American Revolution

1. Unit 2 Notes
American Revolution – The War of
1812

2. The American Revolution

3. The Colonies Organize to Resist Britain
 England attempts to
raise income to pay for
the Seven Years War
debt

4. Stamp Act
• Stamp Act (1765) - Required colonist to
purchase special stamped paper for documents,
printed items
- George Grenville persuaded Parliament to pass it
- Legal paper, newspaper, almanac, playing cards,
etc
- Colonist would be tried in the vice-admiralty
courts (Conviction probable)
• Colonist united to protest the Stamp Act

5. Stamp Act
• Samuel Adams helped
found Sons of Liberty
(secret resistance
group)
- Harassed customs
workers, stamp agents,
royal governors

6. Stamp Act
• 1765 -1766 - Colonial
assembles confronted
the issue
- Virginia adopted
resolutions that stated
that Virginians could
only be taxed by the
Virginia assembly
- Promoted by Patrick
Henry

7. • Stamp Act Congress – Nine colonies sent delegates to New
York City
- Stated that the colonies can’t be taxed without
representation
- 1st time the colonies had begun to act as one
• Colonial merchants boycotted British goods until the Stamp
Act was repealed
• Parliament repealed Stamp Act
• Passes Declaratory Act same day (1766)
- Stated that Parliament had the full right to make laws “to
bind the colonies and people of America… in any cases
whatsoever.”
Stamp Act

8. Townshend Acts (1767) - Taxed glass, paper, lead, and tea
imported to the colonies ( Silver or gold)
 Suspended New York’s assembly until they agreed to house British
troops
Writs of Assistance – gave British officers permission to
search any building for any reason
 Educated Americans spoke out against the act protesting “taxation
without representation”
 Colonists enraged; Samuel Adams organized boycott
- Women stopped buying British luxuries; joined spinning bees;
boycott tea
 June 1768 - Customs agents seized John Hancock’s ship Liberty for
unpaid taxes
- Colonists rioted
- British stationed 2,000 soldiers in Boston “Red Coats”
Townshend Act

9. • Presence of soldiers in Boston created hostility
in the city
• Soldiers competed with colonists for shipyard
jobs
Tension Mounts in Massachusetts

10. Boston Massacre
• Boston Massacre (1770)—
mob threw stones at soldiers in
front of the customs house
- British troops fired into a crowd
of protesters
- Killed 5 people
- Crispus Attucks – African-
American killed
- Sons of Liberty used it for
propaganda
- John Adams and Josiah Quincy
defended the soldiers of murder
charges
– Believed the law should be
deaf
– 4 soldiers found not guilty
– 2 soldiers had their thumbs
branded as punishment

11. • 1772 - Colonists burned customs ship in
Rhode Island (Gaspee)
- Suspects were to be tried in Britain
• Massachusetts and Virginia establish
Committees of Correspondence
• Committees of Correspondence - Purpose was
communicate with other colonies and discuss threats to
freedom, formed network
Gaspee Incident

12. Boston Tea Party
• 1773 Tea Act lets East
India Company avoid
tax,
• Enabled East India
Company to undersell
colonial merchants and
smugglers
• Colonist protested
violently

13. Boston Tea Party
• Boston Tea Party – Colonists
disguised as Indian dumped
18,000 lbs. tea in harbor
- Colonist thought England would
see how strongly colonist
opposed taxation without
representation
• Other colonists didn’t think
destroying property was the best
way to settle the dispute
- Ben Franklin offered to pay for
the tea if England would repeal
the tea tax
- England refused

14. Intolerable Acts
• The Intolerable Acts - Aimed at
punishing the colonist for the Tea Party
- King George III, British king, is
angered by destruction of tea
• 1774 - Parliament passed Intolerable
Acts in response to Boston Tea Party
- General Thomas Gage placed Boston
under martial law—rule by military
- Closed the port of Boston until
colonist paid for the tea
- Restricted representative
government in Massachusetts
- Quartering Act - Allowed British
commanders to house troops in vacant
private homes and other buildings

15. - Allowed British officials accused of crimes to
be tried in England rather than the colonies
• Committees of Correspondence angered and
united the colonies
- Other colonies sent aid to Massachusetts
- Committee of Correspondence called for
delegates to meet in Philadelphia
Intolerable Acts

16. Intolerable Acts
• September 1774 - First
Continental Congress met in
Philadelphia
• Defended the colonies right to
run their own affairs
• Supported protests
• Voted to ban trade with England
until the Intolerable Acts were
repealed
• Called on each colony to begin
training soldiers
• 1st step towards independence
(colonist didn’t want
independence at this time)
• Agreed to meet again in 7 months
if conditions hadn’t improved

17. Between War and Peace
• Colonist expected England
to repeal the acts
• Parliament stood firm (sent
more troops to the colonies)
• ( End 1774) some colonist
began preparing to fight
- John Hancock headed
Committee of Safety with
power to call out the militias
- Minutemen – Colonial
Army - had to be ready at a
minutes notice

18. Between War and Peace
• Most colonist thought a war
would be short
- Britain would repel the
Intolerable Acts and colonist
would return to being loyal
British subjects
• Patrick Henry was one of a
few people who expected a
war for independence
- Gave “Give me liberty or
give me death” speech

19. Fighting Erupts at Lexington
and Concord
• 1775 - Civilian militia or
minutemen began
stockpiling firearms in
Concord
• Resistance leaders John
Hancock & Samuel Adams
hid in Lexington
• April 1775 - General Gage
sent 700 redcoats sent to
capture leaders, destroy
munitions,
• Paul Revere, William Dawes
& Samuel Prescott warned
leaders & townspeople
• “the regulars are coming”

20. Fighting Erupts at Lexington
and Concord
• English met colonist at
Lexington and ordered them to
lay down their weapon
• Shots were fired (8 colonist
killed)
• English marched to Concord
burned the courthouse and
destroyed some of the militia’s
supplies
• 3,000–4,000 minutemen
ambush British in Concord, kill
dozens
• Colonist attacked English as
they marched back to Boston
• April 19, 1775 - Revolutionary
War began with the Battle of
Lexington and Concord

21. The Colonies Hover Between Peace and War
• Militias started gathering at
Patriot headquarters near Boston
• Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen
seized Fort Ticonderoga
- Seized artillery
• May - June 1775 - Second
Continental Congress met in
Philadelphia:
- Debated independence
- Recognized militiamen as
Continental Army
- Printed paper money to pay
troops

22. The Colonies Hover Between Peace and War
• Appointed George
Washington
commander of the
Continental Army
- Had to form army
without enough money,
supplies, or weapons
- Patriots would chase
British cannon balls and
reuse them

23. Who wrote the controversial pamphlet Common
Sense
A. Thomas Jefferson
B. Thomas Paine
C. Ben Franklin
D. James Madison
Warm-up
Aug 26

24. The Battle of Bunker Hill
• June 1775 -British troops attacked
militia north of Boston,
• Actually fought on Breeds Hill
• English army led by General Howe
retake the hill
- Patriots ran out of gun powder
• Costly win for British
- 450 colonist casualties
- Over 1,000 British casualties
• Colonies saw the battle as a victory
- They held their own against the
world’s most powerful army
• The Battle of Bunker Hill showed
the colonist that they could defeat the
British

25. The Olive Branch Petition
• Many colonist still hoped for
peace
• Wanted King George III to
settle the dispute
• July 1775 - Congress sent
Olive Branch Petition to
England restore “harmony”
- Blamed Parliament for the
war
- George III rejected
petition, called the colonists
“Rebels”
- Ordered naval blockade
and hired 10,000 German
soldiers “Hessians”

26. The Patriots Declare Independence
• Most Americans still wanted to avoid
a full break from Britain
• January 1776 – Thomas Paine wrote
Common Sense
- Attacked king George III
- Explained that his own revolt against
the king began with the battle of
Lexington and Concord
- Argued independence would allow
free trade and foreign aid
- Independence could give equal
social, economic opportunities to all
• Almost 500,000 copies of pamphlet
sold
- Convinced many colonists to begin
calling for independence

27. • Congress urged each colony to form own government
• Congress appointed committee to prepare formal declaration
• Virginia lawyer Thomas Jefferson chosen to write it
• Declaration of Independence - formal statement of separation
Declaring Independence
- Declaration, based on John Locke’s ideas, lists complaints, rights:
- People have natural rights to life, liberty, property
- People consent to obey a government that protects rights
- People can resist or overthrow government
- “All men are created equal” means free citizens are political equals
• July 2, 1776 – Delegates voted unanimously that then American colonies
were free
• July 4, 1776 delegates adopted declaration
Declaring Independence

28. Have you ever wondered what happened to the 56 men who signed the Declaration of Independence?
• 5 were captured by the British as traitors and tortured before they died
• 12 had their homes ransacked and burned
• 2 lost their sons serving in the revolutionary army
• 2 had their sons captured in the war
• 9 of the 56 fought and died from wounds or hardships of the Revolutionary war
What kind of men were they?
• 24 were lawyers and jurists. 11 were merchants, 9 were farmers and large plantation owners, men of means and well-
educated. But they signed the Declaration of Independence knowing full well that the penalty would be death if they
were captured.
• Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader, saw his ships swept from the seas by the British navy. He sold his
home and properties to pay his debts and died in rags.
• Thomas McKeam was so hounded by the British that he was forced to move his family almost constantly. He served in
the congress without pay and his family was kept in hiding. His possessions were taken away from him, and poverty was
his reward.
• Vandals or soldiers looted the properties of Dillery, Hasll, Clymer, Walton, Gwinnett, Heyward, Rutledge, and Middleton.
• At the battle of Yorktown, Thomas Nelson, Jr. noted that the British general Cornwallis has taken over the Nelson home
for his headquarters. He quietly urged General George Washington to open fire. The home was destroyed and Nelson
died bankrupt.
• Francis Lewis had his home and properties destroyed. The enemy jailed his wife and she died within a few months.
• John Hard was driven from his wife’s bedside as she was dying. Their 13 kids fled for their lives. His fields and mill were
laid to waste. For more than a year he lived in caves and the forest, returning home to find his wife dead.
Have you ever wondered what happened to the 56 men who
signed the Declaration of Independence?

29. • Loyalists and Patriots
• Loyalists—opposed independence remained loyal to Crown
for different reasons:
– Worked in government, unaware of events, trusted crown to protect
rights
– Most were from New York, New Jersey and Carolinas
• Patriots - supported independence:
– Thought independence would mean economic opportunity
– Most were from New England and Virginia
• Several groups wee forced to choose sides
- Quakers – Supported patriots didn’t believe in fighting
- African Americans on both sides (British promised freedom)
- Native Americans supported British
(Viewed colonists as a bigger threat to their land)
Americans Choose Sides

30. Defeat in New York
• British decided to stop rebellion by
isolating New England
• Summer 1776 - 32,000 British soldiers
and Hessians took New York
• Led By General William Howe and
Admiral Richard Howe
• Many of Washington’s recruits were
killed
• Retreated to Pennsylvania (Saved
army)
• General Howe ordered his troops to
spend the winter in New York
• Ordered the Hessians to hold New
Jersey
• General Howe hoped the winter would
destroy what was left of Washington's
army

31. New Jersey Victories
• Continental Army dropped from
20,000 to a few thousand during
the winter
• Men’s enlistments were up on
December 31
• Washington had to gamble
"victory or death"
• Battle of Trenton (Late
December 25, 1776) - George
Washington led troops across the
Delaware River and surprised
attacked the Hessians at Trenton
- Captured or killed over 1,000
Hessians and gathered much
needed supplies

32. • Gen. William Howe beats Washington at
Brandywine, PA, summer 1777
• Howe captured U.S. capital, Philadelphia
• Continental Congress forced to flee
The Fight for Philadelphia

33. Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point of the War)
• British wanted to seize
Hudson River Valley and
divide the colonies in
two
• Plan called for 3 armies
to meet in Albany New
York

34. • Battle of Saratoga considered the turning point
of the war
- Made France realize that the colonies could
win the war
- Had been secretly sending weapons to
Americans since 1776
• February 1778 - French signed treaty
recognizing American independence
- Agreed not to make peace until Britain
recognized U.S. independence
Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point of the War)

35. Winter at Valley Forge
• Valley Forge - site of
Continental Army’s winter
camp (1777–1778)
• Of 10,000 soldiers, more
than 2,000 die of cold and
hunger (Nearly ¼)
- Suffered without food,
clothing, or rum
• Many deserted - Left
without permission
• Army didn't stop training

36. European Allies Shift the Balance
• Training the Continental Army
• February 1778, Prussian
captain Friedrich von Steuben
went to Valley Forge
- Trained colonists in fighting
skills and field maneuvers of
regular army
- Standing at attention, firing
and reloading quickly and
wielding bayonets
- Turned the Continental army
into an effective force

37. European Allies Shift the Balance
• Marquis de Lafayette –
20-year-old idealistic
aristocrat, joined
Washington at Valley
Forge
- 1779 - Lobbied for
French troops, 1779
- Led a command in last
years of war

38. • British changed strategies after defeat at Saratoga
- Hoped to rally loyalist support and reclaim former colonies
• - Then move northward
• Early British Success in the South
• 1778 -British took Savannah; royal
- 1779 – Royal governor reinstated in Georgia
• 1780 - British armies captured Charles Town
- Greatest British victory of war
- Captured 5,500 American soldiers
The British Move South

39. The British Move South
• British were led by Gen. Henry Clinton
replaced (Gen Howe) and Gen Charles
Cornwallis
• Charles Cornwallis -became the
commander of the British troops
- Clinton returned to New York and left
Cornwallis in charge to conquer the
Carolinas
• Cornwallis smashed through South
Carolina
• African Americans escaped Patriot
owners& joined British to win freedom
- 50,000 African- Americans helped the
British (Promised freedom)

40. British Losses in 1781
• 1780 - Nathanial Greene
replaced General Gates as
commander of the colonies
southern army
• 1781, Cornwallis fought
Daniel Morgan, Nathaniel
Greene in Carolinas
• Weakened Cornwallis
moved to Virginia
- Got reinforcements
- Camped at Yorktown
• (Located on a peninsula
between the James and
York Rivers)

41. The British Surrender at Yorktown
• Victory at Yorktown
• 1780 - French army landed
in Newport, Rhode Island
• Lafayette’s plan: French,
Americans attack British
at Yorktown
• French navy defeats British,
blockades Chesapeake Bay

42. The British Surrender at Yorktown
• Washington trapped
General Cornwallis at
Yorktown – Cornwallis
Surrenders
• Americans and French siege
Yorktown,
• shell British for three weeks
• French navy helped by
keeping the English navy
away
• Cornwallis surrenders
October 1781

43. Seeking Peace
• 1782 - peace talks
included United States,
Britain, France, Spain
• American negotiators
were John Adams,
Benjamin Franklin, John
Jay

44. Treaty of Paris
(September 1783)
• Confirms U.S.
Independence
• Recognizes America as its
own nation
• Set U.S. boundaries (Exact
location of Boundaries
were disputed for years)
- Bordered Canada to the
North
- Bordered Spanish Florida
to the South
- Extended West to the
Mississippi River

45. • Ignored Native American rights
• Promised repayment of debts
• No date was set for British evacuation of forts
in U.S.
• England would return any slaves they had
captured (didn’t do it)
• Congress would recommend that any land
taken from loyalist be returned (didn’t do it)
Treaty of Paris
(September 1783)

47. • The Impact on American Society
- War stimulated egalitarianism—belief in equality of
all people
- Equality for white men; women do not gain legal or
political rights
• African Americans still enslaved; those free face
discrimination
• Planters in upper South debate morality of slavery;
some free slaves
• Native Americans continue to be forced off their
lands by settlers
The War Became a Symbol of Liberty

48. • Better Leadership – Washington was an excellent
leader , many English leaders obtained jobs through
connections not ability
• Foreign Aid – France and Spain helped colonies
• Knowledge of Land – England couldn’t gain control of
the interior
• Motivation – Colonist were fighting for their land and
dream of liberty
Why the Americans Won

49. • Americans lost 25,000
• English lost 10,000
Cost of War

50. Fate of Loyalist
• Between 80,000 and
100,000 Loyalist left the
U.S.
• Many went to Canada
therefore changing its
history and culture

52. Daily Reflection - Jan. 21
What do you think was the biggest reasons the
Colonist were able to defeat the British in the
American Revolution?.
@CoachParkerUSH

53. Creating a Republic

54. Warm-up
Jan 22
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 in
Philadelphia occurred in which century?
A. Seventeenth century
B. Eighteenth century
C. Nineteenth century
D. Twentieth century

55. Forming a Republic
• Articles of Confederation – 1st Form of Government in
American History
– U.S. had a national government, but the States had most of the power
• Most people didn’t trust a national government - wanted the
states to have most of the power
• National Government did not have the power to tax or
regulate trade
- Caused it to be weak
• 9 out of 13 states had to approve national laws
• All 13 states had to approve changes to the Articles
• Each state had one vote

56. Governing the Northwest Territory
• Thomas Jefferson wanted
to divide the land into 14
rectangular territories
• People objected because
they wanted state
boundaries based on
natural features
• Easterners didn’t want
too many states in the
West (Afraid the West
would gain control of the
Government)

57. Governing the Northwest Territory
• Northwest Ordinance – dealt with governing the NW
territory
- Congress would choose a Governor and 3 judges to rule
the territory
- Over time the territory would be divided into no fewer
than 3 and no more than 5 states
- Citizens had freedom of religion and speech, right to
trial by jury, and protection from unfair punishments
- Settlers had to treat Indians fairly
- Slavery was banned in the territory
• Northwest Ordinance became a model used for the
settlement of other territories

58. Troubled Government
• Didn’t have power to tax couldn’t pay debts
• Couldn’t earn the respect of other nations (
shut out of trade patterns)
• Disputes between states – didn’t have a court
to settle disputes
• People began to realize that the national
government needed more power (became
afraid that the 13 states would become
separate nations

59. Foreign-Relations Problems
• U.S. did not pay debts to British merchants or
compensate Loyalists
• In retaliation, Britain refused to evacuate forts on
Great Lakes
• 1784 - Spain closed Mississippi River to American
navigation
• Westerners were unable to ship crops east through
New Orleans
• Congress was unable to resolve problems with
foreign nations

60. Shays Rebellion
• Led by Daniel Shays
• Massachusetts outlawed paper money
• Had strict laws concerning debt
• Farmers Couldn’t pay debts
• 80 % of people in jail were there because
of debt
• Angry mob of farmers protested and
stopped sale of farms for nonpayment of
debts
• Protest was defeated by state militia
• People began to worry about future
rebellions
• Government didn’t have the power to
stop the rebellions
• Shays’ Rebellion showed
Americans that a stronger central
government was needed to
protect individual rights as well as
the rights of the states.

61. Annapolis Convention
• Lawmakers from Virginia
called for a meeting of the
states delegates
- Wanted to discuss trade
disputes between the states
- Only 5 states sent delegates
• Alexander Hamilton and
James Madison persuaded
other delegates that little
couldbe done since only 5
states sent delegates

62. Annapolis Convention
• Hamilton wrote a report saying
what he though was wrong with
the Articles of Confederation
- Couldn’t negotiate trade
- Couldn’t settle disputes
between states
- Couldn’t pay its debts
- Couldn’t tax in order to solve
these problems
• Hamilton called for a special
convention to consider ways to
strengthen the government
- Delegates at Annapolis voted to
support Hamilton’s report

63. Constitutional Convention
• Summer 1787 –
Independence Hall in
Philadelphia
• 12 states sent delegates
(Rhode Island didn’t send
delegates)
• Original; purpose was to
discuss way to fix the Article
of Confederation
• The 55 delegates were
among the most educated in
America
- Called the “Founding
Fathers”
- George Washington Voted
President of the convention

64. Constitutional Convention
• Delegates decided to keep all
of their discussions secret
(nailed the windows shut)
• Most of our records come
from James Madison’s notes
• James Madison – known as
the “Father of the
Constitution”
- Many of its principles are
based on his ideas
• Delegates had to develop a
strong government without
infringing on people’s liberties

65. Virginia Plan
• Plan called for 3 branches of federal government
- Legislative – makes laws
- Executive – enforces laws
- Judicial – interprets laws
• Plan called for Congress to be made up of two
houses (bicameral)
- Lower House - elected directly by the people
- Lower house would elect a 2nd Upper House
• Some people believed that ordinary people couldn’t
be trusted to elect good representatives
• Virginia Plan - Representation in Congress was to be
based on population (favors large states)

66. New Jersey
• Developed by William Patterson
• Plan called for Legislature to have only one
house (unicameral)
• New Jersey Plan - Each state would send the
same number of representatives (regardless of
population)
• Small states would have as many votes as
large states

67. The Great Compromise
• Developed by Roger Sherman from Connecticut
• The Great Compromise was a combination of the VA Plan and
the NJ Plan
• Legislature would have 2 houses
• People would be represented in the lower house (House of
Representatives)
- Based on population (larger states have more representatives)
- 2 year terms
• States would be represented in the upper house
- every state would have the same number of representatives
(2 per state)
– 6 year terms

68. Three-Fifths Compromise
• North didn’t want south to count slaves as part
of their population
- Counting slaves would give the southern states
more representatives House of Representatives
- North said that they shouldn’t count since they
didn’t vote
• Delegates worked out compromise
3/5 Compromise - 5 slaves counted as 3 persons

69. Trade
• Delegates debated how much control the
national government should have on trade
• Delegates agreed that national government
should control trade between states
• North also wanted National Gov. to control
foreign trade
- Gov. allowed to tax imports (tariff)
• Congress could end slave trade in 20 years

70. Executive
• Decided that the Executive branch would be
headed by one person
• Congress had power to impeach President if
needed
• President would be chosen by the Electoral
College
- Many delegates didn’t trust the judgment of
the people to elect the President
• States Electoral votes = number of Senators +
Number of representatives in the House

72. A Federal System
• Federalism – sharing of power between a federal
government and state governments
• Federalist – in favor of the new constitution
• Anti-federalist – opposed to the constitution and
insisted that the Bill of Rights be added later
- Thought Constitution gave too much power to the
national government
- Felt that liberty could only survive in a small
republic (state)
- Patrick Henry – one of the biggest opponents of the
new Constitution

73. The Federalist
• 85 essays titled The
Federalist Papers
defended the new
Constitution
• Written by James
Madison, Alexander
Hamilton, and John Jay

74. States Decide
• Delaware – 1st state to ratify the constitution
• New Hampshire was the 9th state (made it law)
• Virginia and New York were 10th and 11th
• Government couldn’t succeed without these two
states
• Rhode Island – last state to ratify the constitution
• Federalist had to promise to add a Bill of Rights to
convince states to ratify Constitution

75. States Decide
• Bill of Rights - 1st ten amendments guarantee certain
rights to all citizens
• First Amendment —freedom of religion, speech, press,
politics
• Second, Third —right to bear arms, no quartering of
soldiers
• Fourth through Eighth —fair treatment for persons
accused of crimes (Due Process)
• Ninth—people’s rights not limited to those mentioned in
Constitution
• Tenth —people, states have all rights not specifically
assigned

76. The Structure of Government
• Legislative Branch – makes laws
- Senate (6 year terms)
- House of Representatives (2 year terms)
• Executive Branch – enforces laws
• Judicial Branch – interprets laws
• Separation of Powers – keeps any one branch
from becoming too powerful

77. Checks and Balances
• Checks and Balances - Constitution gives each
branch some power over the other branches
• Prevents one branch form becoming too
powerful
• Example – President has the power to veto
laws passed by Congress
- Congress can override President’s veto with a
2/3 vote

79. Sharing of Powers
• National Government powers
- Coin money
- Make treaties
- Declare war
• State Powers
- Set punishment for crimes
- Make education laws
- Regulate trade within the state
• Concurrent Powers (Both have these powers)
- Power to tax
- Build roads
- Set up courts
• In case of conflicts between Federal and State laws – States must
follow national laws

80. Ability to Change
• Has only been amended 27 times
• Constitution written very vague – different
interpretations
• Supreme Court’s job to interpret the
Constitution

81. Changes over time
• Supreme Court may change interpretations
over time
– Plessey vs. Ferguson
– Brown vs. Board of Education

83. Daily Reflection Jan 22
What effect did Shay’s Rebellion have
on the newly created American
government?
@CoachParkerUSH

84. The New Government
Takes Shape

85. Warm-up
Jan. 23
Under the Article of Confederation the Continental
Congress had difficulty paying for the
Revolutionary War because
A. most Americans would not contribute
B. it lacked the power to tax
C. other nations would not loan them money
D. it lacked the power to print money

86. Washington Heads the New Government
• Constitution left unanswered questions
• Judicial system
- Supreme Courts and other courts
- Number of Supreme Court justices?
(5)
- Washington nominated John Jay as
Chief Justice
- How many other courts would the
federal government need?
• President’s Cabinet
- What should the departments be?

87. The New Government Takes Shape
• The New Government Takes Shape
• Judiciary Act of 1789 - Created Supreme, 3
circuit, & 13 district courts
- State court decisions may be appealed to
federal courts

88. The New Government Takes Shape
• Washington Shapes the Executive Branch
- Executive branch is president, vice president
- Unanimous Choice
- Inaugurated April 30, 1789
- New York City served as capital 1st year
- Moved to Philadelphia 2nd year
- Faced pressure of setting precedent
-Lived in a “grand style” (believed it was necessary to in order
to gain respect for the office)
• - John Adams became Vice President (finished 2nd electoral
votes)

89. Congress Created State, War, Treasury
Departments
• Secretary of State – handled
relations with other countries
(Thomas Jefferson)
• Secretary of War – Military
(Henry Knox)
• Secretary of Treasury – raised
money and handled government
finances (Alexander Hamilton)
• Washington added attorney
general
– Attorney General – advised
the government on legal
matters (Edmund Randolph)
• Department heads became
President’s Cabinet

90. Hamilton and Jefferson Debate
• Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict
• Hamilton- strong central government led by
wealthy, educated
• Jefferson - strong state, local government;
people’s participation
• Hamilton had Northern support; Jefferson had
Southern, Western

91. Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan
• Creation of a Bank of the United States
- Funded by government, private investors
- Issue paper money, handle taxes
- Would provide the national government with a safe
place to keep and borrow money
• Disagreement over Congressional authority to
establish bank
• Debate began over strict and loose interpretation of
Constitution

92. Opposition to Hamilton’ Plan
• Southern states opposed the national government
paying off all the debts
- They had already paid off their debts
• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed the
National Bank
- Believed in land wealth

93. Opposition to Hamilton’ Plan
- Strict construction – government has only
the power that the constitution clearly says it
has
• Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)
- Believed in money wealth
- Loose construction – government can do
anything the constitution doesn’t specifically
says it cannot do.
• President Washington settled the debate by
siding with Hamilton and creating the National
Bank

94. The District of Columbia
• Hamilton suggested moving nation’s capital
from NYC to South to win Southern support
for his debt plan
• South agreed to support Hamilton’s war debt
plan in exchange for the national capital being
put in the south. (Along the Potomac River)
• Washington, D.C. planned on grand scale;
government seat by 1800

95. Political Parties
Differences between Hamilton and Jefferson led to the
creation of parties
• Democratic- Republican
Party
1. Formed by Thomas
Jefferson., James
Madison, James
Monroe
2. Wanted the states to
have more power
3. Strict construction
• The Federalist
1. John Adams,
Alexander Hamilton
2. Wanted a strong
national; government
3. Loose construction
• Two-party system
major parties compete
for power

97. Daily Reflection Jan. 23

98. Warm-up
Jan. 27
What was a major significance of the Whiskey Rebellion?
A. Washington showed the power of the federal
government by sending troops to put down the
rebellion and enforce the law.
B. Washington did not know what to do and was
forced to surrender to the wills of the farmers in
rebellion.
C. Whiskey became a medium of exchange for
western farmers, and it had not been in the past.
D. Rebellions became punishable by penalty of
death, no matter the reasoning behind the
conflict.

99. Whiskey Rebellion
• 1794 – government put tax on whiskey
• Excise tax charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or
distribution
• Most farmers made their grain into whiskey (easier to
transport to market
- Used it like money to buy other goods
• Farmers felt the tax was unfair
• 1794 - Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay excise tax on
whiskey
- Beat up federal marshals, threaten secession
• Government sent troops and put down the rebellion
• Whiskey Rebellion - Showed that the national
government had the power and will to enforce its laws

100. Washington Retires
• Retired after 2nd term
(set precedent)
• Farewell address
– Warned the country not
to form political parties
– Advised the county to
stay neutral in foreign
affairs

101. Election of 1796
• First Party-Based Elections
• John Adams became the
2nd president (Federalist)
• Thomas Jefferson became
V.P. (Democratic
Republican)
- Finished 2nd
• Result of sectionalism,
placing regional interests
above nation

102. The Alien and Sedition Acts
• Many Federalists feared French plot to overthrow U.S.
government
• Federalists suspicious of immigrants
- Many were active Democratic-Republicans
- Some were critical of Adams
• Federalists push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Congress
• Alien Acts raise residence requirements for citizenship
- New citizens had to be in the U.S. 14 years before they could
become citizen (Changed from 5 years)
- Permit deportation, jail
• Also outlawed criticism of the government
- Sedition Act set fines & jail terms for hindering or lying about
government
- Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, politicians
were jailed

103. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Democratic Republicans challenged the Alien and Sedition
Acts with State’s Rights Theory
- Said states had the right to judge whether or not a law
passed Congress was unconstitutional
• Jefferson, Madison saw Alien and Sedition Acts as misuse of
power
• Organized opposition in Virginia, Kentucky legislatures
• Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions called Sedition acts a
violation of First Amendment rights
• Nullification—states have right to void laws deemed
unconstitutional
• Congress let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire

104. Election of 1800
• 1st bitter campaign wild charges hurled
- Adams was too rich who wanted monarchy
- Jefferson was dangerous supporter of French Revolution
• Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams to become the 3rd President
• Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied
• House of Reps had to decide
- Alexander Hamilton convinced the House to elect Jefferson
President
- 1804 Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed him
• Election of 1800 revealed flaw in electoral process
- 1804 - 12th Amendment called for separate ballots for the
President and Vice President

105. The Jefferson Presidency
• Simplified the Presidency
- Did not like ceremony and show
• Jefferson replaced some Federalists with Democratic-
Republicans
• Believed in small government
- Cut government spending by reducing size of military
• Undid several of the Federalist programs
- Eliminated internal taxes (Whiskey)
- Reduced influence of Bank of the U.S.
• Favored free trade over government-controlled trade (tariffs)
• Jefferson first to take office in new Washington, D.C.
• South dominated politics
- Northern & Federalist influence declined

106. A Federalist Judiciary
• John Adams pushed Judiciary
Act of 1801, adding 16 federal
judges
• John Adams appointed
Federalist midnight judges on his
last day as president
• John Marshall – became Chief
Justice (44 years old)
- Distant Cousin of Jefferson
- Disagreed with Jefferson’s
Policies
• Worked to strengthen the
Federal Courts and stop
Jefferson’s Programs
• Jefferson argued undelivered
appointment papers are invalid

107. Marbury v. Madison
• Marbury v. Madison — William Marbury sued to
have papers delivered
• Judiciary Act of 1789 required Supreme Court to
order that the papers be delivered
- Marshall ruled requirement unconstitutional
• Marbury v. Madison established Judicial Review —
Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional

108. Louisiana Purchase
• U.S. became worried about the
Mississippi River
• 1800 – Napoleon forced Spain to
return its North America territory
of Louisiana to France in a secret
treaty
• U.S. became worried about the
Mississippi River
• Navigation and rights of deposit in
New Orleans
• 1802 – Spain canceled the right of
deposit at the time they were to
turn over the colony
- Left Westerners without an easy
way to transport crops to market

109. Louisiana Purchase
• Jefferson offered to buy New
Orleans from France (Avoid
war)
• Napoleon offered to sell all of
Louisiana for $15 million
(Jefferson agreed)
- Jefferson wasn’t sure it was
constitutional
• Louisiana Purchase doubled
the size of U.S.
- Gave U.S. land between
Mississippi and Rocky
Mountains
• Jefferson’s most important act
as President

111. Lewis and Clark
• Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark led expedition
to explore the Louisiana
Territory
• 1803 - Left St. Louis
• 1st American scientific
expedition
Explorers described the land,
plants, and animals
• Wanted to find an all water
across the continent
• Sacagawea – served as an
interpreter
• 1805 – Reached the mouth of
the Colombia River

112. Effects of Exploration
• Accurate Maps – 1st good maps the Louisiana
Purchase
• Growth of the Fur Trade
• Inaccurate view of the Great Plains – Pike
described it as a desert that was useless for
faming
• People began thinking Indians East of the
Mississippi should move west

113. War of 1812
• 1804 - Hard feelings
began when England
and France started
capturing American
ships
- They were at war.
• Britain practiced
impressment – Drafting
by force (American
sailors into navy)
• 1804 – Jefferson re-
elected
- Couldn’t ignore the
attacks

114. War of 1812
• Chesapeake incident
further angers Americans
- Britain opened fire on
the American frigate after
it refused to allow the
British commander to
search it for deserters
• 1807 – Jefferson banned
trade with foreign nations
until they respected
American Ships
(Embargo)
- Disaster for the U.S.A.

115. War of 1812
• 1808 – James Madison
(Republican) elected
president
- Changed law where
America could trade
with everybody except
France and England

116. Tecumseh’s Confederacy
• 1809 - William Henry
Harrison made land
deal with Native
American chiefs
- Persuaded several
Indian Chiefs to sign
away 3 million acres of
tribal land to the U.S.
Government

117. Tecumseh’s Confederacy
• Shawnee chief Tecumseh
tried to form Native American
confederacy
- Believed it was the only way
to protect their land from
white intruders
- Told people to return to
traditional beliefs, practices
• Tecumseh pressed Harrison
and negotiated with British for
help
- Many tribes didn’t join
Confederacy (Already received
payment for lands)

118. Tecumseh’s Confederacy
• 1809 – William Henry
Harrison defeated
Tecumseh at the Battle of
Tippecanoe
- Native American
Confederacy used weapons
from British
• War hawks—wanted war
with Britain because natives
used British arms

119. The War Brings Mixed Results
• 1812 – War begins – England
was still fighting France
(blockaded American ports)
• Madison chose war because he
thought Britain was crippling
U.S. trade & economy
• U.S. army unprepared
• British won early victories in
Detroit, Montreal
• Oliver Hazard Perry defeated
British on Lake Erie; U.S.
• Native Americans fight on both
sides; Tecumseh killed in battle

120. The War Brings Mixed Results
• The War at Sea
– U.S. navy only had 16 ships; 3
frigates
– sailed alone & scored victories
• British blockaded U.S. ports along
east coast
• 1814 – England’s war with France
ends
- Turns its full attention to the
U.S.
• 1814- British raided and burn
towns along Atlantic coast
• British burned Washington D.C. in
retaliation for York, Canada
• Attacked Fort McHenry – Francis
Scott Key wrote “The Star
Spangled Banner”

121. The Treaty of Ghent
• Treaty of Ghent, peace
agreement signed
Christmas 1814
- Declares armistice or
end to fighting; does
not resolve all issues
- Ended the War of
1812
- No territory changed
hands (called it a tie)

122. The Treaty of Ghent
• 1815- Commercial treaty reopened trade
between Britain and U.S.
• 1817 - Rush-Bagot agreement limited war
ships on Great Lakes
• 1818 - Northern boundary of Louisiana
Territory set at 49th parallel
• Both countries agreed to jointly occupy
Oregon Territory for 10 years

123. The Battle of New Orleans
• General Andrew Jackson fought Native Americans, gains
national fame
• Jackson defeated Native Americans at Battle of Horseshoe
Bend
- Destroyed military power of Native Americans in South
• 1815- Defeated superior British force at Battle of New
Orleans
- Battle took place two weeks after the war ended
- Andrew Jackson becomes a hero by defeating the British

124. Daily Reflection Jan. 27
• What was the significance of the Whiskey
Rebellion?
@CoachParkerUSH