1. H.P MONOPULSERADAR PHANI RAHUL G K CHAITANYA DONEPUDI

2. INTRODUCTION Basic operating principle Tracking radars Techniques of target detection Examples of monopulse radar systems "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 2

4. USES ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES TO IDENTIFY TARGET CHARACTERISTICS

6. SLANT RANGE 5 "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi P DISTANCE TO TARGET = DT (SLANT RANGE) DT E N ANTENNA ROTATION O S W

7. AZIMUTH ANGLE 6 "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi P AZIMUTH ANGLE = AT DT AT = NOPI PI E TRUE NORTH N AT ANTENNA ROTATION O S W

8. ELEVATION ANGLE 7 "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi H.P P DT ANGLE OF ELEVATION = ET PI E N ET = 0PPI ANTENNA ROTATION O S W

9. TRACKING RADAR Measures the coordinates and provides data to determine target path Tracking can be performed in range, angle and doppler Classified into two types Continuous tracking radar Track-While-Scan radar Acquisition radar designates targets to the tracking radar "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 8

10. TRACKINGRADAR "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 9

11. TRACKING RADAR Error signal generating methods Sequential lobing Conical scan Simultaneous lobing (monopulse) "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 10

12. SEQUENTIAL LOBING Two lobes are required to track in each axis, each lobe must be sequentially switched four pulses are required The radar measures the returned signal levels The voltages in the two switched position should be equal "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 11

13. SEQUENTIAL LOBING 12 "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi

15. Redirection of beam

16. Rotating feed

18. CONICAL SCAN 15 "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi B A

19. DISADVANTAGES 16 "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi Sequential lobing Angle accuracy can be no better than the size of the antenna beamwidth. Variation in echo strength on a pulse-by-pulse basis changes the signal level thereby reducing tracking accuracy The antenna gain is less than the peak gain in beam axis direction, reducing maximum range that can be measured Conical scan The antenna scan rate is limited by the scanning mechanism (mechanical or electronic) Sensitive to target modulation Mechanical vibration and wear and tear due to rotating feed

20. SIMULTANEOUS LOBING With a single pulse angular coordinates can be obtained Maximum unambiguous range is limited only by PRF Monopulse is free of mechanical vibrations Errors due to amplitude fluctuation of target echoes are greatly reduced "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 17

21. MONOPULSE BLOCK DIAGRAM "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 18

22. SUM AND DIFFERENCE PATTERNS "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 19

23. HYBRID JUNCTIONS "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 20 Hybrid T junction Hybrid ring (‘RAT’ race junction)

24. AMPLITUDE AND PHASE COMPARISON MONOPULSE A total of four hybrid junctions generate sum, azimuth and elevation difference channel Range information is extracted form the output of the sum channel after amplitude detection The angular error signal is obtained by comparing echo amplitudes which actuates a servo mechanism to position the antenna The angle of arrival is determined by comparing the phase difference between signals from two separate antennas Antennas of phase comparison are not offset from the axis "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 21

25. COMPARISON OF TRACKERS In phase comparison four antennas are placed in awkward direction and its side lobe levels are high Sequential lobing suffers more losses with complex antenna and feed system Amplitude comparison has high SNR It has higher precision in target tracking due to the absence of target amplitude fluctuations Angle error in two coordinates can be obtained by a single pulse Conscan integrates no of pulses and then extracts angle measurement but vice versa in monopulse "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 22

26. NIKE AJAX GUIDANCE SYSTEM First missile guidance system to employ monopulse technique Developed in 1953 "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 23

27. PATRIOT AIR DEFENCE SYSTEM "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 24

28. CONCLUSION It is used if extreme accuracy is needed Its improved interference immunity, resolution, radar signal processing and angular accuracy made it imperative in all modern missile tracking/guidance systems "MONOPULSE RADAR " by Phani Rahul G K and Chaitanya Donepudi 25 THANKYOU QUERIES?