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Medical Image Processing
- 2. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Medical Imaging
• The study of medical imaging is concerned with
Interaction of all forms of radiation with
tissue.
• The development of appropriate technology to
extract clinically useful information, usually in the
form of an image from the observed
technology.
• Non-invasive visualization of internal organs, tissue,
etc.
– Is endoscopy an imaging modality?
• Image – a 2D signal f(x,y) or 3D f(x,y,z)
- 3. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Major Modalities
• Projection X-ray (Radiography)
• X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Ultrasound
• Nuclear Medicine ( PET)
• Magnetic Resonance Angiography
• Fundus Images
- 4. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
X-ray
• Image Formation
• A beam of X-rays is directed through a patient
onto a film.
• The film provides a measure of the ray attenuation in tissue.
- 6. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Computer Tomography
• Image Formation The object is viewed from a number of
different angles and then a cross-sectional image of it can be
computed (reconstructed).
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Positron Emission Tomography
(PET)
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Magnetic Resonance Angiography
• Image Formation Imagine the blood vessels (moving spins)
using MRI scanner.
PCA -(phase contract angiography)
CEA -(contrast enhanced angiography)
CTA -(computer tomography angiography)
DSA- (digital subtraction angiography)
TOF -(time-of-flight)
- 17. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Fundus photography
• Fundus photography (also called fundography[
) is the creation of a
photograph of the interior surface of the eye, including the retina, optic disc,
macula,
• Fundus photography is performed by a fundus camera, which basically
consists of a specialized low power microscope with an attached camera. and
posterior pole
- 18. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Sample Fundus Images
Fundus photography is used by optometrists,
ophthalmologists, and trained medical professionals for
monitoring progression of a disease, diagnosis of a disease
- 19. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Basic Medical Image
Processing System
Acquisition
Processing
Visualizing/Reporting
Pre processing
Segmentation
Detection
Analyzing
Diagnosis
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Acquisition of Images
• X-RAY
• MRI
• CT
• MRA
• PET
• MAMMOGRAM
• ULTRASOUND…..and More.
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Preprocessing of Images
• Filtering
• Image Denoising
• Image Registration
• Image enhancement
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List of algorithms for
Preprocessing
• Median filter
• Mean filter
• Wavelet Based Denoising
• Wavelet based Image registration
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List of Segmentation
Algorithms
• K Means
• Fuzzy
• Neuro Fuzzy
• Neural Network based Segmentation
• Snake algorithm
• Thresholding based Segmentation
- 28. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
List of Applications
• Medical Image Compression
• Medical Image Denosing
• Image Filtering
• Medical Image Retrieval
• Mammograms
• Tumor detection
• Medical Image fusion
- 29. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Medical Image Compression
Why Compress Medical Images ?
• Growing need for storage
• Efficient data transmission
• Telemedicine
• Tele-radiology applications
• Real time Tele-consultation.
• PACS (Picture archiving and communication
systems)
- 30. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Challenges unique to medical
images.
• Compression Algorithms
• Lossy / Lossless
• Medical Images should always be stored in
lossless format.
• Erroneous Diagnostics and its legal implications.
- 31. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Low motion areas lossy
High motion areas lossless
Future improvements
Lossless
Lossy
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Encoding using “slices” (group of macroblocks):
– First slice for high motion areas
– Second slice for low motion areas
Slices may be encoded at different rates
Future improvements
First slice
Second
slice
- 33. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Medical Image Fusion-
PET/CT
PET Image of the
Chest
CT Image of the
Chest
PET/CT Fused
Image of the
Chest
Multiple Modality images are registered and overlaid or
merged to provide additional information
- 34. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Medical Image Retrieval
What for ?
• Medical assistance
– Use of similar cases in order to assist medical
detection/diagnosis, treatment, …
• Difficult cases detection/diagnosis assistance
• Treatment choice assistance
Education
• Better understanding of diseases and
phenomena using multiple similar
examples
• Better training by the recognition of similar
symptoms – different origins cases
• Updating and creating medical multimedia
atlases
Research
• Medical Image Data mining
• New pathological trends,
• Extract new global characteristics by type of
population and geographic regions
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Medical Image Retrieval - Example
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1. Differentiation of benign from malignant lessions
2. Staging of malignant disease
3. Differentiation of reccurent malignant disease
from therapy induced changes
4. Monitoring the response to therapy
Tumor Imaging
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- Weight lost (15 kg)
- CT and endo ultrasound suspicion
of malignancy
- high risk patient undergoing dialysis
- PET negative
- clinical follow up without progression
Differentiation of benign from malignant lessions
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Differentiation of reccurent malignant disease from
therapy induced changes
MRI PET
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• At least one microaneurysm - earliest clinically detectable lesion
• Retinal hemorrhages
• Hard or soft exudates
Diabetic Retinopathy-Ultrasound
Imaging
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Healthy Retina Diabetic Retinopathy
- 41. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Most of the Medical Image processing system consist of
1)Preprocessing
2)Enhancement
3)Filtering , Denoising and Morphological Operations
4)Segmentation
5)Detection
Conclusion
- 42. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt
Thank you!Thank you!
Any doubts?
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For more details
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