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Gerunds  and  Infinitives
Gerunds and infinitives   can function as: NOUNS ( subjects, objects, subject complements)  As subjects, they take a singular verb.  Only Gerunds can be  object of the preposition.
To form  gerunds , use the  base  form +  ing (don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs) I enjoy learning English To form negative gerunds, use  not + gerund Not speaking  English well is my biggest problem in this country.
Gerunds  used as subject of the sentence. Dancing  is fun.
Gerunds  used as objects He enjoys  working  with children.
Verbs that take only  Gerunds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Gerunds  used as object of the preposition I am thinking  about   taking  the children to Mexico.
Common preposition combinations followed by gerunds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
By + gerund You get good grades  by studying hard. go + gerund Recreational activities:  camping, dancing, sightseeing, swimming, skiing, fishing, jogging, I will   go fishing   with you tomorrow .
Some expressions are used with  gerunds Be busy, can’t help, have fun,  it’s no use, it’s not worth
To form  infinitives  use to + base form of the verb I want  to dance To form negative  infinitives  use Not + infinitive He decided  not to go  to the party.
Infinitives  in the subject position To live  in the United States is my dream It is  my dream  to live  in the United States.
Verbs that take  infinitives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Adjectives followed by  infinitives Afraid, amazed, anxious, ashamed, careful, delighted, eager, fortunate, glad, happy, lucky, pleased, ready, sad, sorry ,
Infinitive of purpose In order to I came here  in order to  learn.
Infinitive  with  too  and  enough too + adjective or adverb + infinitive She is  too young  to vote. Adjective or adverb + enough + infinitive They are  old enough  to vote.
Gerunds  often follow verbs that indicate that an action is happening or has happened. The action expressed by the verb comes at the same time or after the action expressed by the gerund. We enjoy going to concerts .  (you can only enjoy things you are doing or have done –  not things you haven’t done yet.)
Infinitives  often follow verbs that indicate that an action will or could happen. The action expressed by the verb comes before the action expressed by the infinitive. We hope to go to the concert. (You can hope for things that could happen not things that have already happened)
Verbs that are followed by  a noun phrase + infinitive can also be followed by  a gerund . The gerund makes it general and the infinitive make specific the person indicated. They   allow smoking   in this building. They   allowed me to smoke   in the   house.
These verbs are: advise allow encourage permit require urge
Some verbs can be followed by both  gerund  or  infinitive  with no change in meaning. Begin, hate, like, start, love, prefer, continue
I like  cooking. I like  to cook. She started  losing  weight She started  to lose  weight.
Some verbs although they can be used after both  gerunds  and  infinitives  have a difference in meaning.  remember forget regret stop try get
She stopped  smoking. She stopped  to smoke. They forgot  buying  bread . They forgot  to buy  bread.
Used to Be used to Get used to Used to + base form Be used to + gerund Get used to + gerund
Verbs of perception : infinitives: from start to finish Gerunds: in progress I  heard  the children  cry . I  saw  your friends  walking  in the park.
Infinitive forms are not used after the following verbs of perception: feel see hear smell
When a specific performer of the gerund action needs to be indicated,  a possessive noun or a possessive determiner  is used. I really appreciate  Karen’s/her   writing  that letter for me. Peter’s/his  coming late really annoys me .
Your  neglecting your teeth will cause an earlier return to the dentist. Their  denying the allegation was understandable. I didn’t like the  dog’s  barking all night.
I don’t mind  his  leaving early. (formal) I don’t mind  him  leaving early. (informal)
When an infinitive functions as a  subject  or a  subject complement , any stated subject of the infinitive should be preceded by  for .  If a pronoun follows for, it must be in object form. When the  subject  of a gerund is stated, it takes the possessive form.
For people  to see is a wonderful gift. Her desire was  for them  to take a trip around the world They hoped  for her  to be able to attend the concert.
Infinitives  can occur in the progressive but  gerunds  cannot. To be doing It is used to indicate an activity in progress or ongoing She had hoped to be working
Both  gerunds and infinitives  can occur in the perfect form having done to have done It is used to indicate that the activity is in the past We appreciate having heard her sing. We’re fortunate to have heard her sing
A gerund can be used in the passive form I dislike being told a lie.
Have make let are causative verbs.  They cause someone to do something. They are always followed by a noun phrase + base form of verb. Do not use an infinitive after these verbs. She made  me   fall .
She  made   her daughter   go  to the party. She  let   him   take  the camera. She  had   me   prepare  breakfast yesterday.
After  causative  verbs : get convince persuade use the  infinitive She  got  me  to work . She  convinced  me  to work .
Sense-perception verbs: hear, listen to feel, smell, see watch, observe, notice are followed by either a noun phrase + base or –ing form with only a slight difference in meaning.
We saw people  living  in poverty. We saw  them perform
Help can take an infinitive or base form. It can occur  with  or  without  a noun phrase. I helped   them carry   the boxes. I helped   them to clean up   after the   party.
perfect infinitive:  to have moved progressive infinitive:  to be working perfect progressive infinitive: to have been playing passive:  to be seen perfect passive:  to have been chosen
Perfect gerund:  having moved passive gerund:  being done perfect passive gerund:  having been selected
The End!

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Gerunds and infinitives

  • 1. Gerunds and Infinitives
  • 2. Gerunds and infinitives can function as: NOUNS ( subjects, objects, subject complements) As subjects, they take a singular verb. Only Gerunds can be object of the preposition.
  • 3. To form gerunds , use the base form + ing (don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs) I enjoy learning English To form negative gerunds, use not + gerund Not speaking English well is my biggest problem in this country.
  • 4. Gerunds used as subject of the sentence. Dancing is fun.
  • 5. Gerunds used as objects He enjoys working with children.
  • 6.
  • 7. Gerunds used as object of the preposition I am thinking about taking the children to Mexico.
  • 8.
  • 9. By + gerund You get good grades by studying hard. go + gerund Recreational activities: camping, dancing, sightseeing, swimming, skiing, fishing, jogging, I will go fishing with you tomorrow .
  • 10. Some expressions are used with gerunds Be busy, can’t help, have fun, it’s no use, it’s not worth
  • 11. To form infinitives use to + base form of the verb I want to dance To form negative infinitives use Not + infinitive He decided not to go to the party.
  • 12. Infinitives in the subject position To live in the United States is my dream It is my dream to live in the United States.
  • 13.
  • 14. Adjectives followed by infinitives Afraid, amazed, anxious, ashamed, careful, delighted, eager, fortunate, glad, happy, lucky, pleased, ready, sad, sorry ,
  • 15. Infinitive of purpose In order to I came here in order to learn.
  • 16. Infinitive with too and enough too + adjective or adverb + infinitive She is too young to vote. Adjective or adverb + enough + infinitive They are old enough to vote.
  • 17. Gerunds often follow verbs that indicate that an action is happening or has happened. The action expressed by the verb comes at the same time or after the action expressed by the gerund. We enjoy going to concerts . (you can only enjoy things you are doing or have done – not things you haven’t done yet.)
  • 18. Infinitives often follow verbs that indicate that an action will or could happen. The action expressed by the verb comes before the action expressed by the infinitive. We hope to go to the concert. (You can hope for things that could happen not things that have already happened)
  • 19. Verbs that are followed by a noun phrase + infinitive can also be followed by a gerund . The gerund makes it general and the infinitive make specific the person indicated. They allow smoking in this building. They allowed me to smoke in the house.
  • 20. These verbs are: advise allow encourage permit require urge
  • 21. Some verbs can be followed by both gerund or infinitive with no change in meaning. Begin, hate, like, start, love, prefer, continue
  • 22. I like cooking. I like to cook. She started losing weight She started to lose weight.
  • 23. Some verbs although they can be used after both gerunds and infinitives have a difference in meaning. remember forget regret stop try get
  • 24. She stopped smoking. She stopped to smoke. They forgot buying bread . They forgot to buy bread.
  • 25. Used to Be used to Get used to Used to + base form Be used to + gerund Get used to + gerund
  • 26. Verbs of perception : infinitives: from start to finish Gerunds: in progress I heard the children cry . I saw your friends walking in the park.
  • 27. Infinitive forms are not used after the following verbs of perception: feel see hear smell
  • 28. When a specific performer of the gerund action needs to be indicated, a possessive noun or a possessive determiner is used. I really appreciate Karen’s/her writing that letter for me. Peter’s/his coming late really annoys me .
  • 29. Your neglecting your teeth will cause an earlier return to the dentist. Their denying the allegation was understandable. I didn’t like the dog’s barking all night.
  • 30. I don’t mind his leaving early. (formal) I don’t mind him leaving early. (informal)
  • 31. When an infinitive functions as a subject or a subject complement , any stated subject of the infinitive should be preceded by for . If a pronoun follows for, it must be in object form. When the subject of a gerund is stated, it takes the possessive form.
  • 32. For people to see is a wonderful gift. Her desire was for them to take a trip around the world They hoped for her to be able to attend the concert.
  • 33. Infinitives can occur in the progressive but gerunds cannot. To be doing It is used to indicate an activity in progress or ongoing She had hoped to be working
  • 34. Both gerunds and infinitives can occur in the perfect form having done to have done It is used to indicate that the activity is in the past We appreciate having heard her sing. We’re fortunate to have heard her sing
  • 35. A gerund can be used in the passive form I dislike being told a lie.
  • 36. Have make let are causative verbs. They cause someone to do something. They are always followed by a noun phrase + base form of verb. Do not use an infinitive after these verbs. She made me fall .
  • 37. She made her daughter go to the party. She let him take the camera. She had me prepare breakfast yesterday.
  • 38. After causative verbs : get convince persuade use the infinitive She got me to work . She convinced me to work .
  • 39. Sense-perception verbs: hear, listen to feel, smell, see watch, observe, notice are followed by either a noun phrase + base or –ing form with only a slight difference in meaning.
  • 40. We saw people living in poverty. We saw them perform
  • 41. Help can take an infinitive or base form. It can occur with or without a noun phrase. I helped them carry the boxes. I helped them to clean up after the party.
  • 42. perfect infinitive: to have moved progressive infinitive: to be working perfect progressive infinitive: to have been playing passive: to be seen perfect passive: to have been chosen
  • 43. Perfect gerund: having moved passive gerund: being done perfect passive gerund: having been selected