1. OZONE- AND CLIMATE-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Prof. Dr. Risto Ciconkov, dipl. ing.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
University “Ss. Cyril & Methodius”
Skopje, R. Macedonia
Delagate to IIR Member of
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

2. OZONE- AND CLIMATE-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
CONTENT
View on the refrigeration industries in the SE region
Domestic refrigerators
Commercial refrigeration
Air conditioners and heat pumps
Water-heating heat pumps
Liquid chillers
Industrial refrigeration
Sources of information for industries and low GWP technologies
Who decide? Reasons why natural refrigerants not applied
Suggestions
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

3. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
View on the refrigeration industries in the SE region
Bankruptcy of almost all companies manufacturers of refrigerating
equipment in economy transition process in this part of Europe
“Frinko” – R. Macedonia
“Jugostroj” – Serbia
“Termomehanika”, “Termofriz” – Croatia
“Soko” – Bosnia & Hercegovina
“LTH” – Slovenia
“Obod” – MonteNegro
“Mraz” – Bulgaria
“Fyrogenis” – Greece
Consequences:
The refrigeration sector is weakened.
Lost of human recsources from the refrigeration sector.
Additional confusion caused by the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols.
Almost all refrigerating equipment is now imported.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

4. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS
Approximately 100 million domestic refrigerators and freezers are
produced annually [RTOC, 2011].
In 2008, 36% of production units used HC-600a.
Manufacturers of HC refrigerators in: Europe, China, India, Brasil, …
Countries of ECA region: import domestic refrigerators.
Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Used in the ECA region.
Public awareness
The customer are not informed for the refrigerant inside.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

5. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
MOST COMMON SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS
According the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning And Heat Pumps Technical
Options Committee (RTOC) applications are grouped as:
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION
COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
R22
INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
TRANSPORT REFRIGERATION
AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS
WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS R22
LIQUID CHILLERS R22
VEHICLE AIR CONDITIONING
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

6. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
Supermarkets; Cold rooms
Two levels of temperature,
Refrigerant leakage:
- medium: fresh food and
- in developed countries ~30%
beverages (R22, R404A)
- in developing countries ?
- low: frozen products (R404A)
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

7. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Supermarkets
Three main categories of equipment:
1. Stand-alone equipment 2. Condensing unit systems
3. Centralised systems
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

8. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
1. Stand-alone equipment
Heat release indoor.
Low energy efficiency.
Small refrigerant leakage.
Condensing unit
Evaporator
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

9. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
2. Condensing unit systems
Heat release outdoor.
Low energy efficiency.
Small/medium refrigerant leakage.
Outdoor
Evaporator
Condensing unit UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

10. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Stand-alone equipment and
Condensing unit systems
Alternatives:
HCs: R600a; R290; or
blend R600a/R290
R744 (CO2)
Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

11. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
3. Centralised direct systems (supermarket)
Direct systems: HFC-404A and HFC-507 are not long term alternatives!
R404A
R404A
R404A
R507
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

12. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
3. Centralised indirect systems
Secondary coolant
Secondary coolant
refrigerant
Machinery room
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

13. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Cascade systems NH3/CO2
Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

14. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Centralised CO2 system (transcritical)
Higher efficiency
in locations with
colder climate
LT
Low GWP technology:
MT AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

15. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS
Self-contained air conditioners Split air conditioners
(window and through-the-wall) (residential and commercial)
indoor outdoor
Split air conditioners - ducted
outdoor
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

16. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS
Nearly all air-cooled air conditioners and heat pumps manufactured prior
to 2000 use R22.
Since 2000: R407C and R410A
A photo made in 2009.
Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
?
R290 (Propane) in some low charge applications (with safety mitigation).
15 % less energy consumption; 40 % less refrigerant charge (<300 gr).
Expected expansion on the market.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

17. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS
Comfort Heating
Air to water heat pump
Air-cooled water chiller
– heating mode
Hydronic system:
Fan-coil units (50oC)
Floor heating (35oC)
Refrigerant: R407C, R410A, HCs
Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

18. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS
Domestic Hot Water
Air to water heat pump
Refrigerants: R407C, R410A, HCs
Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
CO2 refrigerant – “Eco cute”
COP = 5
Water temperature: 70 oC (85oC)
One million units sold by 2008,
expexted several million by 2011
(Japan).
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

19. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
WATER CHILLERS
Compressors types
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

20. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Heat exchangers
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

21. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Heat exchangers
air-cooled condenser water-cooled condenser
applications 20%
applications 80%
microchannel
shell and plate plate type
shell-and-tube evaporator
(dry expansion; flooded)
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

22. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
WATER CHILLERS - ALTERNATIVES
R407C was first R22 alternative for chillers.
Current trends: R410A, R134a; (R717 and HCs).
R134a with screw compresors, cooling capacities up to 2200 kW.
R410A with scroll compressors, cooling capacities up to 800 kW.
R717 (Ammonia) with piston and screw compressors, medium and large
capacities.
Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

23. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
Cold Storage;
Food and drink processing;
Process refrigeration: pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical …;
Industrial heat pumps.
HFCs
?
R717 (Ammonia) is widely used in industries in developed countries;
Stagnation in the developing world last two decades.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

24. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Cold Storage INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

25. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
Barrier (NH3 systems): safety reason.
Decrease the charge (quantity) of ammonia in refrigerating systems.
New technologies of heat exchangers;
New concepts of ammonia systems;
Cascade systems (freezing tunnels);
Improved automatic control.
Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Stagnation in the ECA region.
Reasons:
- Proper information;
- Training of personnel; ; Proper maintainance of the refrigerat. systems;
- Standards and regulations, …
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

26. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR INDUSTRIES AND LOW GWP TECHNOLOGIES
Membership: low rate for developing countries

27. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Sources of information for industries and low GWP technologies

28. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
WHO DECIDE?
What type of equipment (technology) will be applied?
1) Investor:
- first cost,
- reliability,
- servicing, spare parts,
- energy consumption?!
- corruption,
-…
2) Planners, consultants:
- informed (new technologies)?
- familiar with HFC equipment.
3) Local market:
- distributors of equipment,
- local manufacturers, contractors, …
4) Montreal Protocol bodies (supporting many projects)
5) …
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

29. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
REASONS WHY NATURAL REFRIGERANTS NOT APPLIED
Lack of information and proper information;
First cost (instead Life Cycle Cost);
Weak economy with a low purchase potential;
The priority of the companies in developing countries is how to survive.
Service companies in RAC sector are small. No budget for improvement;
No education and training courses (for low GWP technologies);
etc.
More information in the publications:
“Barriers to the use of low-GWP refrigerants in developing countries and
opportunities to overcome these”, UNEP, 2010
“Natural refrigerants in developing countries, problems and
suggestions”, R. Ciconkov, IIR, 2010
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

30. Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
SUGGESTIONS
Dissemination of information on technologies and practices with natural
refrigerants from developed to developing countries;
Introducing new products on the market in developing countries: new
components and new systems. Incentives should be given.
Approaching to new concepts of refrigeration and air conditioning
systems with a low refrigerant charge.
The importance of energy efficiency in the RAC systems with natural
refrigerants should be emphasized.
Technical assistance, education and training for safe operation with
natural refrigerants. New manuals for maintenance and servicing.
Training courses to be organized.
To introduce standards and regulations for design and safe operation.
Positive experiences of the EU standard EN378.
To install demonstration units. etc.
Thank you. UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011