1. Topics ofThe DiscussionsTopics ofThe Discussions
Steps in Preparing Proposal
Purpose ofThe research
Approaches to Research Design
Data Collection
 Categories of Research Data
Ways of collecting data
Guideline of Question
forQuestionnaire or interview
Recommendation and conclusion

2. Steps in the Preparation of ResearchSteps in the Preparation of Research
ProposalProposal

3. Approaches to the Research DesignApproaches to the Research Design

4. Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research

5. Qualitative Research (cont..)Qualitative Research (cont..)
Ethnography research : Ethnography research
refers to the collection of data through interview and
observation.
 For example ; a researcher might wish to investigate a
school class room disabled students are included. The
researcher would observe a lengthy period of time and
would gather data from students and the teacher through
interview and observations. The researcher will keep about
practically everything that the researcher noticed.

6. Qualitative Research (cont..)Qualitative Research (cont..)
Case study: A case study involves an in
depth examination of one individual.
Case studies are in-depth studies of
particular events or situations or even
people, objects, and procedures.
It also examines the relationship of
subject’s behavior, history and
environment.

7. Qualitative Research (cont..)Qualitative Research (cont..)
Content Analysis : Another type of
qualitative research is content analysis. It
focuses on an analysis of the content of a
written document.

8. Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research

9. Quantitative Research (cont)Quantitative Research (cont)
Surveys:
Surveys are concerned with collecting
data about the occurrence or incidence
of events from respondents. Instrument
used may be questionnaire, interview,
sheets, and observations schedules

10. Quantitative Research (cont)Quantitative Research (cont)
Casual-comparative studies
These are studies set out to determine
the relationship which exists between
different factors. E.g. the level of smoking
and health failure.

11. Quantitative Research (cont)Quantitative Research (cont)
Co-relational studies:
Correlations are statistical relationship
based on quantitative measures on two
or more parameters. E.g. data acquired
from a sample of smokers, it may be
found that frequency of smoking
correlate with personality factors.

12. What is data ?What is data ?
Data is one kind of information that
researcher have obtained in relation to
the objective of their research.
Data are equally facts which researcher
requires establishing the findings.

13. Categories of Research DataCategories of Research Data
Basically, there are two types
of research data. These are:
 Primary data
 Secondary data

14. Primary DataPrimary Data
This is the main data that the researcher
obtains directly from the respondents.
Primary data is the most important in any
research because the source of
information is well-planned and
mentioned clearly in the methodology.

15. Secondary DataSecondary Data
Secondary data is such kind of
information that obtained from secondary
sources such as books, magazine,
newspapers, or comments, feedbacks
from people.
These sources are not really described
or stated in the methodology.

16. Data collectionData collection
The next step is data collection. In any
research, conclusion is made based on
data collection.
 The researcher must therefore take
great care in collecting and recording
information.
Every research method has its own
limitations and researcher must take
them into account at all times.

17. Data collection TechniquesData collection Techniques
Basically , data can be collected two ways:
Interview
Questionnaire

18. InterviewsInterviews
There are many ways in which data are
gathered, including
observation
interview,
focus group discussion
phone calls

19. QuestionnairesQuestionnaires
Personal and official documents
Photographs,
Recordings
Mailed questionnaire

20. Personal Interviews
An interview is a purposive interaction
between two or more persons in order
to obtain information from the other.
Interview permit researcher to obtain
important data when they can not obtain
from observation.
Researcher can examine attitudes,
feelings, concerns and values more easily
than using observation.
Personal InterviewPersonal Interview

21. Advantages of InterviewAdvantages of Interview
Advantages of interview
 The researcher reads the question to the respondent a
face-to-face setting and records the answers.
 One of the most important aspects of the interview is
its flexibility.
 The researcher has the opportunity to observe the
subject and the total situation in which he or she is
responding.
 Question can be repeated or their meaning explained in
case they are not understood by the respondents.

22. Disadvantages of InterviewDisadvantages of Interview
Disadvantages of interview
Major disadvantage of personal interview is that
it is expensive and time consuming to
transcribe the interview recordings, especially
long ones.
Another disadvantage the possibility of
interviewer bias, which occurs when the
interviewer’s own feelings and attitudes or the
interviewer’s gender, race and other
characteristics influence the way in which the
questions are asked. In that case, the
researcher verbally or nonverbally encourages
“correct” responses that fit his or her

23. ObservationObservation
Observation
In an observational study, the current
status of a phenomenon is determined
not by asking by observing..
The observer can be a participant
observer, who engage fully in the
activities being studied but is known to
the participants as a researcher.

24. Focus Group DiscussionFocus Group Discussion
Focus group discussion
Focus group discussion is a discussion
with groups of respondents of five to ten
as representative of the study
population.
They discuss about the research
objectives or research issue. A
moderator keeps the discussion focused
on an agenda and ask question to clarify
comments.

25. Guideline of Question for aGuideline of Question for a
Questionnaire or interviewQuestionnaire or interview
Type of Interview Questions
Basically, six types of questions that can be asked to the
respondents. Any or of these following questions might
be asked during an interview these are:
1. Background of demographic questions
2. Knowledge questions
3. Experience or behavior questions
4. Opinion or values questions
5. Feelings questions and
6. Sensory questions

26. Guideline of Question for aGuideline of Question for a
Questionnaire or interviewQuestionnaire or interview
Background of demographic
questions:
Background question refers to questions
about the background characteristics of
the respondents. They include questions
about education, previous occupation,
age, income, and so on.

27. Guideline of Question for aGuideline of Question for a
Questionnaire or interviewQuestionnaire or interview
Knowledge questions:
knowledge questions are questions
researcher asks to find out what factual
information (as castrated with their
opinions, beliefs and attitudes)
respondents posses.

28. Guideline of Question for aGuideline of Question for a
Questionnaire or interviewQuestionnaire or interview
Experience or behavior questions:
Experience or behavior questions are
questions a researcher asks to find out
what a respondent is currently doing or he
has done in the past.

29. Guideline of Question for aGuideline of Question for a
Questionnaire or interviewQuestionnaire or interview
Opinions or values questions:
Opinions or values questions are
questions researchers ask to find out
what people think about some topic or
issue.
Example: “what do think you about the
principles’ new policy about recruitment?

30. Guideline of Question for aGuideline of Question for a
Questionnaire or interviewQuestionnaire or interview
Feelings questions:
Feeling questions are a question a
researcher asks to find out how
respondents feel about things. They are
directed towards the emotional
responses of people to their experiences.
Example might include for this question
“how do you feel about the way students
behave in this school.

31. Format of QuestionFormat of Question
Researchers seek information through
several approaches. These are in the
forms of:
Questions
Statement

32. Questions and QuestionnairesQuestions and Questionnaires
Example for questions
Answer
 You smoke regularly Yes No
 You are addicted to cigarettes Yes No
 You recite Quran everyday Yes No

33. Questions and Questionnaires (cont..)Questions and Questionnaires (cont..)
Example for statement
Answer
 You smoke regularly Agree
Disagree
 You are addicted to cigarettes Agree
Disagreed

34. Questions and Questionnaires (cont..)Questions and Questionnaires (cont..)
Likert Scale
 Scales are used to measure attitudes, values, opinions
and other characteristic that are not easily measured
by tests or other measuring instruments.
 The likert scale is one of the most widely used
techniques to measure attitudes.
 A likert scale asks participants to respond to a series of
statements by indicating whether they strongly agree
(SA), agree (A), are undecided (U), disagree (D), or
strongly disagree (SD).
 Each response is associated with a point value, and an
individual’s score is determined by summering the point
of values of each statement.

35. Ways of Collecting InformationWays of Collecting Information
Likert Scale
 Example of a two-point Likert Scale
1 2
Weak strong
 Examples of three-point likert scale
1 2 3
Bed Average Good
 Examples of four-point likert scale
1 2 3 4
bed average good excellent
 Examples of five-point likert scale
1 2 3 4 5
Very bed bed average good very good

36. Different Forms of Question for aDifferent Forms of Question for a
QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
Questionnaire contains question that the
researcher would use to get information from
respondents. Questionnaire takes several
forms depending on the interest of the
researcher. Most popular forms are
Open-ended
Closed -ended

37. Different Forms of Question for aDifferent Forms of Question for a
QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
Types of questioning that most researchers
can use and these are:
Closed-ended questionnaire:
For example,
Do you go to school every day?
yes no

38. Different Forms of Question for aDifferent Forms of Question for a
QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
Close-ended question or statement may
also be in the form of the likert scale
For example:
Education is important for women empowerment
1 2 3
Weak strongly very strongly

39. Different Forms of Question for aDifferent Forms of Question for a
Questionnaire (Cont..)Questionnaire (Cont..)
Open-ended question:
Example,
In your opinion what is effecting factor to
women
empowerment? ...............................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.......................................................................

40. Data AnalysisData Analysis
When all data has been collected the
researcher begins to classify the facts,
clarifying the trends, and relationships and
tabulating the information in such a way
that it can be accurately analyzed and
interpreted.
Data can be interpreted or analyzed in
several ways to evaluate each of theses
possibilities with much objectivity.

41. Conclusions and RecommendationConclusions and Recommendation
The final step in the research process is
the conclusion
Assuming that all has done as planned
The report may also identify unanswered
questions, and the researcher may suggest
new hypotheses that other researchers or
scholar can explore.