The Praying Indian town of Megunko in what is now Ashland Massachusetts played a key role in the events and outcome of King Philip's War. This presentation looks at the background of the geographic area, the activity of Rev. John Eliot, and the heroes and villains from Megunko during King Philip's War.

1. Rev John Eliot,
The
Praying Indians
&
Megunko
Plantation

2. Background 1600-1659
• A survey of the Indians of New England
before the arrival of the English
• The great plague of 1616-1619
• The submission of the Indians
• John Eliot and the Praying Indians

3. Megunko 1659-1675
• The Formation of Megunko
• A Brief Outline of King Philip’s War &
Megunko Heroes and Villains of the war
• The Aftermath and Sale of Megunko

4. A Survey of the
Indians
of New England
Before
The Arrival of
the English

5. • There were about ten major tribes in
New England prior to the arrival of the
English. Most were Algonquian.
• The Little Ice Age of that period made the
growing period shorter and winters
more severe.
• This partly explains the failure of the
early settlement attempts and the
aggression of certain tribes.

6. • There was a tendency of the more
northern tribes to extend their influence
south as a matter of survival, and a
tendency of the more western tribes to
extend their influence eastward.
• The Terratines (Abnakis) to the north
and the Mohawks and Mahicans to the
west were particularly feared.

7. Land ownership for the Native tribes had
more to do with rivers than land.

8. Captain John Smith
surveyed the coast in
1614, gave the name
‘New England’ to the
area, gave English
names to the primary
coastal features, and
drew the first accurate
map of the coast.

10. The Great Native Plague
of 1616-1619

11. The Experience of Richard Vines
• In the winter of 1616-1617 Vines traveled to
the mouth of the Saco River and spent the
time with the Indians of that area.
• The plague was in full force. Although the
dead and dying were all about them, they did
not contract the disease.

12. Characteristics of the Great Plague
• Edward Bascome: “This distemper the
Indians described as a spotted putrid
fever, with ulcers, and yellowness of the
skin and eyes, and bleeding from the
mouth and ears.”

13. Characteristics of the Great Plague
• Extent was from Narragansett Bay to Penobscot
Bay. This marked the area frequented by European
fishermen and traders.
• The Massachusett tribe marked the epicenter.
Some tribal groups lost 90% of their members,
further away, there were 30% losses. The English
discovered bone fields where there weren’t enough
living to bury the dead.
• English seemed to be immune.
• Depending on the source, the plague is described
as occurring between 1612 and 1623. The worst
period was probably between 1617 and 1619.

15. Characteristics of the Great Plague
• Most of the mature Indians in the years
1640-1680 were survivors of both the
plague and other outbreaks of disease in
the 1630’s and 1660’s
• Most of the Puritans believed that the
plague was an act of God, paving the way
for the English. Many surviving Indians
believed the same.

16. The Submission of the Indians
1644

17. The Submission of the Indians
• The devastation of the plague and the threat of
invasion by the Terratines and the Mohawks
put the coastal and interior tribes in an
untenable position.
• As the English multiplied, the native tribes
became first allies, then willing subjects to the
dominant population of English.

18. The Submission of the Indians
• In 1644, the Massachusett tribes subjected
themselves to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Shortly thereafter, the Pennacooks of the
Merrimac River valley and other lesser tribes
including some inland Nipmucs subjected
themselves as well.
• From the English point of view, the Indians signed
a covenant that acknowledged their willingness to
abide by the Ten Commandments.

19. John Eliot & the Praying Indians

20. Short Bio of John Eliot
• Born in Essex County, England 1604.
• Educated at Jesus College, Cambridge where he
learned Puritan doctrine.
• Came to America on the Lyon in 1631, worked as
a substitute minister in Boston before becoming
permanent pastor in Roxbury in 1632.
• He and his wife had 5 sons, 1 daughter.
• Began his missionary work among the natives in
1644, probably encouraged by the success
experienced among the natives of Cape Cod by
Thomas Mayhew.

21. Background of the Praying Indians
• Missionary work was a high priority for the
Puritans, but the struggle for survival in the
early years delayed any serious work among
the natives.
• Thomas Mayhew was the first of the
missionaries, having converted many of the
natives of Martha’s Vineyard, and then much of
Cape Cod and the other islands.
• Conversion of the natives was a difficult task
for the Puritans, because they believed it
important to ‘civilize’ them according to the
English way, and to make them capable of
reading the Bible.

22. Difficulties in Missionary Work
• The Puritan pastor was bound to his congregation.
This made it difficult for the individual pastor to
devote much time to missionary activity. John Eliot
served among family and friends who supported his
missionary work among the natives.
• If an Indian sachem converted, he could expect a
serious loss of ‘tribute’ from his subjects. If subject
Indians converted, their sachems would complain to
the English that their subjects were being disloyal.
• The Powwows (Medicine Men) as the spiritual leaders
were particularly opposed to any missionary work.
• Nevertheless, in areas with increasing English
populations, large numbers of converts resulted. Many
Indians believed that the English God was more
powerful in war and in healing.

23. John Eliot & the Praying Indian Towns
• Eliot began his missionary work around 1644.
• It began with the Indian Waban and culminated in the
establishment of the first Praying Indian town of
Natick in 1651.
• By 1660 there were seven Praying towns, and by 1675
there were fourteen.
• In order to teach the Indians, Eliot translated the Bible
into Algonquian and engaged a Nipmuc Indian named
James Printer to help print it. The first printing, in
1663 was the first book printed in America.

25. How did the Indians get from
Natick to Megunko?
Megunko was sort of a ‘suburb’ of Natick. Present day
‘Eliot St.’ in Natick and Ashland show the probable path.

28. Differences Between Old and New
Praying Indian Locations
• Older towns established between 1650-1660, newer
communities established between 1670-1674.
• Newer communities tended to be larger, perhaps an
indication that the Nipmucs had greater population,
and perhaps not as affected by the plague.
• Newer communities had not yet been granted land.
• Much of the missionary work in new communities had
been done by Indians.
• All newer communities were in Nipmuc Country.

29. The Puritan Missionary Goal
• Bring into community, Civilize, Educate, Baptize
• The more established towns had more baptized
members, but many towns had just a few.
• Civilizing meant dressing, acting, living like the
English.
• Education meant learning how to read, especially the
Bible and Catechism.
• All Praying Towns had an Indian civil leader and an
Indian teacher.
• The focus on education was so great that an Indian
School was created at Harvard. Six Indians attended,
one graduated, all died of diseases contracted at the
College. Sassamon attended classes at Harvard before
the Indian College was established.

30. The Formation of Megunko

31. Variations on the name
‘Megunko’
• All Indian names in the Colonial Era had
multiple spellings by the English, depending on
what the writer ‘heard’ when he spelled out the
name on documents. This applied to both
place names and the names of individuals.
• Megunko is spelled variously as Magunsquog,
Magunkook, Makunkokoag, and Megonejuk.
John Eliot spelled it ‘Magwonkkomuk’.

32. The Lands of Wuttawushan
• The Deed of 1684
“…that tract of land lying, situate and being
betweene the bounds of Natick, Charles River,
Marlborough, and a point of Blackstone’s river
beyond Mendon,
• “…descending to us from the chiefe sachem
Wuttawushan, uncle to the said John
Awassamoag Sen., who was a chiefe sachem of
said land, and nearly related to us all, as may
be made to appeare.”

33. The Lands of Wuttawushan

34. Who was Wuttawushan?
• Temple’s History of Framingham:
– Nipmuc who acquired the land between 1620-1630
– Signed treaties with the English in 1621 and 1644
– Principle residence was Nashaway (Lancaster), but
he was a friend of Massasoit (Wampanoag and
father of King Philip).
• Possible that the plague opened up this land
for the Nipmucs to extend their influence
toward the coast.

35. The Role of John Awassamog Sr.
• Awassamog was the nephew and heir of
Wuttawushan and is found on the deed
establishing the first Praying Town of Natick.
• Both through Wuttawushan and his wife he had
large landholdings and appears on many deeds of
land sales to the English.
• His children include James Rumneymarsh, and
Samuel, John Jr. , Thomas, Joshua and Amos
Awassamog. They also appear on numerous
deeds.

36. Brief Bio of Daniel Gookin
Superintendent of Praying Indians
• Born in Ireland around 1612, educated in England
• Came to Virginia with his father by 1630
• Drawn to New England because of his Puritan leanings.
Lived in Roxbury and befriended Rev. Eliot
• Was a military man, served on the influential Court of
Assistants in Mass Bay for close to 35 years
• Served as the Superintendent of the Praying Indians
during the years leading up to and following King
Philip’s War
• Wrote two historical works about the Praying Indians:
Historical Collections of the Indians in New England and
The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians

37. Gookin’s description of Megunko
on the Eve of King Philip’s War
Magunkaquog is the seventh of the old Praying towns. It
is situated partly within the bounds of Natick and
partly upon land granted by the country. It is near
midway between Natick and Hassanamesit [Grafton].
The number of inhabitants is about eleven families and
about fifty-five souls, there are, men and women, eight
members of the church at Natick and fifteen baptized
persons. the quantity of land belonging to it is about
three thousand acres. The Indians plant upon a great
hill which is very fertile. These people worship God
and keep the Sabbath, and observe civil order. Their
ruler's name is Pamhaman, a sober and active man and
pious. Their teacher is named Job, a person well
accepted for piety, and ability among them. This town
was the last settling of the old towns. They have plenty
of corn, and keep some cattle, horses and swine, for
which the place is well accommodated!

38. Location of the Megunko Plantation
• Temple:
The wigwams stood on what is known as the Aaron
Eames place, now owned by William Enslin (1887).
The fort was built on the knoll where Mr. E.'s barn now
stands, handy to the spring at the foot of the knoll, a
few rods to the south (maybe 10-15 yds). [Indian forts
were of necessity always placed near a living spring or
stream.] The burial-ground was on a sandy knoll sixty
rods (300+ yds) to the southwest. The spot was
crossed by the Central turnpike, (Rt 135)…

40. The wigwams stood in the area to the southwest
of the Train access road on Rt 135 in Ashland MA

41. This is the intersection. The wooded lot is
opposite Dunkin’ Donuts across the access road.

42. The original corn fields were probably where the Middle School
fields are located, just west of the wigwams. A petition in 1669
expanded the landholding to the hill in the larger circle.

43. Expansion of Megunko 1669
• Temple:
At first the Indians selected a planting-field on the rolling land near their
wigwams, and built a fence around it ; but it did not prove fertile. And in
1669 Mr. Eliot sent the following petition to the General Court: "The
humble Petition of John Eliot in the behalf of the poor Indians of
Magwonkkommuk, this 14th day of October, 1669. Shewith —That
whereas a company of new praying Indians are set down at the
westernmost corner of Natick bounds called Magwonkkommuk, who
have called one to rule, and another to teach them, of whom the latter is
of the church, the former ready to be joined ; and there is not fit land for
planting, toward Natick, but westward there is, though very rocky —
these are humbly to request that fit accomodations may be allowed them
westward." On this petition Ens. John Grout and Thomas Eames were
appointed a committee to view and report.
On their report, a grant of land, not to exceed 1000 acres, was made to
this plantation, to be laid out westerly of the old Natick bounds, including
the whole of what is now known as Magunka hill. Their new planting-
field was on the top of the hill directly west of their fort. Their barns
were set in the slope of the hill, a little north of east of the field. Some of
them may still be seen in an old orchard now owned by Russell Eames.

44. This view is from the north at the Ashland Train Station.
It gives a good view of the hill, but most of the activity
occurred on the south side.

45. Members of Megunko Plantation
According to Temple
• Pomhaman, alias Pumapene and Pomham
• Job Kattananit
• William Wannuckhow alias Jackstraw
• Joseph son of Jackstraw
• John alias Apumatquin, son of Jackstraw
• Jackananumquis alias Joshua Assalt,
• Old Jacob
• John Dublet, son-in-law- to Old Jacob

46. A Brief Outline of
King Philip’s War and The Role
of Megunko

47. In the summer of 1675, Philip’s men moved from
southeast Massachusetts to central Mass, and finally to
the Connecticut River Valley in the fall.

48. Megunko During
King Philip’s War
• Drafted to serve in the army that attacked Mt.
Hope.
• Poor treatment caused many to ‘fall off to the
enemy’.
• Some followed Pomhaman to Quaboag
(Brookfield), some went to Nashaway (near
Lancaster) some, including many of the women
and children, went to Marlborough and put
themselves ‘under the English wing’.

49. Megunko During
King Philip’s War
• In Marlborough, on August 29, 1676,
15 men were arrested and brought to Boston
on suspicion of attacking the English at
Lancaster. Though none were from Megunko,
it further poisoned the relationship with the
Praying Indians. Those at Marlborough were
forced to go to one of four designated Praying
Indian towns where their liberty was severely
restricted. (Gookin)

50. Megunko During
King Philip’s War
October 26. Troops were sent out to Natick,
who seized all the Indians there, and scoured
the country to the north and west, collecting
the scattered families— no distinction being
made of age or sex, or long-tried fidelity, or
established Christian character, — and all
were hurried down to Boston ; and at
midnight, Oct. 30, the tide favoring, they were
put on board of three vessels and taken to Deer
Island. They were kept here, in great privation
and suffering, owing to want of shelter,
clothing, and food, during the winter. (Temple)

51. Deer Island, opposite Logan Airport. It became a
peninsula during the Hurricane of 1938.

52. The Attack on the
Household of Thomas Eames
February 1, 1676

53. The Problem of Food
• By the middle of January, 1676, food was
becoming a problem for all Indians. The
war created a disruption in the corn
harvest and access to the ocean for fish.
• Those at Deer Island were given
permission to retrieve any stores of corn
in their plantations.
• The Indians then with Philip had designs
on the same stores of corn.

54. Location of the Household
Temple:
• Mr. Eames had taken up lands and built a house
on the southern slope of Mt. Wayte, in 1669.
• …. his house-lot was on the land which Mr.
Danforth bought of Richard Wayte, and not on
the land which he (Eames) afterwards received
by grant and purchase of the Indians.
• His nearest neighbors were in Saxonville.

55. Framingham map of 1699. The Eames farm was at the
northwest corner of Farm Pond, south of Mt Wayte.

56. Relative position of Megunko Hill to Thomas
Eames’ Farm.

57. Members of the Household
Temple:
• His family then consisted of a wife and not less than six
children of his own, and probably four children of his
wife by a former marriage, varying in age from twenty-
four years to seven months.
• His eldest son settled in Watertown; and before the
summer of 1675, it appears that one or two of his
wife's children were away at service, so that at the date
of the assault eight or nine of his own, and one or two
of his wife's children were living at home.
• Some of the published accounts differ from this, and
from each other

58. Circumstances Leading Up To
The Attack
• Two soldiers had been assigned to
protect the farmers in that area, but
were withdrawn at the time of the attack.
• Mr. Eames was “maimed in the limbs”
and was not liable to be ‘pressed into
service’. However, his horses were!
• Eames petitioned to have his horses
‘freed from the press’ which was granted.

59. Circumstances Leading Up To
The Attack
• On the last week of January, Thomas
Eames rode with his horses into Boston
to procure help and a supply of
ammunition.
• While there, his family was attacked
without benefit of the assigned guard.

60. The Attack
• On February 1, 1676, 11 Indians, including six
from Megunko, returned to Megunko to
recover their corn.
• Not finding it, they were encouraged (or
threatened) by Netus to go to the nearest
English farm where their corn was presumably
taken.
• They were confronted by Mrs. Eames who had
resolved never to be taken alive and had
defended the household with hot soap and
weapons from the kitchen.

61. The Attack
• She and five children were killed and five or six
children were abducted.
• In addition, the whole of the farm, its animals
and buildings were destroyed.
• Of those taken, three boys escaped and
returned home, one girl was redeemed, and
two girls and possibly a boy never returned.
• It is believed that one or more of the children
were brought up as Indians in Canada.

62. The Accused
• Thomas Danforth’s list of accused:
• Netus, Anneweaken, Aponapawquin alias
Old Jacob, Acompanatt alias James,
Pakananumquis alias Joshua Assalt,
William Wannuckhow alias Jackstraw,
Joseph Wannuckhow, Apumatquin alias
John, Pumapen, Awassaquah, and
Aquitekash.

63. What Became of the Accused
• Netus and Anneweaken were killed during the
war. Both were prominent Praying Indians.
• Netus was attached to Natick and had escaped
when the Natick community was sent to Deer
Island. He was killed the day after the assault
on Marlborough in March 1676.
• Anneweaken was attached to Hassanamessit.
The time and place of his death is not listed.
• These two were implicated by the others with
insisting on the attack and the killing of the
family.

64. What Became of the Accused
• Pomhaman was at Quaboag in the winter
of ’75-76.
• He wasn’t implicated in the confessions of
the Jackstraws.
• Was at Wachusett in May.
• Joined with others in a letter to the council
at Boston in August suing for peace. His
fate is unknown.

65. What Became of the Accused
• Old Jacob appears to have been a relative
of Awossamog, sharing in his land rights.
• At some point, he joined with Netus and for
a time, was allied with Philip.
• There was no evidence given against him
at the trial of the Jackstraws and he was
eventually freed.
• He lived to be 90 and preached conciliation
to his brethren.

66. What Became of the Accused
• Joshua Assalt was among those for whom a
warrant was issued by Thomas Danforth in
August of 1676.
• At the time he was serving with the army at
Marlborough, and wasn’t required to appear.
• The sons of Thomas Eames later wrote an angry
petition to the Court declaring “Two of those
murderers, old Jacob, a chief man sometime at
Natick, and Joshua Assunt, … had their lives
granted them, and they lived many years at
Natick after their return."

67. What Became of the Accused
The Trial of the Jackstraws
• When Thomas Danforth issue the warrant
in August 1676, William Jackstraw and his
two sons were the only ones to appear.
• Eventually they gave a full and truthful
confession, and their story is the basis for
our current history of the matter.
• They were tried and found guilty on August
18, 1676.

68. The Jackstraws’ Appeal
• “…you were pleased to promise life and liberty
unto such of your enemies as did come in and
submit themselves to your mercy”
• “…we do acknowledge that we were in company
of those that burnt Goodman Eames his house.
But we did not act in it. It was done by others,
who were slain in the war, and so have
answered God's justice for their demerits”
• “…were instrumental to save Goodman Eames
his children alive, one of us carried one boy
upon our backs rather then let them be killed”

69. The Jackstraws’ Appeal
• “…it was a time of war, when this mischief
was done : and though it was our unhappy
portion to be with those enemies yet we
conceive that depredations and
slaughters in war are not chargeable
upon particular persons, especially such
as have submitted themselves to your
Honours upon promise of life, &c. as we
have done.”

70. The Execution
Judge Sewall’s diary:
"Sept. 21, '76. Stephen Goble of Concord was
executed for murder of Indians —Three
Indians for firing Eames his house and murder.
The weather was cloudy and rawly cold,
though little or no rain. Mr. Mighil prayed; four
others sat on the gallows, two men and two
impudent women, one of which, at least
laughed on the gallows, as several testified.''

71. Thomas Eames’ Settlement From the Indians
for Losses
This land extends from Rt 9 to
downtown Framingham
along Union Ave.

72. The Story of Job Kattenanit,
Master Spy
Temple:
• Teaching elder at Magunkook and a
member of the Church at Natick
• True friend of the English but distrusted
because he was Indian
• Originally from Grafton and well educated
• His wife died in 1675 and he moved with his
3 children to Hassanimisco.

73. The Setup: The Soldiers of Bear
Hill Cemetery
• At the beginning of November 1675, Philip’s men came
to Hassanamesit and made virtual prisoners of those
who dwelt there.
• Gookin writes that “Job and another escaped and
brought news of the affair to Mendon.”
• Bodges writes that on November 9th, Captain Daniel
Henchman ‘with his lieutenant and twenty two
mounted men, he rides to Hassanameset, and has a
fight there...he relates that his Lieutenant, Philip Curtis
(of Roxbury) is killed, and Thomas Andrews also (one
of the Mendon Garrison).

74. The Setup: The Soldiers of Bear
Hill Cemetery
• Gookin writes: ‘..having no Indian guide with him,
sustained a great loss’.
• Writes further: ‘..t’was certain he lost two of his men as
before said, whereof his Lieutenant was one; whose
heads the enemy cut off, and placed upon a crotched
pole at the wigwam door, faced against each other,
which were seen a few days later by the English.’
• Tradition has it that the English took the bodies and
buried them in what is now Bear Hill Cemetery in
Hopkinton.

75. Bear Hill Cemetery in Hopkinton, MA. The location is
about 5 miles east of Hassanamisset in Grafton, MA.

76. Kattanannit Begins
His Life as a Spy
• Gookin writes that ‘..on the 13th of
November Job ‘applied to Maj. Gookin,
..and desired a pass to go into the woods
to seek for his children…. and said if God
spared my life, I may bring you some
intelligence of the residence and state of
the enemy which may be very useful to
the English.’ Gookin granted the pass.

77. Kattanannit
• Job proceeds to Hassanamessit and
meets with scouts of Captain Henchman.
He shows his pass, but they bring him to
the Captain who returns him to the
Governor of Boston who (because of the
clamor), put him in prison. After 3
weeks he is sent to Deer Island.

78. Kattanannit
• At the end of December, it is decided that Indian
spies are a good idea, and they prevail upon Job and
James Quannapohit (alias James Rumneymarsh, son
of Awassamog) to go into the enemy country to learn
of their state and intentions.
• They went to Wennemisset (New Braintree, north of
Brookfield), James returned the 24th of January,
1676, and reported of the plans to attack Lancaster
in 3 weeks and the frontier towns in the spring.

79. Kattanannit
• Job returned on February 9 with the news
that 400 enemy Indians would attack
Lancaster on the 10th. Because of this the
army was able to move, but there had been a
distraction (the Eames affair?), so they had
not reacted to James’ warning but only this
later pleading by Job. Much of Lancaster was
destroyed, but some, at least, were saved.
Job and James were returned to Deer Island.

80. Kattanannit
• On February 14th Job appealed to the
Governor and Council to allow him to seek
out his children. Captain Mosely intervened
and Job was sent back to Deer Island. Was
the Thomas Eames affair a deciding factor?
• A few weeks later, a large contingent of the
army was assembled at Marlborough with
six Indian spies, including Job. He received
permission to seek out his children but after
he set off, Mosely again tried to have him
retrieved.

81. Kattanannit
• Job had conspired to meet a small group of
Indians with his children, but all the delays
frustrated the plan and he was unable to
make the connection.
• Ironically, a group of English horsemen
intercepted the group who were eventually
sent to Deer Island.
• One of the women of the group had taken
great care of the children and she and Job
were eventually married.

82. In the latter stages of the war, the Indians penetrated
closer to the centers of English population, but lack of
food and supplies prevented further progress.

83. The End of King Philip’s War
• The Narragansetts were defeated in the spring
of 1676.
• The Mohawks refused to join Philip, thus
negating his power in the Connecticut Valley.
• Beginning in the spring, the colonials began
once again to use Indian allies and the Praying
Indians more effectively.
• The French refused to supply Philip with arms
and ammunition.

84. The End of King Philip’s War
• The Colony offered amnesty to any who had
not participated in attacks.
• Of those who surrendered, many were
‘identified’ as combatants and either executed
or sold into slavery.
• Philip was marginalized and returned to his
homeland. He was hunted and killed by a team
of colonials and Indians. On August 12, 1676,
he was shot by an Indian named John
Alderman. His head was displayed in
Plymouth for 20 years.

85. The Aftermath & Sale of
Megunko

86. The Aftermath and Sale
of Megunko
• In the years following the war, the Praying
Indians were restricted to Natick and some of
the other towns. Megunko continued to be
farmed, but because of the danger of
marauding Mohawks, it eventually was
abandoned.
• In 1715, the Natick Indians sold Megunko to
the Hopkins Legacy which marked the
beginning of the town of Hopkinton.

88. Bibliography
17th Century Sources
• Eliot The Civil Policy Of The Rising Kingdom of Jesus Christ , 1659
Various tracts and letters, translation of the Bible into
Algonquian
• Gookin, Daniel Historical Collections of the Indians in New
England, 1674
The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians, 1677
• Mather, Increase A Brief History of the War with the Indians in
New-England, 1676
• Massachusetts Court Records
18th Century Sources
• Massachusetts Court Records
• Governor Thomas Hutchinson The History of the Colony of
Massachusetts Bay, 1765

89. Bibliography
19th Century Sources
• Temple, J.H. History of Framingham, Massachusetts, 1887
• Moore, Martin Memoirs of the Life and Character of Rev. John Eliot,
1822
• Drake, Samuel Adams Making of New England 1580-1643, 1886
• Biography and History of the Indians of North America, 1834
• Bodge, George Madison Soldiers in King Philip’s War,1896

90. Bibliography
20th Century Sources
• Massachusetts Historical Commission Town Surveys, 1980
• Vaughan, Alden T. New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians
1620-1675, 1965
• Lepore, Jill The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of
American Identity, 1999
• http://wolfwalker2003.home.comcast.net/~wolfwalker2003/wa
mp1.htm