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Linked Data &
Semantic Web
Technology




                The Semantic Web
       Part 3. URI for the Semantic Web


                    Dr. Myungjin Lee
2
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
How to Identify Objects?



                                                      Object
                               refer to



                                                                                  Object
                                                               stand for                               refer to
          Concept
                                          symbolize
                                                                           stand for

                                                                                                                  Concept
                                                      “Namdeamun”
                                                                                           symbolize
                                                               Symbol
                                                                                   URI
                                                                             Symbol




                                                                                                                            3
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
URI, Thing, and Representation

                                          looks up
                                                              URI
          Person                                              http://data.kdata.kr/resource/Namdaemun
    Machine
                                                   refers

        URI
        http://data.kdata.kr/resource/Sungnyemun
                                                                        links                 identifies
                                                                                                 and
                                                                                                names
                                        URI
                                                                                                                               Thing
                                        http://dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun

                                                                                                        represents

                                         Representation
                                         <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
                                           <head>
                                             <title>Namdaemun | kdata.kr</title>
                                             <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" href="http://data.kdata.kr/data/Namdaemun" title="RDF" />
                                         </head>
                                           <body onLoad="init();">
                                               <div id="header">
                                               <div>
                                                 <h1 id="title">Namdaemun</h1>
                                                 <div id="homelink"> &nbsp;at <a href="http://kdata.kr">kdata.kr</a>



                                                                                                                                                          4
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
      • a string of characters used to identify a name or a web resource




      • URN (Uniform Resource Name)
                – persistent, location-independent identifiers for resources


      • URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
                – a means of locating the resource



                                                                               5
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
How to call Jim?

                                                                         in a class
                                                                   1           2       3

                                                            1    John       Grace      Jin

                                                            2    Sam         Tom      Jim

      • URN                                                 3    Kevin       Dan      Scott
                – resource identification by name
                – teacher: “Student Jim!”


      • URL
                – resource identification as location
                – teacher: “Student who seats in the 2nd row and 3rd column


                                                                                              6
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Syntax of URN and URL
      • URN
                – urn:<namespace identifier>:<namespace-specific string>
                – Examples
                          • urn:isbn:0451450523
                          • urn:issn:0167-6423
                          • urn:ietf:rfc:2648


      • URL
                – scheme://username:password@domain:port/path?query_string#fragment_id
                – Examples
                          • http://vnc.example.com:5800
                          • http://en.example.org/wiki/URL
                          • http://semantics.kr/search?first_name=John&last_name=Doe



                                                                                         7
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Cool URIs for the Semantic Web
      • how to use URIs for things that are not Web pages, such as
        people, products, places, ideas and concepts
      • how the Semantic Web can (and should) be realized as a part of
        the Web
      • W3C Interest Group Note, 03 December 2008




                                                                         8
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
URIs for Real-World Objects
      • Be on the Web
                – Given only a URI, machines and people should be able to retrieve a
                  description about the resource identified by the URI from the Web.
                – Machines should get RDF data and humans should get a readable
                  representation, such as HTML.


      • Be unambiguous
                – There should be no confusion between identifiers for Web documents and
                  identifiers for other resources.




                                                                                           9
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
URIs for Real-World Objects
                          URI
                          http://data.kdata.kr/resource/Namdaemun                     looks up

                              identifies
                                 and                                                                        Person
                                names                                                                 Machine



                                                                         Description for Agents
                                                             describes
                                                                         <rdf:RDF>
                                                                           <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun">
                                                                             <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/GatesOfKorea" />
                                                                             <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.opengis.net/gml/_Feature" />
                                                                             <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://pl.dbpedia.org/resource/Sungnyemun" />
                                                                             <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://cs.dbpedia.org/resource/Namdemun" />
                                        Thing                                <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://es.dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun" />
                                                                             <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun" />
                                                                             <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://it.dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun" />
                                                represents

Representation for Web Browsers
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
  <head>
    <title>Namdaemun | kdata.kr</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" href="http://data.kdata.kr/data/Namdaemun" title="RDF" />
</head>
  <body onLoad="init();">
      <div id="header">
      <div>
        <h1 id="title">Namdaemun</h1>
        <div id="homelink"> &nbsp;at <a href="http://kdata.kr">kdata.kr</a>




                                                                                                                                                  10
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
The Desired Relationships

                                        <URI-of-alice> a foaf:Person;
                                            foaf:name "Alice";
                                            foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@example.com>;
                                            foaf:homepage <http://www.example.com/people/alice> .




                                                                  Resource identifier (URI)

                                                                             ID


                                             for semantic web applications            for web browsers




                                                              RDF                        HTML


                                                  RDF document URI                HTML document URI


                                                                                                         11
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Two Solutions for Identifying Real-World Objects
      • Hash URIs
                – using a fragment, a special part that is separated from the rest of the URI
                  by a hash symbol (“#”)


      • 303 URIs forwarding to Document(s)
                – to use a special HTTP status code, 303 See Other, to give an
                  indication




                                                                                                12
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Hash URIs
      • URIs to represent the company, Alice, and Bob
                – http://www.example.com/about#exampleinc
                          • Example Inc., the company
                – http://www.example.com/about#bob
                          • Bob, the person
                – http://www.example.com/about#alice
                          • Alice, the person




                                                            13
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
303 URIs forwarding to Document(s)
      • URIs to represent the company, Alice and Bob
                – http://www.example.com/id/exampleinc
                          • Example Inc., the company
                – http://www.example.com/id/bob
                          • Bob, the person
                – http://www.example.com/id/alice
                          • Alice, the person




                                                         14
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Choosing between 303 and Hash
      • Hash URIs
                – for small and stable sets of resources when the terms are often used
                  together
                – for simply uploading static RDF files to a Web server
                – for large sets of data that are beyond the point where it is practical to serve
                  all related resources in a single document


      • 303 URIs
                – for such data sets, making neater-looking URIs, but with an impact on
                  run-time performance and server load




                                                                                                    15
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Cool URIs
      • Simplicity
                – short and mnemonic


      • Stability
                – remain as long as possible


      • Manageability
                – issue your URIs in a way that you can manage




                                                                 16
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Linking
      • to be linked with each URI related to a real-word object to help
        information consumers understand their relation
      • three URIs related to Alice
                – http://www.example.com/id/alice
                          • Identifier for Alice, the person
                – http://www.example.com/people/alice
                          • Alice's homepage
                – http://www.example.com/data/alice
                          • RDF document with description of Alice


   <http://www.example.com/id/alice>
       foaf:page <http://www.example.com/people/alice>;
       rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://www.example.com/data/alice>;

           a foaf:Person;
           foaf:name "Alice";
           foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@example.com>;
           ...




                                                                           17
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Designing URI Sets for the UK Public Sector
      • URIs:
                –     name the set and describe its characteristics
                –     identify for the real-world „Things‟ in a single concept
                –     provide a means of looking up data on the web
                –     provide mechanisms to:
                          • lookup an Identifier URI and be redirected to its Document URI
                          • discover and get each of the Representation URIs

        URI Type                              URI structure                                      Examples

         Identifier            http://{domain}/id/{concept}/{reference}     http://education.data.gov.uk/id/school/78


        Document               http://{domain}/doc/{concept}/{reference}    http://education.data.gov.uk/doc/school/78

                               http://{domain}/doc/{concept}/{reference}/
     Representation                                                         http://education.data.gov.uk/doc/school/78/doc.rdf
                               {doc.file-extension}

    Definition of the          http://{domain}/def/{concept}                http://education.data.gov.uk/def/school
    scheme concept
     List of scheme            http://{domain}/doc/{concept}                http://education.data.gov.uk/doc/school
        identifiers

            Set                http://{domain}/set/{concept}                http://education.data.gov.uk/set/school



                                                                                                                                 18
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
URI Design Principles: Creating Unique URIs for Government Linked Data
      • These principles should produce:
                – URIs that are easily re-hosted
                – Concise URIs with as little "cruft" as possible
                – URIs that span many domains including

      • URI Template:
                   'http://' BASE '/' 'id' '/' ORG '/' CATEGORY ( '/' TOKEN )+



      • Example
                – States and Territories
                          • Owner
                                    – federal
                          • Suggested
                                    – http://BASE/id/us/state/NAME
                          • Example
                                    – http://logd.tw.rpi.edu/id/us/state/Vermont



                                                                                   19
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
URI and IRI
      • IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier)
                – While URIs are limited to a subset of the ASCII character set, IRIs may
                  contain characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646).
                – use UTF-8 and %HH-escaping for conversion to URIs


                                          Encoding
                                        (server side/                     us-asciior %HH   utf-8 or %HH
                                         undefined)
        original characters               <====>             bytes             URI             IRI
                   March                us-ascii/utf-8   4D 61 72 63 68       March           March
                    März                 iso-8859-1       4D E4 72 7A        M%E4rz          M%E4rz
                    März                 macintosh        4D 8A 72 7A        M%8Arz          M%8Arz
                    März                    utf-8        4D C3 A4 72 7A    M%C3%A4rz          März




                                                                                                          20
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
References
      •       http://www.slideshare.net/lysander07/open-hpi-semweb02part1
      •       http://www.slideshare.net/onlyjiny/linkeddata
      •       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier
      •       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_name
      •       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator
      •       http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/
      •       https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60975/designing-URI-sets-uk-public-sector.pdf
      •       http://data.gov.uk/resources/uris
      •       http://logd.tw.rpi.edu/instance-hub-uri-design
      •       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier
      •       http://www.w3.org/2004/Talks/IUC25iri/Overview.html




                                                                                                                                        21
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology

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The Semantic Web #3 - URI

  • 1. Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology The Semantic Web Part 3. URI for the Semantic Web Dr. Myungjin Lee
  • 2. 2 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 3. How to Identify Objects? Object refer to Object stand for refer to Concept symbolize stand for Concept “Namdeamun” symbolize Symbol URI Symbol 3 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 4. URI, Thing, and Representation looks up URI Person http://data.kdata.kr/resource/Namdaemun Machine refers URI http://data.kdata.kr/resource/Sungnyemun links identifies and names URI Thing http://dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun represents Representation <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <title>Namdaemun | kdata.kr</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" href="http://data.kdata.kr/data/Namdaemun" title="RDF" /> </head> <body onLoad="init();"> <div id="header"> <div> <h1 id="title">Namdaemun</h1> <div id="homelink"> &nbsp;at <a href="http://kdata.kr">kdata.kr</a> 4 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 5. URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) • a string of characters used to identify a name or a web resource • URN (Uniform Resource Name) – persistent, location-independent identifiers for resources • URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – a means of locating the resource 5 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 6. How to call Jim? in a class 1 2 3 1 John Grace Jin 2 Sam Tom Jim • URN 3 Kevin Dan Scott – resource identification by name – teacher: “Student Jim!” • URL – resource identification as location – teacher: “Student who seats in the 2nd row and 3rd column 6 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 7. Syntax of URN and URL • URN – urn:<namespace identifier>:<namespace-specific string> – Examples • urn:isbn:0451450523 • urn:issn:0167-6423 • urn:ietf:rfc:2648 • URL – scheme://username:password@domain:port/path?query_string#fragment_id – Examples • http://vnc.example.com:5800 • http://en.example.org/wiki/URL • http://semantics.kr/search?first_name=John&last_name=Doe 7 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 8. Cool URIs for the Semantic Web • how to use URIs for things that are not Web pages, such as people, products, places, ideas and concepts • how the Semantic Web can (and should) be realized as a part of the Web • W3C Interest Group Note, 03 December 2008 8 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 9. URIs for Real-World Objects • Be on the Web – Given only a URI, machines and people should be able to retrieve a description about the resource identified by the URI from the Web. – Machines should get RDF data and humans should get a readable representation, such as HTML. • Be unambiguous – There should be no confusion between identifiers for Web documents and identifiers for other resources. 9 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 10. URIs for Real-World Objects URI http://data.kdata.kr/resource/Namdaemun looks up identifies and Person names Machine Description for Agents describes <rdf:RDF> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/GatesOfKorea" /> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.opengis.net/gml/_Feature" /> <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://pl.dbpedia.org/resource/Sungnyemun" /> <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://cs.dbpedia.org/resource/Namdemun" /> Thing <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://es.dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun" /> <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun" /> <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://it.dbpedia.org/resource/Namdaemun" /> represents Representation for Web Browsers <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <title>Namdaemun | kdata.kr</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" href="http://data.kdata.kr/data/Namdaemun" title="RDF" /> </head> <body onLoad="init();"> <div id="header"> <div> <h1 id="title">Namdaemun</h1> <div id="homelink"> &nbsp;at <a href="http://kdata.kr">kdata.kr</a> 10 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 11. The Desired Relationships <URI-of-alice> a foaf:Person; foaf:name "Alice"; foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@example.com>; foaf:homepage <http://www.example.com/people/alice> . Resource identifier (URI) ID for semantic web applications for web browsers RDF HTML RDF document URI HTML document URI 11 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 12. Two Solutions for Identifying Real-World Objects • Hash URIs – using a fragment, a special part that is separated from the rest of the URI by a hash symbol (“#”) • 303 URIs forwarding to Document(s) – to use a special HTTP status code, 303 See Other, to give an indication 12 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 13. Hash URIs • URIs to represent the company, Alice, and Bob – http://www.example.com/about#exampleinc • Example Inc., the company – http://www.example.com/about#bob • Bob, the person – http://www.example.com/about#alice • Alice, the person 13 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 14. 303 URIs forwarding to Document(s) • URIs to represent the company, Alice and Bob – http://www.example.com/id/exampleinc • Example Inc., the company – http://www.example.com/id/bob • Bob, the person – http://www.example.com/id/alice • Alice, the person 14 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 15. Choosing between 303 and Hash • Hash URIs – for small and stable sets of resources when the terms are often used together – for simply uploading static RDF files to a Web server – for large sets of data that are beyond the point where it is practical to serve all related resources in a single document • 303 URIs – for such data sets, making neater-looking URIs, but with an impact on run-time performance and server load 15 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 16. Cool URIs • Simplicity – short and mnemonic • Stability – remain as long as possible • Manageability – issue your URIs in a way that you can manage 16 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 17. Linking • to be linked with each URI related to a real-word object to help information consumers understand their relation • three URIs related to Alice – http://www.example.com/id/alice • Identifier for Alice, the person – http://www.example.com/people/alice • Alice's homepage – http://www.example.com/data/alice • RDF document with description of Alice <http://www.example.com/id/alice> foaf:page <http://www.example.com/people/alice>; rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://www.example.com/data/alice>; a foaf:Person; foaf:name "Alice"; foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@example.com>; ... 17 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 18. Designing URI Sets for the UK Public Sector • URIs: – name the set and describe its characteristics – identify for the real-world „Things‟ in a single concept – provide a means of looking up data on the web – provide mechanisms to: • lookup an Identifier URI and be redirected to its Document URI • discover and get each of the Representation URIs URI Type URI structure Examples Identifier http://{domain}/id/{concept}/{reference} http://education.data.gov.uk/id/school/78 Document http://{domain}/doc/{concept}/{reference} http://education.data.gov.uk/doc/school/78 http://{domain}/doc/{concept}/{reference}/ Representation http://education.data.gov.uk/doc/school/78/doc.rdf {doc.file-extension} Definition of the http://{domain}/def/{concept} http://education.data.gov.uk/def/school scheme concept List of scheme http://{domain}/doc/{concept} http://education.data.gov.uk/doc/school identifiers Set http://{domain}/set/{concept} http://education.data.gov.uk/set/school 18 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 19. URI Design Principles: Creating Unique URIs for Government Linked Data • These principles should produce: – URIs that are easily re-hosted – Concise URIs with as little "cruft" as possible – URIs that span many domains including • URI Template: 'http://' BASE '/' 'id' '/' ORG '/' CATEGORY ( '/' TOKEN )+ • Example – States and Territories • Owner – federal • Suggested – http://BASE/id/us/state/NAME • Example – http://logd.tw.rpi.edu/id/us/state/Vermont 19 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 20. URI and IRI • IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier) – While URIs are limited to a subset of the ASCII character set, IRIs may contain characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646). – use UTF-8 and %HH-escaping for conversion to URIs Encoding (server side/ us-asciior %HH utf-8 or %HH undefined) original characters <====> bytes URI IRI March us-ascii/utf-8 4D 61 72 63 68 March March März iso-8859-1 4D E4 72 7A M%E4rz M%E4rz März macintosh 4D 8A 72 7A M%8Arz M%8Arz März utf-8 4D C3 A4 72 7A M%C3%A4rz März 20 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 21. References • http://www.slideshare.net/lysander07/open-hpi-semweb02part1 • http://www.slideshare.net/onlyjiny/linkeddata • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_name • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator • http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/ • https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60975/designing-URI-sets-uk-public-sector.pdf • http://data.gov.uk/resources/uris • http://logd.tw.rpi.edu/instance-hub-uri-design • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier • http://www.w3.org/2004/Talks/IUC25iri/Overview.html 21 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology