Requires F1-10

Requires F1-10

F1–15 Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration F1-16 Impact of a Jet

F1-15 Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration F1-16 Impact of a Jet

This accessory demonstrates the application of Bernoulli’s This equipment allows the force developed by a jet of water
Theorem and circumstances where it does not apply. impinging upon a stationary object to be measured.

DEMONSTRATION CAPABILITIES Measurement CAPABILITIES

Demonstrating Bernoulli’s Theorem and its limitations easuring the force exerted on different targets and
M
comparison with the forces predicted by momentum theory
irectly measuring the static and total head distribution
D
along a Venturi tube Description
Determining the meter coefficient at various flow rates The apparatus consists of a cylindrical clear acrylic
fabrication with provision for levelling. Water is fed through
Description
a nozzle and discharged vertically to strike a target carried
The test section consists of a classical Venturi machined in on a stem which extends through the cover. A weight carrier
clear acrylic. A series of wall tappings allow measurement is mounted on the upper end of the stem.
of the static pressure distribution along the converging The dead weight of the moving parts is counter-balanced
and diverging duct, while a total head tube is provided to by a compression spring. The vertical force exerted on the
traverse along the centre line of the test section. These target plate is measured by adding the weights supplied to
tappings are connected to a manometer bank incorporating the weight pan until the mark on the weight pan corresponds
a manifold with air bleed valve. with the level gauge.
Pressurisation of the manometers is facilitated by a hand A total of four targets are provided.
pump. The test section is arranged so that the characteristics
of flow through both a converging and diverging section Technical Details
can be studied. Water is fed through a hose connector and
Nozzle diameter: 8mm
is controlled by a flow regulator valve at the outlet of the
Distance between nozzle target plate: 20mm
test section.
Diameter of target plate: 36mm
The Venturi can be demonstrated as a means of flow Target plates: – 180º hemispherical target
measurement and the discharge coefficient can be
– 120º target (cone)
determined.
– flat target
Technical Details
– 30º target
Manometer range: 0 to 300mm
Number of manometer tubes: 8
Throat diameter: 10.0mm
Upstream diameter: 25.0mm
Upstream taper: 14º
Downstream taper: 21º

Requires F1-10

Requires F1-10

F1-17 Orifice and Free Jet Flow F1-17a Orifice Discharge

F1-17 Orifice and Free Jet Flow F1-17a Orifice Discharge

This equipment permits calibration of two orifices of The Orifice Discharge accessory enables full analysis of
differing diameter and allows the trajectory of the jet to the flow through five different orifices over a range of
be plotted. flow rates.

Measurement CAPABILITIES Measurement CAPABILITIES

stablishing the coefficient of velocity for a small orifice
E etermining the contraction and velocity coefficients
D
inding experimentally the coefficient of
F alculating the discharge coefficient
C
discharge for a small orifice with flow under
Description
constant head and flow under varying head
omparing the measured trajectory of a jet with
C The Orifice Discharge accessory consists of a cylindrical
that predicted by simple theory of mechanics Clear acrylic tank which has an orifice fitted in the base.
A traverse assembly is provided which enables a pitot tube
Description
to be positioned anywhere in the jet. Attached to this pitot
In the Orifice Free Jet Flow accessory a constant tube is a fine wire which can be traversed across the jet to
head tank is fed with water from the Hydraulics Bench. accurately measure the jet diameter and the vena contracta
The orifice is installed at the base of this tank by means of a diameter and so determine the contraction coefficient.
special wall fitting which provides a flush inside surface. The pitot head and the total head across the orifice are
shown on manometer tubes adjacent to the tank.
The head is maintained at a constant value by an adjustable
overflow and is indicated by a level scale. A series of adjustable In addition to the sharp edged orifice, four additional orifices
probes allow the path followed by the jet to be ascertained. with different profiled are supplied. All orifices have a common
bore of 13mm for direct comparison of performance.
Adjustable feet permit levelling.
TECHNICAL DETAILS
TECHNICAL DETAILS
Standard orifice: sharp-edged 13mm diameter
Orifice diameters: 3.0mm and 6.0mm Max. head: 365mm
Jet trajectory probes: 8 Traverse mechanism: lead screw with adjusting nut
Max. constant head: 410mm calibrated 0.1mm per division

Requires F1-10

Requires F1-10


F1-18 Energy Losses F1-19 Flow Channel
in Pipes

F1-18 Energy Losses in Pipes F1-19 Flow Channel

This equipment allows the pressure drop of water passing The Flow Channel introduces students to the
through a hydraulically smooth circular pipe to be measured characteristics of flow in an open channel at an
in detail and the pipe friction equation to be verified. elementary level.

DEMONSTRATION CAPABILITIES DEMONSTRATION VISUALISATION CAPABILITIES

nvestigating the variation of friction head along a
I emonstrating basic phenomena associated with open
D
circular pipe with the mean flow velocity in the pipe channel flow

nvestigating the effects of laminar and turbulent
I isualisation of flow patterns over or around immersed
V
flow regimes objects

Description Description

The Energy Losses in Pipes accessory consists of a test pipe, The channel consists of a clear acrylic working section
orientated vertically on the side of the equipment, which of large depth to width ratio incorporating undershot and
may be fed directly from the Hydraulics Bench supply or, overshot weirs at the inlet and discharge ends respectively.
alternatively, from the integral constant head tank. Water is fed to the streamlined channel entry via a stilling
tank to reduce turbulence. Water discharging from the
These sources provide high or low flow rates which may be channel is collected in the volumetric tank of the Hydraulics
controlled by a valve at the discharge end of the test pipe. Bench and returned to the sump for recirculation. A dye
Head loss between two tapping points in the test pipe is injection system incorporated at the inlet to the channel
measured using two manometers, a water over mercury permits flow visualisation in conjunction with a graticule on
manometer for large pressure differentials and a pressurised the rear face of the channel.
water manometer for small pressure differentials.
Models supplied with the channel include broad and
Excess water discharging from the constant head tank sharp crested weirs, large and small diameter cylinders
is returned to the sump tank of the Hydraulics Bench. and symmetrical and asymmetrical aerofoils which, in
Adjustable feet permit levelling. conjunction with the inlet and discharge weirs, permit
Mercury not supplied. a varied range of open channel and flow visualisation
demonstrations.
A Digital Pressure Meter: H12-8 is available as an
alternative to Mercury manometers - ask for data sheet Adjustable feet permit levelling
H Series: Hydraulic Measurement Instruments or view
Technical Details
online: www.armfield.co.uk/h12-8
Dye injection needles: 5
Technical Details
Dye reservoir capacity: 0.45 litres
Diameter of test pipe: 3.0mm Width of channel: 15mm
Length of test pipe: 760mm Length of channel: 615mm
Distance between pressure tapping points: 500mm Depth of channel: 150mm
Range of mercury manometer: 500mm Models: – broad crested weir
Range of water manometer: 500mm – narrow crested weir
Measuring cylinder capacity: 1000ml – symmetrical aerofoil
Requires Hydraulics Bench Service unit F1-10 – asymmetrical aerofoil
– small cylinder
– large cylinder

Requires F1-10

Requires F1-10
(x10 -4 m 3/s)

7.0

Flow Rate

0 /
(m 1 2 )
0 /
H12 0.7

© Armfield Ltd. 2010 (x10 -4 m 3/s)

7.0

F1-20 Osborne Reynolds’ F1-21 Flow Meter Typical results obtained

Flow Rate
Demonstration Demonstration using F1–21 orifice plate

F1-20 Osborne Reynolds’ Demonstration F1-21 Flow Meter Demonstration
0 /
(m 1 2 )
0 /
H12 0.7
This item is intended to reproduce the classic experiments This accessory is designed to introduce students to three
conducted by Professor Osborne Reynolds concerning basic types of flow meter.
the nature of laminar and turbulent flow.
VISUALISATION CAPABILITIES
irectly comparing flow measurement using a Venturi
D
eproducing the classic experiments conducted by
R meter, variable area meter and orifice plate
Professor Osborne Reynolds concerning fluid flow condition alibrating each flow meter using the volumetric measuring
C
bserving the laminar, transitional, turbulent flow and
O tank of the bench
velocity profile omparing pressure drops across each device
C
Description
Description
The equipment operates in a vertical mode. A header tank
containing stilling media provides a constant head of water The equipment consists of a Venturi meter, variable area
through a bellmouth entry to the flow visualisation pipe. Flow meter and orifice plate, installed in a series configuration
through this pipe is regulated using a control valve at the to permit direct comparison. A flow control valve permits
discharge end. The flow rate of water through the pipe can be variation of the flow rate through the circuit.
measured using the volumetric tank (or measuring cylinder) Pressure tappings are incorporated so that the head loss
of the Hydraulics Bench. Velocity of the water can therefore characteristics of each flow meter may be measured. These
be determined to allow calculation of Reynolds’ number. tappings are connected to an eight tube manometer bank
The equipment uses a similar dye injection technique to that incorporating a manifold with air bleed valve.
of Reynolds’ original apparatus to enable observation of flow Pressurisation of the manometers is facilitated by a hand
conditions. pump. The circuit and manometer are attached to a
support framework which stands on the working top of the
TECHNICAL DETAILS Hydraulics Bench. The bench is used as the source of water
Test pipe diameter: 10.0mm (precision bore glass) supply and for calibrating volumetrically each flow meter.
Length of test pipe: 700mm
TECHNICAL DETAILS
Dye reservoir capacity: 0.45 litres
Orifice plate diameter: 20mm
Variable area meter: 2 to 20 litres/min
Venturi dimensions:
– Throat diameter 15mm
– Upstream pipe diameter 31.75mm
– Upstream taper 21º inclusive
– Downstream taper 14º inclusive

Requires F1-10

Requires F1-10

F1-22 Energy Losses in Bends F1-23 Free and Forced Vortices

F1-22 Energy Losses in Bends F1-23 Free and Forced Vortices

This accessory permits losses in different bends, a sudden This equipment is designed to produce and measure
contraction, sudden enlargement and a typical control the characteristics of free and forced vortices.
valve to be demonstrated.
MEASUREMENT VISUALISATION CAPABILITIES
DEMONSTRATION MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES
nderstanding the difference between free and forced
U
easuring the losses in the devices related to flowrate
M vortices
and calculating loss coefficients related to velocity head
etermining the surface profile of a forced vortex
D
Comparing the pressure drop across each device
etermining the surface profile and total head distribution
D
Description of a free vortex

The equipment is mounted on a free-standing framework isualisation of secondary flow in a free vortex
V
which supports the test pipework and instrumentation. The
following typical pipe fittings are incorporated for study: Description
mitre bend, 90º elbow, swept bends (large and small The apparatus comprises a clear acrylic cylinder on a plinth
radius), sudden contraction and sudden enlargement. designed to produce and measure free and forced vortices.
All are instrumented with upstream and downstream pressure The free vortex is generated by water discharging through
tappings. These tappings are connected to a bank of an interchangeable orifice in the base of the cylinder and
twelve water manometer tubes, mounted on the framework. the resulting profile is measured using a combined caliper
Pressurisation of the manometers is facilititated by a hand and depth scale. The forced vortex is induced by a paddle
pump. A gate valve is used to control the flow rate. in the base of the cylinder which is rotated by jets of water.
A separate gate valve is instrumented with upstream and The profile of the forced vortex is determined using a series
downstream pressure tappings which are connected to a of depth gauges.
differential gauge on the edge of the framework. Velocity at any point in the free or forced vortices may
The unit stands on the working top of the Hydraulics Bench be measured using the appropriate Pitot tube supplied.
which is also used as the source of water supply. Dye crystals (not supplied ) may be used to demonstrate
secondary flow at the base of the free vortex.
Technical Details
Technical Details
Pipe diameter: 19.48mm
Tank diameter: 245mm
Differential pressure gauge: 0 to 3bar
Height to overflow point: 180mm
Enlargement diameter: 26.2mm
Orifice diameters: 8, 16 and 24mm
Contraction diameter: 19.48mm
Forced vortex measuring probes
Fittings:
– 45º mitre Distance from centre: 0, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110mm
– elbow Pitot tubes having measuring point (nose) at:
15, 25 and 30mm radius
– short bend
Inlet tubes: 9 and 12.5mm diameter
– large bend
– enlargement
– contraction
Differential manometers: 6

Requires F1-10

Requires F1-10

F1-24 Hydraulic Ram F1-25 Demonstration Pelton Turbine

F1-24 Hydraulic Ram F1-25 Demonstration Pelton Turbine

If flowing water is suddenly brought to rest in a long pipe, The Demonstration Pelton Turbine provides a simple low
a phenomena known as water hammer occurs, wherein cost introduction to turbine performance.
a pressure wave travels along the pipe. This principle is
used in the hydraulic ram to pump water. DEMONSTRATION CAPABILITIES

DEMONSTRATION CAPABILITIES etermining the operating characteristics, i.e. power,
D
efficiency and torque, of a Pelton turbine at various speeds
stablishing flow/pressure characteristics and determining
E
efficiency of the hydraulic ram Description

Description This accessory comprises a miniature Pelton wheel with
spear valve arrangement mounted on a support frame
The Hydraulic Ram comprises an acrylic base incorporating which locates on the Hydraulics Bench top channel.
pulse and non-return valves and a supply reservoir on a Mechanical output from the turbine is absorbed using a
stand which is fed by the Hydraulics Bench. An air vessel simple friction dynamometer.
above the valve chamber smooths cyclic fluctuations from
Pressure at the spear valve is indicated on a remote gauge.
the ram delivery.
A non-contacting tachometer (not supplied) may be used to
The weights supplied may be applied to the pulse valve determine the speed of the Pelton wheel.
to change the closing pressure and hence the operating
Basic principles of the Pelton turbine may be demonstrated
characteristics.
and, with appropriate measurements, power produced and
TECHNICAL DETAILS efficiency may be determined.

Supply head: 300 - 700mm variable TECHNICAL DETAILS
Delivery head: 750 - 1500mm variable
Speed range: 0 to 2000 r.p.m.
Requires Hydraulics Bench Service unit F1-10 Brake power: 10 Watts
Pressure gauge range: 0 to 25m H2O
Force balance range: 0 to 20N + 0.2N
Number of Pelton buckets: 16
Diameter of Pelton wheel: 123mm

Requires F1-10

Requires F1-10

F1-26 Series/Parallel Pumps F1-27 Centrifugal Pump Characteristics

F1-26 Series/Parallel Pumps F1-27 Centrifugal Pump Characteristics

The introduction of a second pump to the Hydraulic This accessory offers similar features to those described
Bench system allows the study of two pump performance, for the item F1-26 but with enhanced capabilities provided
both in series and parallel operation. by the inclusion of a variable speed pump with inverter
drive rather than a fixed speed pump.
MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES
Determining the head/flow rate characteristics of:
A single centrifugal pump at a single speed Determining the relationship between head, discharge,

speed, power and efficiency for a centrifugal pump
wo similar pumps operating in a parallel
T
at various speeds
configuration at the same speed
Determining the head/flow rate characteristics

wo similar pumps operating in a series
T
of two similar pumps operating in either parallel
configuration at the same speed
or series configuration at the same speed
Description
Description
This accessory comprises a fixed speed pump assembly
This accessory comprises a variable speed pump assembly
and independent discharge manifold interconnected by
and independent discharge manifold interconnected
flexible tubing with quick release connectors. This auxiliary
by flexible tubing with quick release connectors.
pump is intended to be used in conjunction with the basic
This auxiliary pump is intended to be used in conjunction
Hydraulics Bench.
with the basic Hydraulics Bench.
The auxiliary pump is mounted on a support plinth which
The auxiliary pump is mounted on a support plinth which
stands adjacent to the Hydraulics Bench primary pump.
stands adjacent to the Hydraulics Bench primary pump,
Technical Details with which it is intended to be used.
The pump speed is varied by an inverter drive. The motor
Pump: centrifugal type speed, output voltage and motor current can be monitored
max. head 21m H2O on the inverter display. A compound pressure gauge is
max. flow 1.35 litres/sec mounted directly on the pump inlet and a pressure gauge
Motor rating: 0.36kW is mounted directly on the pump outlet.
Pressure gauge range: 0 to 60m H2O An independent discharge manifold incorporates a pressure
Compound gauge range: –10 to + 32m H2O gauge and flow control valve prior to a discharge pipe
See Hydraulics Bench F1–10 Technical Details with diffuser.
for primary pump characteristics.
Technical Details
SERVICES REQUIRED Pump: centrifugal type
Electrical supply: max. head 21.0m H2O
F1-26-A: 220/240V/1ph/50Hz @ 10A max. flow rate 1.35 l/sec
F1-26-B: 110/120V/1ph/60Hz @ 20A Motor: 0.36kW
F1-26-G: 220V/1ph/60Hz @ 10A Speed controller: Frequency inverter
Speed range: 0 to 1500 rpm
Requires Hydraulics Bench Service unit F1-10 Pressure gauge: 0 to 60 m H2O
Compound gauge: -10 to 32m H2O
See Hydraulics Bench F1–10 Technical Details
for primary pump characteristics.

SERVICES REQUIRED

Electrical supply:
F1-27-A: 220/240V/1ph/50Hz @ 10A
F1-27-G: 220V/1ph/60Hz @ 10A

Requires F1-10


F1-28 Cavitation Demonstration F1-29
NEW
F1-28 Cavitation Demonstration F1-29 FLUID STATICS AND MANOMETRY

This accessory demonstrates visually, audibly and This apparatus provides an introduction to the behaviour
numerically the phenomenon of cavitation and its of liquids under hydrostatic conditions (fluid at rest)
association with the vapour pressure of a liquid. and the application of these principles to pressure
measurement using manometers.
bservation of the phenomenon of cavitation in a
O
liquid (by reducing the liquid to its vapour pressure) emonstrating the behaviour of liquids at rest (Hydrostatics)
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omparison of theoretical and actual pressure at
C howing that the free surface of a liquid is horizontal and
S
cavitation conditions independent of cross section
bservation of air-release due to dissolved gasses
O Measuring liquid level using a scale and the effect of parallax

in a liquid easuring small changes in liquid level using a micro-
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emonstration of reducing cavitation by increasing the
D manometer
static pressure in a liquid easuring changes in liquid level using a Vernier hook
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and point gauge
Description
sing a single piezometer / manometer
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This accessory consists of a circular Venturi-shaped test tube to measure head
section manufactured from clear acrylic to allow visualisation
inside the section. As the flow of water increases the Using manometer tubes to measure differential pressure
pressure at the throat falls in accordance with the Bernoulli sing an inclined manometer to measure small pressure
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equation until a limit is reached corresponding to the vapour differences
pressure of the liquid. At this low pressure small bubbles of
sing a ‘U’ tube manometer to measure pressure
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vapour form then collapse violently as the pressure rises
differences in a gas (air over liquid)
again downstream - a process called cavitation.
sing an inverted pressurized ‘U’ tube manometer
U
Bourdon gauges indicate the pressure upstream of
to measure pressure differences in a liquid
the contraction, inside the throat and downstream of the
expansion in the test section. Flow control valves upstream and sing liquids with different densities to change the
U
downstream of the test section allow the flow and pressure to sensitivity of a ‘U’ tube manometer
be adjusted allowing cavitation to be clearly demonstrated. emonstrating the effect of trapped air on the accuracy
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TECHNICAL DETAILS of a manometer
emonstrating the effect of flowing liquid (friction in a
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Upstream pressure gauge: 63mm diameter,
fluid created by motion)
Range 0 to 1 Bar
Throat vacuum gauge: 100mm diameter,
Description
Range -1 to 0 Bar
Downstream pressure gauge: 63mm diameter, The Armfield F1-29 is designed to demonstrate the
Range 0 -1 Bar properties of Newtonian fluids and their behaviour under
hydrostatic conditions (fluid at rest). This allows students
to develop an understanding and knowledge of a wide
range of fundamental principles and techniques, before
studying fluids in motion. These include the use of fluids in
manometers to measure pressure and pressure differences
in gases and liquids.

F1-29

Some simple exercises are included to show how the
TECHNICAL DETAILS
behaviour of a fluid changes when flow is involved and the
relevance of concepts such as frictional losses.
Overall dimensions:
The apparatus is constructed from PVC and clear acrylic Height: 1250 mm (maximum to top of level gauge)
and consists of a vertical reservoir containing water that Width: 425 mm
is connected to a series of vertical manometer tubes. Depth: 150 mm
These tubes can be used individually or in combination
for the different demonstrations of hydrostatic principles Max depth inside reservoir: 574 mm
and manometry. One tube includes changes in cross Inside diameter of reservoir: 100 mm
section to demonstrate that the level of a free surface is Scale length of manometer tubes: 460 mm
not affected by the size or the shape of the tube. The right Manometer tubes incorporated:
hand manometer tube is separate from the other tubes and
1x ‘U’ tube
incorporates a pivot and indexing mechanism at the base
2x Vertical parallel tubes
that allows this tube to be inclined at fixed angles of 5°, 30°,
60° and 90° (vertical). 1x Vertical tube with varying cross section
Vertical tube with pivot allowing
1x
The reservoir incorporates a hook and point gauge with operation at three different inclinations
Vernier scale, mounted through the lid, that allows large
changes in level to be measured with better precision than Does not require Hydraulics Bench Service unit F1-10
a simple scale. A vertical transparent piezometer tube
through the lid of the reservoir allows the static head above
the water in the reservoir to be observed when the air space
above the water is not open to atmosphere.
Connections at the top of the reservoir and each of the
manometer tubes allows a syringe to be connected using
flexible tubing that allows the static pressure of the air to
be varied positively or negatively as required for the various
demonstrations. The syringe and flexible tubing for filling
the equipment etc. are stored at the rear of the apparatus
when not in use for convenience.
A small flow can be induced through the interconnecting
pipework between the various manometer tubes to provide
a simple but clear demonstration of the effect of friction
created by the motion of the fluid. This is useful to the
student before performing demonstrations using more
advanced Fluid Dynamics accessories.
The equipment is designed to demonstrate the basic
principles of hydrostatics and manometry using water for
safety and convenience. The use of a safe, soluble food
dye in the water makes observation of the level changes
clearer without affecting the operation of the apparatus.
Alternative liquids, with different densities, can be used in
the ‘U’ tube manometer if required to extend the range of
the demonstrations.


F1-30
NEW
F1-30 FLUID PROPERTIES

This apparatus provides an introduction to the
TECHNICAL DETAILS
fundamental properties of liquids that affect
their behaviour in practical applications. Overall dimensions:
MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES Height: 503 mm
Width: 600 mm
easuring fluid density and relative density (specific
M Depth: 160 mm
gravity) of a liquid using a universal hydrometer
Measuring fluid viscosity using a falling sphere viscometer The following components are included:
2x Hydrometer jars (clipped to stand)
easuring fluid density and relative density (specific
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gravity) of a liquid using a pycnometer (density bottle) 1x Universal hydrometer (in protective housing)
2x Falling sphere viscometer tubes (clipped to stand)
bserving the effect of capillary elevation between
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1x Plastic storage box containing steel spheres
flat plates
1x Spirit filled glass thermometer (in protective housing)
easuring the effect of capillary elevation inside
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1x Direct reading aneroid barometer (fixed to stand)
capillary tubes
1x Parallel plate capillary apparatus
erifying Archimedes principle using a brass bucket
V 1x Capillary tube apparatus with 6 tubes of varying size
cylinder with a lever balance
1x Archimedes apparatus comprising displacement
easuring atmospheric pressure using an aneroid barometer
M vessel, machined bucket matching cylinder
Description 1x 50 ml density bottle
1x 250 ml plastic measuring cylinder
A clear understanding about the physical properties of 1x 600 ml glass beaker
fluids is essential before studying the behaviour of fluids in 1x ual scale lever balance, adapted for use with
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static or dynamic applications. Archimedes apparatus
This apparatus introduces students to the following Does not require Hydraulics Bench Service unit F1-10
properties of fluids:
Density and relative density (specific gravity)
Viscosity
Capillarity – capillary elevation between flat plates and
in circular tubes
Buoyancy (Archimedes principle)
Atmospheric pressure
The apparatus consists of a collection of components that
demonstrate individual fluid properties. The components
are stored on a common support frame manufactured
from PVC with circular spirit level and adjustable feet for
levelling. The apparatus is designed to stand on a suitable
bench top where some of the components can be operated
independent from the support frame.
A freestanding dual scale lever balance is also supplied to
support several of the demonstrations.


F1-31
NEW
F1-31 PASCAL’S APPARATUS

The Pascal’s apparatus provides a simple
TECHNICAL DETAILS
demonstration that the pressure in an
incompressible fluid varies with depth and does Overall dimensions:
not depend on the shape of the container. Height: 500 mm
MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES Width: 300 mm
Depth: 156 mm
emonstrating that the pressure in a liquid contained in
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a vessel varies with depth is not affected by the shape Parallel vessel: 26 mm inside diameter
of the vessel by comparing three different vessels Conical vessel: 26 mm to 101 mm inside diameter at top
Tapered vessel 26 mm to 9 mm inside diameter at top
Description
Diameter at diaphragm: 56 mm
This apparatus, designed to demonstrate Pascal’s principle, Maximum depth of water: 228 mm (to top of vessels)
consists of a machined body incorporating a horizontal Does not require Hydraulics Bench Service unit F1-10
flexible diaphragm to which one of three alternative glass
vessels can be fitted. The diameter at the base of each
vessel is common but the shape of each vessel varies; one
parallel sided, one conical and one tapering inwards.
The diaphragm, located at the base of the vessel, conveys
the force from the water inside the vessel to a lever arm
with a sliding counterweight. A spirit level indicates when
the lever arm is horizontal and therefore balancing the
force / pressure at the base of the vessel. The force on
the diaphragm depends on the depth of water above the
diaphragm and the area of the diaphragm that is constant
for all three vessels.
A height adjustable pointer allows each of the vessels to be filled
to the same depth so that the force / pressure can be shown to
be common for all three vessels, independent of shape.

Requires F1-10


F1-32 Turbine detail
NEW
F1-32 FRANCIS TURBINE

This demonstration turbine provides a simple low cost
TECHNICAL DETAILS
introduction to the Francis inward flow reaction turbine
showing its construction, operation and performance. Overall dimensions:
MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES Height: 750 mm
Width: 340 mm excluding connections
etermining the operating characteristics, i.e.
D Depth: 340 mm
power, efficiency and torque, of a Francis Turbine
at various speeds and guide vane openings Speed range: 0 to 1000 RPM
Diameter of Francis runner: 60 mm
Description
Number of blades on runner: 12
A tapering, spiral shaped volute conveys water to the runner
Number of guide vanes: 6, adjustable from fully
via a ring of guide vanes that are adjustable in angle to vary the
flow through the turbine. Water enters the runner tangentially open to fully closed
at the periphery, flows radially inwards through the blades Range of spring balances: 0 to 10 N x 0.1 N
towards the hub then exits axially via a draft tube. Range of Bourdon gauge: 0 to 2 bar
Power generated by the turbine is absorbed by a Prony Requires Hydraulics Bench Service unit F1-10
friction brake consisting of a pair of spring balances attached
to a brake belt that is wrapped around a pulley wheel driven
by the runner. The load on the turbine is varied by tensioning
both spring balances which increases the friction on the pulley
wheel. Brake force is determined from the difference in the
readings on the two spring balances and the torque calculated
from the product of this force and the pulley radius.
The head of water entering the turbine is indicated on a
Bourdon gauge and the speed of rotation is measured using a
non-contacting tachometer (not supplied).
The volute of the Francis turbine incorporates a transparent
front cover for clear visualisation of the runner and guide vanes
and is designed to complement the F1-25 Pelton turbine.

Requires F1-10

Sharp Crested Weir Broad Crested Weir


C4-MKII Multi-purpose Teaching Flume
(shown with F1-10 Hydraulics Bench)

Crump Weir Venturi Flume
C4-MKII Multi-purpose Teaching Flume

The Armfield Multi-purpose Teaching Flume has been The flume is designed for use with a standard Armfield
specifically designed to demonstrate the principles of F1-10 Hydraulics Bench, which provides the pumped water
fluid mechanics when applied to engineering structures flow, the flow control valve and a volumetric tank for flow
in open channel flow. measurement.
Also available is an optional flowmeter which can be fitted to
EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITIES the C4-MkII to allow direct flow measurements to be taken.
se of hook and point gauges to measure water level
U Optional educational software is available (C4-MKII-301)
offering a complete teaching package of coursework. The
se of a Pitot-static tube to measure flowrate (using
U student manually enters data in the software, which can then
optional C4-61) be used for calculations, data processing and graph plotting.
earning how to apply force-momentum and steady
L Requires Hydraulics Bench Service unit F1-10
flow energy equations to simple flow situations
nderstanding the relationship between water level
U TECHNICAL DETAILS
above the crest of a weir and flowrate over the weir
Overall Dimensions:
sing hydraulic structures to control level, e.g. syphon
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spillways C4-MkII-2.5 C4-MkII-5.0
Length 2.91m Length 5.41m
nderstanding sub-and super-critical flow and the under-
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Width 0.62m Width 0.62m
lying characteristics of standing waves
Height 1.46m Height 1.46m
Hydraulic jump Channel Dimensions: Width 76mm
sing hydraulic structures for control of flow e.g. sluice gate
U Height 250mm
Applying and understanding Manning’s formula Channel slope: Adustable between -1% and +3%
Measurement of velocity profiles (using optional C4-61)
Models and gauges supplied:
Waves (using optional C4-67)
• Venturi flume
Description • Sharp and broad crested weirs
• Crump weir
The C4MkII is a small open channel flume, available in 2.5m • Adjustable undershot weir
or 5.0m lengths, with clear acrylic sides to the working
• 2 Vernier level gauges (Hook and point gauges)
section for total visibility of the flow.
The channel is fitted with a PVC inlet tank, and is designed Optional models available:
for free discharge into the Hydraulics Bench. The flume is
mounted on a rigid framework, and can be tilted by use C4-61: Pitot tube and manometer
of a calibrated screwjack, which allows accurate slope C4-62: Culvert fitting, one edge square, one rounded
adjustment of the channel. C4-63: Flow splitters;
The inlet tank incorporates a stilling arrangement to diffuse central wall with various nose pieces
the water flow prior to entry into the channel, ensuring C4-64: Free overflow spillway section complete
smooth uniform flow. The level in the working section of the with ski jump, sloping apron and blended
flume is controlled using an overshot weir (stop logs) at the reverse curvature attachments
discharge end. C4-65: Syphon spillway and air regulated syphon
Bed pressure tappings and fixing points for models are C4-66: Model radial gate
provided. A longitudinal scale positioned at the top of the C4-67: Wave generator and wave absorbing beach
channel allows depth gauges and Pitot-static tubes to be C4-68: False floor sections for gradually varied profiles
accurately positioned along the channel length. C4-69: rtificially roughened bed 2.5m long section
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(2 required for a 5m flume)

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