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Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
=======================================================================

             ANNUAL MEETING OF THE REGIONAL OZONE NETWORK
                      FOR EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA
                    BELGRADE, SERBIA, 10-13 MAY 2011




  Energy Efficiency Determination, Classification and Labelling for
                  Water Chillers and Heat Pumps
                                  Dipl.-Ing. Slobodan Pejković

                                         Filter Frigo d.o.o.
                                      Serbia – 11050 Belgrade
                                      E-mail=filfrigo@EUnet.rs




Abstract

Energy efficiency of water chillers and heat pumps is one of the most important disputable issues in
the field of HVAC&R. It is disputable due to the fact that neither domestic (Serbian) nor European
legislation deals with the problem of energy saving with water chillers and heat pumps with more than
12 kW cooling capacity, even though these units are known to be huge electricity consumers.

By the implementation of the Directive 2002/96/EC on energy efficiency labelling and EN 14511
standard in the European Union, a large step has been made in increasing energy efficiency of air
conditioning units and heat pumps with cooling capacity equal to or lower than 12 kW. This Directive
does not included equipment of higher cooling capacity, and therefore, in February 2005, EUROVENT
(European Association of Air Handling and Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers) made a
classification of such equipment in order to initiate the manufacture of more energy efficient
equipment. The aim is to somehow slow down the increase of electricity demands, and thus reduce
CO2 emission.

As the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is a priority issue in Europe and worldwide, the European
Union (EU) is planning to reduce CO2 emission by 8% in the period from 2008. to 2012. This is a
powerful motive for improving energy efficiency of water chillers and heat pumps. Lower electricity
consumption means lower electricity generation demands, which results in reduction of CO2 emission.

This paper deals with water chillers and heat pumps with electrically-driven cooling compressors, and
explains how this problem is considered in Europe and worldwide.

Keywords: energy efficiency; coefficient of performance; water chiller; heat pump




11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                       Page 1
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
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Introduction
Change of weather conditions caused by global warming has resulted in significant increase in
number of water chillers sold in Europe (Figure 1).



                             Figure 1: Chillers sales evolution in EU




The figure shows that the biggest increase has been in the number of sold devices with air-cooled
condensers, which are also the biggest consumers of electricity in the cooling hardware.
In order to limit increase in electricity consumption with increased number of sold devices, one had to
influence increase of energy efficiency, which has been achieved by implementing Directive
2002/96/EC for Devices of Cooling Capacity up to 12 kW.



                            Figure 2: Evolution of energy efficiency level




Figure 2 shows that this evolution is especially prominent since 2004. for room air conditioners. In
the European Union buyers choose devices with high energy efficiency.

11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                         Page 2
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
=======================================================================




Determining and Defining Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER, COP, SEER, HSPF,
IPLV, IEER, ESEER, ESCOP)
There are several ways of expressing energy efficiency ratios which are defined differently in different
parts of the world.
Let’s quote examples from U.S.A. In part 431, paragraph 92 e-CFR (Electronic Code of Federal
Regulations) defines:

COP – Coefficient of Performance is a ratio between the total cooling capacity and net absorbed
power of electricity consumer, expressed in the in identical units of measurement, and therefore the
value is unitless.

COP = Φh / Φw

Where:
Φh - total cooling capacity [Btu/h]
Φw = 3.412 Pw - equivalent of absorbed power [Btu/h]
Pw – absorbed power [W]

EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio is a ratio between the total cooling capacity and net absorbed power
of electricity consumer, expressed in Btu/Wh.

EER = Φh / Pw

Where:
Φh - total cooling capacity [Btu/h]
Pw – absorbed power [W]

Ratio between COP and EER is 3.412 and it represents a conversion ratio of Btu/h and W.

The American COP and EER represent the same value, only expressed in different units. Besides
that, they determine those ratios for cooling or for heating.

For example COPcooling means ratio between total cooling capacity and net absorbed power, while
COPheating represents a ratio between the produced heating effect of an heat pump and the net
absorbed power. The same applies also for EER.

This method of presenting seems little confusing for users, and especially for those from Europe, who
place different meaning on ratios with the same marks, COP and EER respectively.

SEER, HSPF and IPLV have been defined in much clearer, and therefore also in more important way.

SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio is used to define the average annual cooling efficiency of
an water chiller or heat pump system and represents a ratio between total cooling energy exchanged
in the evaporator during the year – seasonal use of water chiller or heat pump in the cooling period,
expressed in Btu, in relation to the total absorbed energy used in the same period, expressed in Wh.
SEER is an average value of EERcooling during the year, at different external air temperatures, and
therefore in different device operating regimes. Bigger SEER value means device with higher energy
efficiency. SEER value is always little bigger than EER, for some 0.5 to 1 Btu/Wh.




11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                          Page 3
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
=======================================================================

The term SEER is generally applied to devices with cooling capacity less than 65000 Btu/h (19 kW).
The most efficient cooling devices have value of SEER=13.

HSPF - Heating Seasonal Performance Factor is used to signify the seasonal heating efficiency of
heat pumps and represents a ratio between heating energy exchanged in the condenser during the
annual – seasonal use of heat pump in the heating period, expressed in Btu, in relation to the total
absorbed energy used in the same period, expressed in Wh. HSPF is an average value of EERheating
during the year at different external air temperatures, and therefore also in different device operating
regimes.

The term HSPF is generally applied to heat pumps of cooling capacity up to 65000 Btu/h (19 kW). The
most efficient heat pumps have value of HSPF=10.

IPLV - Integrated Partial Load Value

The term IPLV is used to signify the cooling efficiency related to a typical (hypothetical) season rather
than a single rated condition. The IPLV is calculated by determining the weighted average efficiency
at part-load capacities specified by an accepted standard. It is also important to note that IPLVs are
typically calculated using the same condensing temperature for each part-load condition and IPLVs do
not include cycling or load/unload losses. The units of IPLV are not consistent in the literature;
therefore, it is important to confirm which units are implied when the term IPLV is used. ASHRAE
Standard 90.1 (using ARI reference standards) uses the term IPLV to report seasonal cooling
efficiencies for both seasonal COPs (unitless) and seasonal EERs (Btu/Wh), depending on the
equipment capacity category. The most chillers manufacturers report seasonal efficiencies for large
chillers as IPLV using units of kW/ton (1 cooling ton=3.517 kW).

IPLV = 1 /                                           [kW/ton]


Where:

     A = EER at 100% of load             C = EER at 50% of load

     B = EER at 75% of load              D = EER at 25% of load


The term IPLV is generally applied to devices with cooling capacity exceeding 65000 Btu/h (19 kW).

As of January 1, 2010 parametar IPLV was renamed from Integrated Partial Load Value to Integrated
Energy Efficiency Ratio (IEER). IPLV will not longer be cited or referenced.

IEER – How is determined
IEER is a weighted average of the unit’s efficiency at four load points - 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of
full cooling capacity

IEER = 0.020 • A + 0.617 • B + 0.238 • C + 0.125 • D

Where:
    A = EER at 100% net capacity at AHRI standard rating conditions
    B = EER at 75% net capacity and reduced ambient (81.5ºF for air-cooled)
    C = EER at 50% net capacity and reduced ambient (68ºF for air-cooled)
    D = EER at 25% net capacity and reduced ambient (65ºF for air-cooled)



11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                          Page 4
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
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In the same electronic code of U.S. Federal Regulations in part 431, paragraph 97 minimum
cooling efficiency levels have been quoted for cooling devices and heat pumps of standard size,
produced after January 1st, 1994 but before 30th September 2012. Manufacturers are thus obliged to
achieve minimum energy efficiency levels, as quoted in Tables 1 and 2.

That means that the legal regulations have eliminated from use cooling devices with low energy
efficiency.

Serbian legislation does not have such regulations.




Table 1.                       §431.97— Minimum Cooling Efficiency Levels
                                                                                  Efficiency level1
                                                                         Products     Products
                                                Cooling         Sub-   manufactured manufactured
        Product              Category
                                                capacity      category     until     on and after
                                                                        October 29,  October 29,
                                                                           2003         2003
                                                                Split
                            Air Cooled,          <65,000      System      SEER = 10.0       SEER = 10.0
                             3 Phase              Btu/h        Single     SEER = 9.7        SEER = 9.7
                                                              Package
    Small Commercial
      Packaged Air                               <17,000         AC       EER = 9.3         EER = 12.1
     Conditioning and     Water Cooled,           Btu/h          HP       EER = 9.3         EER = 11.2
    Heating Equipment     Evaporatively          ≥65,000
                        Cooled, and Water-      Btu/h and        AC       EER = 10.5        EER = 11.5
                             Source             <135,000         HP       EER = 10.5        EER = 12.0
                                                  Btu/h
                                                ≥135,000
                                                Btu/h and
                            Air Cooled                           All      EER = 8.5         EER = 8.5
    Large Commercial                            <240,000
      Packaged Air                                Btu/h
     Conditioning and                           ≥135,000
    Heating Equipment   Water-Cooled and
                                                Btu/h and
                         Evaporatively                           All      EER = 9.6         EER = 9.6
                                                <240,000
                            Cooled
                                                  Btu/h
1
 For equipment rated according to the ARI standards, all EER values must be rated at 95°F outdoor dry-bulb
temperature for air-cooled products and evaporatively cooled products and at 85°F entering water temperature
for water-cooled products. For water-source heat pumps rated according to the ISO standard, EER must be rated
at 30°C (86°F) entering water temperature.

 

 

 

 

 
11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                                Page 5
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
=======================================================================

Table 2.                      §431.97—Minimum Heating Efficiency Levels
                                                                    Efficiency level1
                                     Cooling               Sub-                    Products                              Products
      Product         Category                                                   manufactured                          manufactured
                                     capacity            category
                                                                                     until                              on and after
                                                                                October 29, 2003                      October 29, 2003
                                                           Split
                         Air
                                     <65,000             System                  HSPF = 6.8                            HSPF = 6.8
                      Cooled,
                                      Btu/h               Single                 HSPF = 6.6                            HSPF = 6.6
                      3 Phase
     Small                                               Package
  Commercial                                               Split
 Packaged Air          Water-       <135,000             System
                                                                                COP = 3.8                             COP = 4.2
Conditioning and       Source         Btu/h             and Single
   Heating                                               Package
  Equipment                          ≥65,000
                        Air         Btu/h and
                                                              All               COP = 3.0                             COP = 3.0
                       Cooled       <135,000
                                      Btu/h
    Large
  Commercial                        ≥135,000    Split
 Packaged Air           Air         Btu/h and System
                                                                                COP = 2.9                             COP = 2.9
Conditioning and       Cooled       <240,000 and Single
   Heating                            Btu/h   Package
  Equipment
                                                                           COP = 1.3 + (0.16 ×                      COP = 1.3 + (0.16 ×
                                                                           the applicable                           the applicable
      Packaged
                                                                           minimum cooling EER                      minimum cooling EER
    Terminal Heat       All               All                 All
                                                                           prescribed in Table 1—                   prescribed in Table 1—
       Pumps
                                                                           Minimum Cooling                          Minimum Cooling
                                                                           Efficiency Levels)                       Efficiency Levels).
1
 For units tested by ARI standards, all COP values must be rated at 47°F outdoor dry-bulb temperature for air-
cooled products, and at 70°F entering water temperature for water-source heat pumps. For heat pumps tested by
the ISO Standard 13256–1, the COP values must be obtained at the rating point with 20°C (68°F) entering water
temperature.




Table 3 quotes minimum energy efficiency levels that must be achieved in Hong Kong, according to
the „Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Air Conditioning Installations“ - 2007.

Table 3.                  Minimum Cooling Efficiency Levels for Water Chillers
                                                                                                      COPcooling 
               Capacity Range 
                                                                  < 500                       500 to 1000                    > 1000
                   [kW] 
                           With scroll                                4                               4.5                       5.2 
        Chillers          compressors 
     Water Cooled          With screw                               4.6                               4.6                       5.5 
                          compressors 
                           With scroll                                                                2.7 
        Chillers          compressors 
      Air Cooled 
                           With screw                                                                 2.9 
                          compressors 
 
11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                                                              Page 6
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
=======================================================================

Table 4 shows data for EER, COP and IPLV, determined according to ARI standards for devices
manufactured in the U.S.A.




 
         Table 4. Technical Data for Water Chillers;
              Air Cooled
 




 

European Union Standards are clearer than the U.S. ones, but they didn’t cover devices with
more than 12 kW cooling capacity.

According to the European Standard EN14511-1:2007 (D) EER and COP have been defined in the
following way:

EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio (Cooling Efficiency Level) is a ratio between the total cooling capacity
and absorbed power of electricity consumer (total power input), expressed in the in identical units of
measurement, and therefore the value is unitless.

COP – Coefficient of Performance (Heating Efficiency Level) is a ratio between power of heating
exchanged in the condenser in relation to the absorbed power of electricity consumers, expressed in
the same measuring units Wat / Wat.

When determining absorbed power all electricity consumers are taken into consideration, as follows:
compressor drive engine, electrical panel, fans and pumps necessary for transport of fluids for heat
exchange, which must overcome internal resistances during flow of fluids through the heat
exchangers.

Testing methods and procedures used for determining energy efficiency have been described in the
European standard EN14511-3:2007 (D).



11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                        Page 7
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
=======================================================================

Standard conditions at which testing is performed for determining energy efficiency have been
described in the European standard EN14511-2:2007 (D).

EUROVENT as European Committee of Air Handling and Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers
exists for more than 10 years and counts more than 180 manufacturers. In order to support
implementation of the Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) which requires calculation of
building energy performance and regular inspection of central air conditioners and chillers with more
than 12 kW cooling capacity, EUROVENT developed a European Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio -
ESEER (Seasonal Cooling Efficiency Level), index based on ARI approach to determine the
Integrated Part Load Value.
This index presents energy efficiency of water chillers in more realistic terms, because time period
during the annual operating season in which the chiller works under full load is shorter. Therefore the
manufacturers try to develop devices that would be more efficient during reduced load conditions.
Chillers with the same cooling index EER, do not need to have the same ESEER. The chiller with
bigger ESEER is more energy efficient.


ESEER is a weighed formula enabling to take into account the variation of EER with the load rate
and the variation of air or water inlet condenser temperature.

ESEER = 0.03 • A + 0.33 • B + 0.41 • C + 0.23 • D

Where:
     A = EER at 100% of load             C = EER at 50% of load
     B = EER at 75% of load              D = EER at 25% of load

In water chillers with air cooled condenser ratios are determined for different load at different air
temperatures when entering the condenser. For minimal load (25%) air temperature of 20ºC is
adopted, and for maximum (100%) 35ºC temperature.

In water chillers with water cooled condenser ratios are determined for different loads at different
water temperatures when entering the condenser. For minimum load (25%) water temperature of
18ºC is adopted, and for maximum (100%) 30ºC temperature.

All those ratios for devices with more than 12 kW cooling capacity do not have the importance of
»directive« or of a »standard« and their implementation is on voluntary basis.

As there is no European or ISO standard for part load testing conditions, EUROVENT standard,
6-C003-2006 has been amended including testing procedure for part load conditions.

Table 5 shows data for EER and ESEER determined according to EUROVENT rules. Comparison of
data from this table and data from Table 4 pertaining to U.S. devices is not purposeful, because they
do not pertain to the same working conditions.




11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                         Page 8
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
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In the following conditions:
(1) condenser air intake temperature 35°C; chilled water temperature 7°C; temperature differential at the evaporator 5 K.
(2) condenser (evaporator) air intake temperature 7°C D.B. - 6°C W.B.-; water temperature 40/45°C.

Table 5. Technical Data for Water Chillers; Air Cooled




11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                                                Page 9
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
=======================================================================




Table 6. Technical Data for Water Chillers;
          Freecooling
          Air Cooled
 
 
 
 




                                                                                                             
In the following conditions:
(1) condenser air intake temperature 30°C; chilled water temperature 15/10°C - 30% ethylene glycol.
(2) Water: 15/10°C – 30% ethylene glycol.

Table 6 shows data for EER at a lower air temperature and higher water temperatures. These
conditions are not good to compare different devices, but are realistic for water chillers with indirect
free cooling.


11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                                Page 10
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
=======================================================================

     Figure 3: EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT SOFWARE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ENERGY SAVING




Figure 3 shows that large savings can be achieved with indirect free cooling in winter working
conditions.


NEWS in Seasonal Energy Efficiency

EUROVENT is involved in a study for the development of the European Seasonal Coefficient of
Performance – ESCOP (Seasonal Heating Efficiency Level).

Some AC engineer proposes a new index of the seasonal energy efficiency for chillers, CSE (Chiller
Seasonal Efficiency). This index has an advantage in that it is adaptable to multiple-chiller systems by
setting six rating points to consider the difference in the EER due to the entering condenser water
temperature as well as the part load.

Using the CSE index, the advantage of a chiller with variable-speed turbo compressors is presented.
Rooftop manufacturers asked the European Committee for Standardization to consider free cooling in
the calculation of the seasonal efficiencies in order to represent the energy savings such a system
brings along.

VDMA (Verband Deutscher Maschinen und Anlagenbau - German Engineering Federation) was
founded the working group “Energy Efficiency of Refrigerating Systems”. This working group is an
integration of industry, science, craft, user, associations and politics.

The working group developed basic principles for energy efficient components and systems in
refrigerating technology and prepares recommendations for politics and legislation

The working group “Energy Efficiency of Refrigerating Systems” developed a model offering a simple
evaluation of the refrigerating load and published it in a “VDMA-Einheitsblatt”. They introduced new
coefficients. One of them is - Efficiency of use of cold η ETA(Qo).

EHPA - European Heat Pump Association with its EHPA Norms & Standards Committee considers
that COP does not exist in real-life. Ecodesign establishes the Efficiency Factor η (ETA).

It is expected that the results of these activities will be after the year 2012.




11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                        Page 11
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
=======================================================================

Classification of Water Chillers according to Cooling Efficiency Level (in Europe)

EUROVENT established classification for full load Energy Efficiency Ratio of each type of water
chillers; see Table 7.

Table 7. Chillers Energy Classification in Cooling Mode

   Class EER              Air Cooled                Water Cooled              Remote Condenser

        A                 EER ≥ 3.1                  EER ≥ 5.05                    EER ≥ 3.55
        B              2.9 ≤ EER < 3.1            4.65 ≤ EER < 5.05             3.4 ≤ EER < 3.55
        C              2.7 ≤ EER < 2.9            4.25 ≤ EER < 4.65             3.25 ≤ EER < 3.4
        D              2.5 ≤ EER < 2.7            3.85 ≤ EER < 4.25             3.1 ≤ EER < 3.25
        E              2.3 ≤ EER < 2.5            3.45 ≤ EER < 3.85             2.95 ≤ EER < 3.1
        F              2.1 ≤ EER < 2.3            3.05 ≤ EER < 3.45             2.8 ≤ EER < 2.95
        G                    < 2.1                      < 3.05                        < 2.8

Table 7 presents values of EER for chillers with different types of condensers and for different
classes. The basic goal of such classification is to eliminate from use chillers of class G, and to
stimulate sales of top class ones.

All those ratios for chillers with more than 12 kW cooling capacity do not have the importance of
»directive« or of a »standard« and their implementation is on voluntary basis.



Labelling of Water Chillers according to Cooling Efficiency Level (in Europe)

At present, the Energy Labelling Directive is restricted to household appliances. Indeed, the label is
mandatory only for Room Air Conditioners with capacity equal to or lower than 12 kW.

By applying Directive 2002/96/EC on labelling of devices according to Energy Efficiency, a great
move has been made in increasing energy efficiency of air-conditioning devices and heat pumps with
capacity equal to or lower than 12 kW.

This Directive prescribes mandatory labelling of energy efficiency class of a device. Method of
labelling in the form of defined size sticker with data about energy efficiency class from A to G,
enables the buyer to influence the energy saving himself, during selection and purchase of the device.

This method of labelling is not defined by standards or regulations for water chillers and heat pumps
with more than 12 kW cooling capacity.




11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                      Page 12
 
Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning
    =======================================================================



    Conclusion
    The Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) requires calculation of building energy
    performance and regular inspection of central air conditioners and chillers with more than 12 kW
    cooling capacity.

    However, these measures only address the efficiency of the end-use equipment as determined under
    standard conditions at full load and will not realize many of the potential energy savings which are
    related to operating conditions at part load. To be really effective, energy efficiency options have to be
    defined not on the basis of nominal operating conditions but on a variety of part load conditions, which
    better reflect the central air conditioners operating modes that occur in real use.

    Development of the European Seasonal Coefficient of Performance – ESCOP (Seasonal Heating
    Efficiency Level) must be finish.

    Take in to account free cooling in the calculation of the seasonal efficiencies in order to represent the
    energy savings such a system brings along.

    Consider the advantage of a multiple-chiller systems with variable-speed turbo compressors in the
    calculation of the energy savings.

    As the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is a priority issue in Europe and worldwide, the European
    Union is planning to reduce CO2 emission by 8% in the period from 2008. to 2012. This is a powerful
    motive for improving energy efficiency of water chillers and heat pumps. Lower electricity consumption
    means lower electricity generation demands, which results in reduction of CO2 emission.




    Literature:

        1. EN standard 14511: 2007 (D)
        2. ARI standard 340/360 – 2007
        3. IIR bulletin No. 2001 – 5
        4. Energy Labeling Directive, 2002/96/EC and EN 14511 Standard for Room Air Conditioners,
           Yamina Saheb, Andre Pierrot, Sulejman Bećirspahić
        5. Effect of the Certification on Chillers Energy Efficiency,
           Yamina Saheb, Sulejman Bećirspahić, Jerome Simon
        6. Air-conditioning, air handling and refrigeration equipment: European-wide certification,
           standards and European directives on energy efficiency,
           Sandrine Marinhas, Sylvain Courtey, Mohamed Ouhemmou, E. Melquiond and G. Robertsson
           Eurovent certification Company, France
 




    11. May 2011. Belgrade                                                                          Page 13
     

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Energy Efficiency determination, classification & labelling of water chillers

  • 1. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= ANNUAL MEETING OF THE REGIONAL OZONE NETWORK FOR EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA BELGRADE, SERBIA, 10-13 MAY 2011 Energy Efficiency Determination, Classification and Labelling for Water Chillers and Heat Pumps Dipl.-Ing. Slobodan Pejković Filter Frigo d.o.o. Serbia – 11050 Belgrade E-mail=filfrigo@EUnet.rs Abstract Energy efficiency of water chillers and heat pumps is one of the most important disputable issues in the field of HVAC&R. It is disputable due to the fact that neither domestic (Serbian) nor European legislation deals with the problem of energy saving with water chillers and heat pumps with more than 12 kW cooling capacity, even though these units are known to be huge electricity consumers. By the implementation of the Directive 2002/96/EC on energy efficiency labelling and EN 14511 standard in the European Union, a large step has been made in increasing energy efficiency of air conditioning units and heat pumps with cooling capacity equal to or lower than 12 kW. This Directive does not included equipment of higher cooling capacity, and therefore, in February 2005, EUROVENT (European Association of Air Handling and Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers) made a classification of such equipment in order to initiate the manufacture of more energy efficient equipment. The aim is to somehow slow down the increase of electricity demands, and thus reduce CO2 emission. As the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is a priority issue in Europe and worldwide, the European Union (EU) is planning to reduce CO2 emission by 8% in the period from 2008. to 2012. This is a powerful motive for improving energy efficiency of water chillers and heat pumps. Lower electricity consumption means lower electricity generation demands, which results in reduction of CO2 emission. This paper deals with water chillers and heat pumps with electrically-driven cooling compressors, and explains how this problem is considered in Europe and worldwide. Keywords: energy efficiency; coefficient of performance; water chiller; heat pump 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 1  
  • 2. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= Introduction Change of weather conditions caused by global warming has resulted in significant increase in number of water chillers sold in Europe (Figure 1). Figure 1: Chillers sales evolution in EU The figure shows that the biggest increase has been in the number of sold devices with air-cooled condensers, which are also the biggest consumers of electricity in the cooling hardware. In order to limit increase in electricity consumption with increased number of sold devices, one had to influence increase of energy efficiency, which has been achieved by implementing Directive 2002/96/EC for Devices of Cooling Capacity up to 12 kW. Figure 2: Evolution of energy efficiency level Figure 2 shows that this evolution is especially prominent since 2004. for room air conditioners. In the European Union buyers choose devices with high energy efficiency. 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 2  
  • 3. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= Determining and Defining Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER, COP, SEER, HSPF, IPLV, IEER, ESEER, ESCOP) There are several ways of expressing energy efficiency ratios which are defined differently in different parts of the world. Let’s quote examples from U.S.A. In part 431, paragraph 92 e-CFR (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations) defines: COP – Coefficient of Performance is a ratio between the total cooling capacity and net absorbed power of electricity consumer, expressed in the in identical units of measurement, and therefore the value is unitless. COP = Φh / Φw Where: Φh - total cooling capacity [Btu/h] Φw = 3.412 Pw - equivalent of absorbed power [Btu/h] Pw – absorbed power [W] EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio is a ratio between the total cooling capacity and net absorbed power of electricity consumer, expressed in Btu/Wh. EER = Φh / Pw Where: Φh - total cooling capacity [Btu/h] Pw – absorbed power [W] Ratio between COP and EER is 3.412 and it represents a conversion ratio of Btu/h and W. The American COP and EER represent the same value, only expressed in different units. Besides that, they determine those ratios for cooling or for heating. For example COPcooling means ratio between total cooling capacity and net absorbed power, while COPheating represents a ratio between the produced heating effect of an heat pump and the net absorbed power. The same applies also for EER. This method of presenting seems little confusing for users, and especially for those from Europe, who place different meaning on ratios with the same marks, COP and EER respectively. SEER, HSPF and IPLV have been defined in much clearer, and therefore also in more important way. SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio is used to define the average annual cooling efficiency of an water chiller or heat pump system and represents a ratio between total cooling energy exchanged in the evaporator during the year – seasonal use of water chiller or heat pump in the cooling period, expressed in Btu, in relation to the total absorbed energy used in the same period, expressed in Wh. SEER is an average value of EERcooling during the year, at different external air temperatures, and therefore in different device operating regimes. Bigger SEER value means device with higher energy efficiency. SEER value is always little bigger than EER, for some 0.5 to 1 Btu/Wh. 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 3  
  • 4. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= The term SEER is generally applied to devices with cooling capacity less than 65000 Btu/h (19 kW). The most efficient cooling devices have value of SEER=13. HSPF - Heating Seasonal Performance Factor is used to signify the seasonal heating efficiency of heat pumps and represents a ratio between heating energy exchanged in the condenser during the annual – seasonal use of heat pump in the heating period, expressed in Btu, in relation to the total absorbed energy used in the same period, expressed in Wh. HSPF is an average value of EERheating during the year at different external air temperatures, and therefore also in different device operating regimes. The term HSPF is generally applied to heat pumps of cooling capacity up to 65000 Btu/h (19 kW). The most efficient heat pumps have value of HSPF=10. IPLV - Integrated Partial Load Value The term IPLV is used to signify the cooling efficiency related to a typical (hypothetical) season rather than a single rated condition. The IPLV is calculated by determining the weighted average efficiency at part-load capacities specified by an accepted standard. It is also important to note that IPLVs are typically calculated using the same condensing temperature for each part-load condition and IPLVs do not include cycling or load/unload losses. The units of IPLV are not consistent in the literature; therefore, it is important to confirm which units are implied when the term IPLV is used. ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (using ARI reference standards) uses the term IPLV to report seasonal cooling efficiencies for both seasonal COPs (unitless) and seasonal EERs (Btu/Wh), depending on the equipment capacity category. The most chillers manufacturers report seasonal efficiencies for large chillers as IPLV using units of kW/ton (1 cooling ton=3.517 kW). IPLV = 1 / [kW/ton] Where: A = EER at 100% of load C = EER at 50% of load B = EER at 75% of load D = EER at 25% of load The term IPLV is generally applied to devices with cooling capacity exceeding 65000 Btu/h (19 kW). As of January 1, 2010 parametar IPLV was renamed from Integrated Partial Load Value to Integrated Energy Efficiency Ratio (IEER). IPLV will not longer be cited or referenced. IEER – How is determined IEER is a weighted average of the unit’s efficiency at four load points - 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of full cooling capacity IEER = 0.020 • A + 0.617 • B + 0.238 • C + 0.125 • D Where: A = EER at 100% net capacity at AHRI standard rating conditions B = EER at 75% net capacity and reduced ambient (81.5ºF for air-cooled) C = EER at 50% net capacity and reduced ambient (68ºF for air-cooled) D = EER at 25% net capacity and reduced ambient (65ºF for air-cooled) 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 4  
  • 5. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= In the same electronic code of U.S. Federal Regulations in part 431, paragraph 97 minimum cooling efficiency levels have been quoted for cooling devices and heat pumps of standard size, produced after January 1st, 1994 but before 30th September 2012. Manufacturers are thus obliged to achieve minimum energy efficiency levels, as quoted in Tables 1 and 2. That means that the legal regulations have eliminated from use cooling devices with low energy efficiency. Serbian legislation does not have such regulations. Table 1.          §431.97— Minimum Cooling Efficiency Levels Efficiency level1 Products Products Cooling Sub- manufactured manufactured Product Category capacity category until on and after October 29, October 29, 2003 2003 Split Air Cooled, <65,000 System SEER = 10.0 SEER = 10.0 3 Phase Btu/h Single SEER = 9.7 SEER = 9.7 Package Small Commercial Packaged Air <17,000 AC EER = 9.3 EER = 12.1 Conditioning and Water Cooled, Btu/h HP EER = 9.3 EER = 11.2 Heating Equipment Evaporatively ≥65,000 Cooled, and Water- Btu/h and AC EER = 10.5 EER = 11.5 Source <135,000 HP EER = 10.5 EER = 12.0 Btu/h ≥135,000 Btu/h and Air Cooled All EER = 8.5 EER = 8.5 Large Commercial <240,000 Packaged Air Btu/h Conditioning and ≥135,000 Heating Equipment Water-Cooled and Btu/h and Evaporatively All EER = 9.6 EER = 9.6 <240,000 Cooled Btu/h 1 For equipment rated according to the ARI standards, all EER values must be rated at 95°F outdoor dry-bulb temperature for air-cooled products and evaporatively cooled products and at 85°F entering water temperature for water-cooled products. For water-source heat pumps rated according to the ISO standard, EER must be rated at 30°C (86°F) entering water temperature.           11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 5  
  • 6. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= Table 2. §431.97—Minimum Heating Efficiency Levels Efficiency level1 Cooling Sub- Products Products Product Category manufactured manufactured capacity category until on and after October 29, 2003 October 29, 2003 Split Air <65,000 System HSPF = 6.8 HSPF = 6.8 Cooled, Btu/h Single HSPF = 6.6 HSPF = 6.6 3 Phase Small Package Commercial Split Packaged Air Water- <135,000 System COP = 3.8 COP = 4.2 Conditioning and Source Btu/h and Single Heating Package Equipment ≥65,000 Air Btu/h and All COP = 3.0 COP = 3.0 Cooled <135,000 Btu/h Large Commercial ≥135,000 Split Packaged Air Air Btu/h and System COP = 2.9 COP = 2.9 Conditioning and Cooled <240,000 and Single Heating Btu/h Package Equipment COP = 1.3 + (0.16 × COP = 1.3 + (0.16 × the applicable the applicable Packaged minimum cooling EER minimum cooling EER Terminal Heat All All All prescribed in Table 1— prescribed in Table 1— Pumps Minimum Cooling Minimum Cooling Efficiency Levels) Efficiency Levels). 1 For units tested by ARI standards, all COP values must be rated at 47°F outdoor dry-bulb temperature for air- cooled products, and at 70°F entering water temperature for water-source heat pumps. For heat pumps tested by the ISO Standard 13256–1, the COP values must be obtained at the rating point with 20°C (68°F) entering water temperature. Table 3 quotes minimum energy efficiency levels that must be achieved in Hong Kong, according to the „Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Air Conditioning Installations“ - 2007. Table 3. Minimum Cooling Efficiency Levels for Water Chillers                                                                        COPcooling  Capacity Range  < 500 500 to 1000 > 1000 [kW]  With scroll  4  4.5  5.2  Chillers    compressors  Water Cooled  With screw  4.6  4.6  5.5  compressors  With scroll 2.7  Chillers   compressors  Air Cooled  With screw 2.9  compressors    11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 6  
  • 7. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= Table 4 shows data for EER, COP and IPLV, determined according to ARI standards for devices manufactured in the U.S.A.            Table 4. Technical Data for Water Chillers; Air Cooled     European Union Standards are clearer than the U.S. ones, but they didn’t cover devices with more than 12 kW cooling capacity. According to the European Standard EN14511-1:2007 (D) EER and COP have been defined in the following way: EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio (Cooling Efficiency Level) is a ratio between the total cooling capacity and absorbed power of electricity consumer (total power input), expressed in the in identical units of measurement, and therefore the value is unitless. COP – Coefficient of Performance (Heating Efficiency Level) is a ratio between power of heating exchanged in the condenser in relation to the absorbed power of electricity consumers, expressed in the same measuring units Wat / Wat. When determining absorbed power all electricity consumers are taken into consideration, as follows: compressor drive engine, electrical panel, fans and pumps necessary for transport of fluids for heat exchange, which must overcome internal resistances during flow of fluids through the heat exchangers. Testing methods and procedures used for determining energy efficiency have been described in the European standard EN14511-3:2007 (D). 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 7  
  • 8. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= Standard conditions at which testing is performed for determining energy efficiency have been described in the European standard EN14511-2:2007 (D). EUROVENT as European Committee of Air Handling and Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers exists for more than 10 years and counts more than 180 manufacturers. In order to support implementation of the Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) which requires calculation of building energy performance and regular inspection of central air conditioners and chillers with more than 12 kW cooling capacity, EUROVENT developed a European Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio - ESEER (Seasonal Cooling Efficiency Level), index based on ARI approach to determine the Integrated Part Load Value. This index presents energy efficiency of water chillers in more realistic terms, because time period during the annual operating season in which the chiller works under full load is shorter. Therefore the manufacturers try to develop devices that would be more efficient during reduced load conditions. Chillers with the same cooling index EER, do not need to have the same ESEER. The chiller with bigger ESEER is more energy efficient. ESEER is a weighed formula enabling to take into account the variation of EER with the load rate and the variation of air or water inlet condenser temperature. ESEER = 0.03 • A + 0.33 • B + 0.41 • C + 0.23 • D Where: A = EER at 100% of load C = EER at 50% of load B = EER at 75% of load D = EER at 25% of load In water chillers with air cooled condenser ratios are determined for different load at different air temperatures when entering the condenser. For minimal load (25%) air temperature of 20ºC is adopted, and for maximum (100%) 35ºC temperature. In water chillers with water cooled condenser ratios are determined for different loads at different water temperatures when entering the condenser. For minimum load (25%) water temperature of 18ºC is adopted, and for maximum (100%) 30ºC temperature. All those ratios for devices with more than 12 kW cooling capacity do not have the importance of »directive« or of a »standard« and their implementation is on voluntary basis. As there is no European or ISO standard for part load testing conditions, EUROVENT standard, 6-C003-2006 has been amended including testing procedure for part load conditions. Table 5 shows data for EER and ESEER determined according to EUROVENT rules. Comparison of data from this table and data from Table 4 pertaining to U.S. devices is not purposeful, because they do not pertain to the same working conditions. 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 8  
  • 9. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= In the following conditions: (1) condenser air intake temperature 35°C; chilled water temperature 7°C; temperature differential at the evaporator 5 K. (2) condenser (evaporator) air intake temperature 7°C D.B. - 6°C W.B.-; water temperature 40/45°C. Table 5. Technical Data for Water Chillers; Air Cooled 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 9  
  • 10. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= Table 6. Technical Data for Water Chillers; Freecooling Air Cooled           In the following conditions: (1) condenser air intake temperature 30°C; chilled water temperature 15/10°C - 30% ethylene glycol. (2) Water: 15/10°C – 30% ethylene glycol. Table 6 shows data for EER at a lower air temperature and higher water temperatures. These conditions are not good to compare different devices, but are realistic for water chillers with indirect free cooling. 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 10  
  • 11. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= Figure 3: EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT SOFWARE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ENERGY SAVING Figure 3 shows that large savings can be achieved with indirect free cooling in winter working conditions. NEWS in Seasonal Energy Efficiency EUROVENT is involved in a study for the development of the European Seasonal Coefficient of Performance – ESCOP (Seasonal Heating Efficiency Level). Some AC engineer proposes a new index of the seasonal energy efficiency for chillers, CSE (Chiller Seasonal Efficiency). This index has an advantage in that it is adaptable to multiple-chiller systems by setting six rating points to consider the difference in the EER due to the entering condenser water temperature as well as the part load. Using the CSE index, the advantage of a chiller with variable-speed turbo compressors is presented. Rooftop manufacturers asked the European Committee for Standardization to consider free cooling in the calculation of the seasonal efficiencies in order to represent the energy savings such a system brings along. VDMA (Verband Deutscher Maschinen und Anlagenbau - German Engineering Federation) was founded the working group “Energy Efficiency of Refrigerating Systems”. This working group is an integration of industry, science, craft, user, associations and politics. The working group developed basic principles for energy efficient components and systems in refrigerating technology and prepares recommendations for politics and legislation The working group “Energy Efficiency of Refrigerating Systems” developed a model offering a simple evaluation of the refrigerating load and published it in a “VDMA-Einheitsblatt”. They introduced new coefficients. One of them is - Efficiency of use of cold η ETA(Qo). EHPA - European Heat Pump Association with its EHPA Norms & Standards Committee considers that COP does not exist in real-life. Ecodesign establishes the Efficiency Factor η (ETA). It is expected that the results of these activities will be after the year 2012. 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 11  
  • 12. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= Classification of Water Chillers according to Cooling Efficiency Level (in Europe) EUROVENT established classification for full load Energy Efficiency Ratio of each type of water chillers; see Table 7. Table 7. Chillers Energy Classification in Cooling Mode Class EER Air Cooled Water Cooled Remote Condenser A EER ≥ 3.1 EER ≥ 5.05 EER ≥ 3.55 B 2.9 ≤ EER < 3.1 4.65 ≤ EER < 5.05 3.4 ≤ EER < 3.55 C 2.7 ≤ EER < 2.9 4.25 ≤ EER < 4.65 3.25 ≤ EER < 3.4 D 2.5 ≤ EER < 2.7 3.85 ≤ EER < 4.25 3.1 ≤ EER < 3.25 E 2.3 ≤ EER < 2.5 3.45 ≤ EER < 3.85 2.95 ≤ EER < 3.1 F 2.1 ≤ EER < 2.3 3.05 ≤ EER < 3.45 2.8 ≤ EER < 2.95 G < 2.1 < 3.05 < 2.8 Table 7 presents values of EER for chillers with different types of condensers and for different classes. The basic goal of such classification is to eliminate from use chillers of class G, and to stimulate sales of top class ones. All those ratios for chillers with more than 12 kW cooling capacity do not have the importance of »directive« or of a »standard« and their implementation is on voluntary basis. Labelling of Water Chillers according to Cooling Efficiency Level (in Europe) At present, the Energy Labelling Directive is restricted to household appliances. Indeed, the label is mandatory only for Room Air Conditioners with capacity equal to or lower than 12 kW. By applying Directive 2002/96/EC on labelling of devices according to Energy Efficiency, a great move has been made in increasing energy efficiency of air-conditioning devices and heat pumps with capacity equal to or lower than 12 kW. This Directive prescribes mandatory labelling of energy efficiency class of a device. Method of labelling in the form of defined size sticker with data about energy efficiency class from A to G, enables the buyer to influence the energy saving himself, during selection and purchase of the device. This method of labelling is not defined by standards or regulations for water chillers and heat pumps with more than 12 kW cooling capacity. 11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 12  
  • 13. Roundtable on climate & ozone-friendly technologies in refrigeration & air-conditioning ======================================================================= Conclusion The Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) requires calculation of building energy performance and regular inspection of central air conditioners and chillers with more than 12 kW cooling capacity. However, these measures only address the efficiency of the end-use equipment as determined under standard conditions at full load and will not realize many of the potential energy savings which are related to operating conditions at part load. To be really effective, energy efficiency options have to be defined not on the basis of nominal operating conditions but on a variety of part load conditions, which better reflect the central air conditioners operating modes that occur in real use. Development of the European Seasonal Coefficient of Performance – ESCOP (Seasonal Heating Efficiency Level) must be finish. Take in to account free cooling in the calculation of the seasonal efficiencies in order to represent the energy savings such a system brings along. Consider the advantage of a multiple-chiller systems with variable-speed turbo compressors in the calculation of the energy savings. As the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is a priority issue in Europe and worldwide, the European Union is planning to reduce CO2 emission by 8% in the period from 2008. to 2012. This is a powerful motive for improving energy efficiency of water chillers and heat pumps. Lower electricity consumption means lower electricity generation demands, which results in reduction of CO2 emission. Literature: 1. EN standard 14511: 2007 (D) 2. ARI standard 340/360 – 2007 3. IIR bulletin No. 2001 – 5 4. Energy Labeling Directive, 2002/96/EC and EN 14511 Standard for Room Air Conditioners, Yamina Saheb, Andre Pierrot, Sulejman Bećirspahić 5. Effect of the Certification on Chillers Energy Efficiency, Yamina Saheb, Sulejman Bećirspahić, Jerome Simon 6. Air-conditioning, air handling and refrigeration equipment: European-wide certification, standards and European directives on energy efficiency, Sandrine Marinhas, Sylvain Courtey, Mohamed Ouhemmou, E. Melquiond and G. Robertsson Eurovent certification Company, France   11. May 2011. Belgrade Page 13