4. What is limbic system?
It includes structures
forming a border
between
hypothalamus and
cerebral cortex.
It is simply functional
anatomic system of
interconnected
cortical and
subcortical structures.
5. Parts of limbic system
Parts mostly listed are
Limbic cortex—the cingulate and the
parahippocampal gyri
The hippocampal formation– the dentate gyrus, the
hippocampus, the subicular complex.
The amygdala
The septal area
The hypothalamus, the related thalamic(ant) and
cortical areas
Other parts included are--- insula, entorhinal
cortex, nucleus accumbens
No unanimity exists on brain structures that constitute
the LS
6. History of concept of the limbic system 1
Paul Broca– coined the term limbic(Le
Grand Lobe Limbique)-- to include
curved rim of cortex including
cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus
which was different from the rest of the
cerebral mantle(appeared
paler)(Broca’s cortex/lobe).
This cortex later shown to be
composed of only three layers–
labelled allocortex to distinguish it
from the six layered eucortex that
make up most of the cerebral mantle
7. History of concept of the limbic
system 2
James Papez(1937)– postulated
these cortical regions(the
cingulate gyrus and the
parahippocampal gyrus ) are
linked to
hippocampus, mamillary body
and anterior thalamus in circuit
that mediated emotional
behaviour(Papez circuit)
Emotions tend to go round and
round in this circuit
8. History of concept of the LS 3
Heinrich Kluver and Paul
Bucy(1939)—by removing
temporal lobes in monkeys they
found that amygdala of temporal
lobe has role in taming and other
basic instincts–
fighting, fleeing, feeding and sex
Kluver Bucy syndrome
9. History of concept of the LS 4
Paul Maclean(1952)--- coined
the term limbic system to
describe broca’s lobe and
related subcortical nuclei as
the neural substitute for
emotion
10. History of concept of limbic system 5
Originally term limbic system encompassed only
Broca’s cortex and Papez’s circuitry and later
amygdala is included
Further, the functions of amygdala and
hippocampal system proved to have more to do
with attention and formation of specific memories
than with emotions
11. The Cingulate gyrus
Located dorsal to corpus callosum
Includes several cortical regions
that are heavily interconnected
with) the association areas of the
cerebral cortex
Posteriorly, it becomes
continuous (via cingulate bundle
of fibres in the white matter) with
the parahippocapal gyrus.
12. The Parahippocampal gyrus
Located in medial
temporal lobe
Lies between the
)hippocampal
fissure and
the collateral sulcus
Continuous with the
hippocampus along with
the medial edge of the
temporal lobe
13. The Dentate gyrus
Narrow notched band of gray
matter
Lies between fimbria of the
hippocampus and the
parahippocampal gyrus
)
Anteriorly– contunued into the
uncus
Posteriorly– continuous with
indusium griseum
14. The hippocampus
Curved elevation of gray matter
Extends throughout the entire lenghth of the floor
of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
Expanded anterior end --- pes hippocampus
Terminates posteriorly– beneath the splenium of
corpus callosum
Alveus– thin layer of white matter beneath the
convex ventricular surface
Fimbria– bundle formed by nerve fibres originated
in hippocampus--- becomes continuous with the
crus of fornix – passes anteriorly and inferiorly--coloumn of fornix pass through hypothalamus into
the mamillary bodies
15. The Subicular complex
Includes pre, para, and the
subicular parts
The transition region
)
between the hippocampus
and parahippocampal
gyrus
16. The amygdala
Located in medial temporal lobe
Just anterior to the hippocampal formation
It is fused with the tip of the tail of the
caudate nucleus
Stria terminalis emerges from its post aspect
It– is a group of nuclei larger
basolater, smaller centromedial
Centromedial amygdala appears to be part of
a larger structure that is continuous through
the sublenticular innominate with bed
nucleus of stria terminalis(extended
amygdala)
17. The septal area
Gray matter
structure located
immediately above
the anterior
commissure
18. The insula
Medial cortical gyrus located
between the amygdala and the
frontal lobe
)
20. The entorhinal cortex
Located in the anterior part of the parahippocampal
gyrus, on medial surface of temporal lobe
Transition zone between hippocampus and temporal
neocortex
21. The hypothalamus, the thalamus and
cortical areas
The lateral and medial mamillary
nuclei receive hippocampal input
through fornix and project to the
anterior nuclei of hypothlamus
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. Histology of the limbic system 1
Cortical structure of parahippocampal gyrus is
six layered. As the cortex is traced into the
hippocampus,there is gradual trasnition from a
six to a three layered arrangement
The hippocampus has-- outer molecular, middle
pyramidal and inner polymorphic layer. It is
divided into three distinct fields– CA1, CA2 and
CA3 (CA=Cornu Ammonis)
--Molecular layer-- consist of nerve fibres and
scattered small neurons
--Pyramidal layer-- consist of many large
pyramid shaped neurons
---Polymorphic layer-- is similar to the
polymorphic layer of the cortex seen else where
29. Histology of limbic system 2
The dentate gyrus comprises three layers– outer acellular
molecular, middle granular and inner polymorphic layer.
Pyramidal layer is replaced by the granular layer
---Granular layer is composed of densely arranged
rounded or oval neurons that give rise to axons that
terminate upon the dendrites of the pyramidal cells in
hippocampus
Basolateral nuclei of amygdala– have connectivity and
some other anatomical characteristics similar to cortical
region
30. Histology of limbic system 3
John Allman and Giacomo
Rizzolatti identified the limbic
spindle cells and mirror cells the
undergrid prosocial mentation
Spindle cells(Von Economo)–20
times more in humans than apes--concentrated in ant cingulate
gyrus, prefrontal cortex, the insula-- central to governance of social
emotion and moral judgement
31. Histology of limbic system 4
Mirror cells– more developed in
humans than in primates--reside in insula, ant cingualte—
- mediate empathy– the
experience of feeling the
emotions of another
32. Connections of the limbic system 1
The major structures of limbic system are
interconnected with each other and with other
components of nervous system in various ways.
In generel, it is area of intimate processing between
hypothalamus and cortical information processing
The connecting pathways of limbic system are– the
alveus, the fimbriae, the fornix, the mamillothalamic
tract, and the stria terminalis
33. Connections of limbic system 2
Entorhinal cortex funnesl highly processed cortical
information to the hippocampal formation and dentate
gyrus
The layers of dentate gyrus connected each other and
finally project to the hippocampus
The fields CA3 and CA1 of hippocampus are connected
each other and finally project to subicular complex
34. Connections of limbic system 3
Basolateral nuclei of amygdala directly and reciprocally
connected with the temporal, insular and prefrontal
cortices---- n shares bidirectional connctions with the
medial dorsal thalamic nuclei
Medial amygdaloid nucleus has reciprocal connections
with endocrine portion of hypothalamus
Lateral part of extended amygdala connected with
brainstem and lateral hypothalamus and receives cortical
limbic region and the basolateral amygdaloid complex
35. Connections of the LS 4
The septal area reciprocally connected with the
hippocampus, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus and
projects to numerous structures in the brainstem
Posterior nuclei of hypothalamus shares reciprocal
connections with extended amygdala
LS also interacts with components of the basal ganglial
system. Thus functions of basal ganglia extens beyond the
regulation of motor activities
Limbic system recieves inputs from the smell receptors in the
nose
36. Functions of the limbic system 1
The Ls is involved in behaviour required for self-
preservation and the preservation of species
control over instinctual behaviour regulated by
hypothalamus and brainstem
Critical in emotions such as fear
Plays a role is sexual behaviour
Has special role in memory
37. Functions of limbic system(ant, post
cingulate) 2
Ant cingulate -- for integrating affective and motor
behaviour– stimulation of the anterior cingulate
triggers autonomic nervous system
Excessive stimulation leads to amplification of
emotions and motor responses and may lead to
anxiety, tics, impulsivity, and OCD. Inhibition leads
to akinetic mutism
Post cingulate is important for visual spatial and
memory functions
38. Functions of limbic system(amygdala vs
adrenal gland)3
Anatomy and physiology of the adrenal gland are
reflected in the anatomy and physiology of the
amygdala circuit and hippocampal circuit
Adrenaline secreted by the adrenal core is processed
by the amygdala system
Cortisone secreted by adrenal cortex is processed by
the hippocampal formation
39. Functions of limbic system (functional
divisions) 4
Rostral limbic system—
amygdala, septum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior
insula, and anterior cingulate --important for
emotions
Caudal system– hippocampus, posterior
parahippocampal cortex and posterior cingulate -important for memory and visual spatial functions
40. The functions of limbic
system(neurotransmitters) 5
Neurotransmitter system in limbic system include–
dopamine, serotonin, noradrenergic, and cholinergic
systems
41. The LS (amygdala) in emotions 1
In generel, amygdala assign emotional significance
to sensory experiences
Ls directs the hypothalamus to express the motor
and endocrine components of emotional states
42. The LS (amygdala) in emotions 2
Emotional experiences and expressions per se are
accompanied and even initiated by body responses
(change in heart and respiratory rate and blood
pressure). The responses waned with repitition as
they become familiar(habituation)
The amygdala was shown to be important to
processing these experiences.(selective activation of
amygdala=framing effect)
43. The LS(amygdala) in emotions 3
The body responses help a person to attain via the
amygdala, a certain kind of memory and that
emotions is due to a challenge to the pattern of that
memory, not the body responses themselves
Fear is not an expression of an experience per se, but
of a memory based anticipation of pain that may be
realistic and imagined
44. The LS (hippocampus) in memory 1
Hippocampus is concerned
with recent memory
converting it to long term
memory– memory of the
remote past events before the
lesion developed is unaffected.
Anterograde amnesia is
present
Hippocampal circuit places
bounds, boundaries on
experience and behaviour
45. The LS (hippocamppus) in memory 2
The hippocampus is important to an organism’s ability to
reset an internal co-ordinate system. This process is critical to
navigation and episodic memory
While the amygdala is processing what is novel during
habituation, the hippocampus is processing the context within
which habituation is happening: the hippocampus is
processing what is already familiar
The co-ordinates are constructed by attending to what is
not, at the moment, the focus of navigating our world. Eg: to
walk through a door we must process the walls so as not to
bump into them
46. The LS (hippocampus) in memory 3
In damage to hippocampus– the memory of what is
happening to the patient personally fails to become
familiar
47. The LS(hippocampus) in motivation and
attidude 1
The hippocampal circuit brings together emotion
and motivation
---The emotion—the processing of familiarty
---The Motivation– the processing of readiness to
engage the world in practical manner
Attitudes (emotions plus motivation) are
dispositional states that embody the experience of
the individual
48. The LS(hippocampus) in motivation and
attitude 2
Freud’s project for a scientific psychology developed
a theory of motivation based on memory rather than
on drive. Freud noted that motivation are the
prospective aspects of memories
Papez simply stated that the circuit could account for
attitudes without saying how
49. The LS in sexual behaviour
Directly involved in elements of sexual functioning
Stimulation of various sites of the limbic system have elicited penile
erection.
Hippocampus– genital tumescence, regulation of release of
gonadotropins.
Amagdala– in oral and then in genital benaviour
Olfactory sense is strongly involved in both feeding and mating
Those areas activated by emotions of fear and anxiety are notably
quiescent when the woman experience an orgasm
50. The LS in violence behaviour
The fear is processed in amygdala – stimulation of it elicits
defensive and aggressive responses
Other parts involved are– hypothalamus and septal area
The prefrontal cortex allows humans to exercise some control
over their resposes
Aggressive behaviour have been noted individual with damage
to the medial temporal lobe and with developing brain tumor
in the limbic system
Frontal lobe injury commonest type in infancy and early
childhood have lifelong consequences
Case of serial killer Arthur Shawcross
51. The LS in positive mental health(ant
cingulate and insula) 1
Both the limbic anterior cingulate and insula appears
to be active in the positive emotions of humor, trust
and empathy
The prosocial biological activity of the anterior
cingulate cortex and insula was highest in
individiuals with highest level of social awareness--the biological differences for positive mental health
52. The LS(ant cingulate gyrus) in positive
mental health 2
Anterior cingulate gyrus links valence and memory
to create attachment
Along with the hippocampus, the anterior cingulate
is the brain region most responsible for making the
past meaningful
Anterior cingulate fMRI images light up when a lover
gazes at a pictures of a partner’s face or when a new
mother hear her infant’s cry
53. The LD(insula) in positive mental health 3
Helps to bring visceral feelings into consciousness
The pain in one’s heart of grief , the warmth in one’s
heart of love, and the tightness in one’s gut from fear
all make their way into consciousness through the
insula
54. The LS in positive mental
health(hippocampus and amygdala) 4
fMRI studies of kundalini yoga practitioners
demonstrates-- the meditation activates the activity
of the hippocampus and right lateral amygdala which
in turn leads to parasympathetic stimulation and
sensation of deep peacefulness
55. The LS in positive mental health(frontal
lobe) 5
Frontal lobe connectivity to the limbic system
underscores its executive function which includes the
ability to delay gratification, comprehend symbolic
language, and most important, to establish temporal
sequencing
Frontal lobes through their connection to the
amygdala, hippocampus and other limbic structures
encode emotional learning quite distinct from both
conventional conditioning and declarative memory
56. The LS in schizophrenia 1
Because of its role in controlling emotions, the LS has
been hypothesized to be involved in pathophysiology of
schizophrenia
Limbic activation is diminished
Abnormally increased limbic activation time(threat
related fascial emotions of anger and fear)
Antipsychotics block limbic receptors to dopamine as
well as receptors of the extrapyramidal system
57. The LS in schizophrenia 2
Neuropathology findings—decrease
in size of regions including the
amygdala the hippocampus and
parahippocmapal gyrus
Hippocampus is not only
smaller, but is functionally
abnormal as indicated by
disturbances in glutamate
transmission
Disorganisaion of neurons within
the hippocampus has also been
reported
58. The LS in BPAD
Hyperactivity and hyperfunction of some limbic and
para limbic areas---including amygdala and ventrial
striation as well as in the cerebellum
59. The LS is anxiety and OCD
In addition to receiving noradrenergic and
serotonergic innervation the LS contains highest
concentration of GABA A receptors
Increased activity of the septohippocampal
pathway—leads to anxiety
Cingulate gyrus has been particulary implicated in
pathophysiology of OCD
60. The LS in dementia
Involved in
Alzheimers disease
Limbic encephalitis
Wernick/Korsakoff
Anoxic encephalopathy
HSV encephalitis
Post traumatic amnesia
Strokes involving PCA or thalamoperforators
ACOM aneursyms
61. The LS in Alzhiemers
Gross– medial temporal lobe atrophy and
hippocampal atrophy most common
Plaques and tangles most frequently present in
hippocampal and entorhinal cortex
62. Limbic encephalopathy
Usually due to metastatic ca of lung
Marked disturbance of memory for recent events
Affective disturbance– severe anxiety and depression
Pathology– combination of degeneration and
inflammation on the medial temporal lobe structures—
the hippocampus, uncus, amygdaloid nucleus, dentate
gyrus, insular and posterior orbital cortex
Where memory failure is predominat feature the
possibity of limbic encephalopathy should be considered
63. The LS in Wernicke and Korsakoff
Caused by B1 deficiency
Changes involve periventricular areas: medial
thalamus, hypothalamus, mamillary
bodies, PAG, reticular formation
Lesions show petechial hemorrhages, edema, myelin
loss, and reactive gliosis. Neurons generally
preserved.
64. The LS in epilepsy n hippocampal
sclerosis
Hippocampal cell loss can be considered a cause and
consequence of repeated seizures
Hippocampal sclerosis—seen in 47—70% of all TLE
65. Limbic epilepsy
Limbic epilepsy can originate in the
amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, cingulate
or orbital frontal cortex
Pts classically describe fear, déjà vu, jamais
vu, elementary and complex visual
hallucinations, illusions, forced thinking, or
emotional distress.
66. Kluver Bucy syndrome
Bilateral removal of temporal lobe– amygdala, para
amygdala area
Features– no evidence of fear or anger, unable to
appreciate object visually, increased
appetite, increased sexual activity- indscriminatly
seek partnership with male, female animals
68. The LS in psychosurgery
Stereotactic operations on the amygdaloid nuclei:
decreased emotional excitability
OCD: cingulotomy, anterior cingulotomy, and limbic
leucotomy may be effective
Pain: cingulotomy
Epilepsy:TLE
Tourette: disconnection of the anterior cingulate from
the thalamus results in improvement of symptoms
69. References
Kaplan and saddock’s comprehensinve textbook of
psychiatry 9th ed (2009), lippincott w&w
Lishman, organic psychiatry
Snell’s clinical neuroanatomy for medical students
Ganong’s review of physiology,Lange
Internet