1. Ronnee Yashon
Michael Cummings
Biology Basics 1
Cells and Cell Structure
2. BB1.1 Why Are Cells Important? (1)
Life begins as a single cell: a fertilized egg,
or zygote
Instructions for organism encoded in the
DNA of that single cell
After ~36–39 weeks, newborn ~40 billion
cells
All body cells originate from zygote by cell
division
3. BB1.1 Why Are Cells Important? (2)
Organized into organ systems, with highly
specialized functions
Controlled by genetic information
Differences in size and shape, > 200 cell
types
Carry same genetic information and basic
plan
4. Cells of the Human Body
Cell Types
Somatic form body not gametes
Germ (gametes) eggs or sperm
Stem cells that can divide into different cell
types
Chromosomes contains genetic material
Cells can divide by
Mitosis produces identical daughter cells
Meiosis produces haploid germ cells
7. How is a Cell Organized?
Contain 4 classes of large macromolecules
composed of subunits linked together
Carbohydrates: (sugars) used for energy, chemical
markers on the cell
Lipids: fats, steroids and waxes
Proteins: enzymes, structural, hormones
Nucleic Acids: store genetic material
9. Human Cell
Surrounded by a plasma membrane
Contains a nucleus with chromosomes
Contains organelles, internal structures
that act as tiny organs
13. ANIMATION: Lipid bilayer organization
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14. ANIMATION: Nuclear envelope
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15. BB1.3 What Does the Plasma
Membrane Do? (1)
Double-layered, controls the movement of
materials into and out of the cell
Genetically determined chemical markers
on surface give cell an identity
For example, HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
identifies organs foreign to the body
Mismatch in HLA markers can cause
transplant recipient to reject organ
16. BB1.3 What Does the Plasma
Membrane Do? (2)
Contains molecular sensors or receptors
To receive and process chemical signals
To regulate many critical cell functions
Mutations of receptors have important role in
some diseases
Encloses and protects the cytoplasm
18. Outside the cell
Carbohydrate
chain
Lipid
Receptor bilayer
Various
Cholesterol membrane
molecule Channel proteins
protein
Membrane lipid molecule Inside the cell
Fig. BB1-3, p. 5
19. ANIMATION: Cell membranes
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20. BB1.4 What is in the Cytoplasm
Membrane bound organelles
◦ Nucleus
◦ Endoplasmic Reticulum
◦ Golgi Apparatus
◦ Lysosomes
◦ Mitochondria
21. Nucleus
Surrounded by a double layered
membrane
Contains nucleoli that synthesize
ribosomes
Contains chromatin organized into
homologous pairs of chromosomes
Genes are carriers of genetic information
on the chromosomes
22. Chromosomes
• Most human cells carry two copies of each
chromosome
o diploid number (2N) =46
• Eggs and sperm carry one copy of each
chromosome
o haploid number (1N) =23
• At fertilization, the egg and sperm fuse to form
at diploid zygote
23. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of
membranes
Rough ER
contains
ribosomes,
protein synthesis
Smooth ER
synthesis of lipids
and metabolism
of toxins
24. a. Rough ER (RER)
Rough ER lumen
Ribosomes
Vesicle budding from rough ER Ribosome Fig. BB1-7a, p. 8
25. b. Smooth ER (SER)
Smooth ER lumen
Smooth ER lumen Fig. BB1-7b, p. 8
26. Golgi Apparatus
Sorts, modifies, packages, and distributes
proteins
27. Rough ER
Vesicle from RER,
Smooth ER
about to fuse with
the Golgi membrane
Golgi apparatus (GA)
Vesicles budded
from Golgi containing
Internal finished product
space
Fig. BB1-8a, p. 8
28. Lysosomes
Membrane enclosed vesicle, contains digestive
enzyme for destruction of materials or cells
> 40 genetic disorders of lysosomes
29. Lysosome
containing
Lysosome
ingested
material
Fig. BB1-9, p. 9
34. ANIMATION: Structure of a mitochondrion
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35. INTERACTION: Structure of a
mitochondrion
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36. ANIMATION: Chromosome structural
organization
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Notas do Editor
Figure BB1.1: Some of the More Than 200 Types of Somatic Cells in the Human Body.
Figure BB1.2: A Typical Human Cell Showing the Major Organelles and Their Locations.
Figure BB1.3: The Plasma Membrane. Proteins are embedded in a double layer of lipid molecules. These proteins have specific functions, including transport and reception of chemical signals. Short carbohydrate chains are attached to some proteins on the cell surface, giving the cell a molecular identity.
Figure BB1.7: The Endoplasmic Reticulum. The ER is a network of membranes that form channels in the cytoplasm. (a) Some of the ER has ribosomes (another organelle) on the outer surface, forming the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER or RER). Proteins made by the attached ribosomes enter the RER (the lumen) to be folded and chemically modified. (b) Other parts of the ER do not have ribosomes on the surface and are called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER). Lipids that will become parts of the plasma membrane are made in the smooth ER.
Figure BB1.7: The Endoplasmic Reticulum. The ER is a network of membranes that form channels in the cytoplasm. (a) Some of the ER has ribosomes (another organelle) on the outer surface, forming the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER or RER). Proteins made by the attached ribosomes enter the RER (the lumen) to be folded and chemically modified. (b) Other parts of the ER do not have ribosomes on the surface and are called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER). Lipids that will become parts of the plasma membrane are made in the smooth ER.
Figure BB1.8: Golgi Apparatus (GA). Proteins are exported from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Here the proteins are further modified, sorted, and packaged for distribution to their destinations inside and outside the cell.
Figure BB1.9: Lysosomes Are the Processing Centers of the Cell. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. Materials marked for destruction and worn-out organelles end up in the lysosomes, where they are broken down.
Figure BB1.10: A Mitochondrion. Cells such as liver cells that require a lot of energy can contain more than 1000 mitochondria. Each mitochondrion carries its own genetic information that is used to make molecules involved in energy production.
Figure BB1.10: A Mitochondrion. Cells such as liver cells that require a lot of energy can contain more than 1000 mitochondria. Each mitochondrion carries its own genetic information that is used to make molecules involved in energy production.