The document provides an overview of geothermal energy education and research at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. It discusses the university and its geothermal institute, the geothermal resources and industry in New Zealand, and the training and research on geothermal energy conducted at the university, including short courses, certificate programs, and masters and PhD research focusing on topics across various disciplines related to geothermal energy.

1. Overview of Geothermal,
Education and Research
The University of Auckland
Gary Putt
Executive Director
Geothermal Institute
April 2011

2. Outline
1. New Zealand and Auckland
2. The University of Auckland
3. Geothermal in New Zealand
4. Geothermal training at the UoA
5. Geothermal Research at the UoA

3. Where in the world is New Zealand?

4. New Zealand
The size of NZ:
Auckland ~267 000 km2
~267,000 km
–North Island: 115,777
km2 +
–South Island: 151,215
Wellington km2
Christchurch
Similar size to Japan
and UK
Dunedin

5. Stunning Natural Beauty ...

7. …With Plenty Of Adventure Close At Hand
y

8. Auckland ‐‘City of Sails’
• Largest NZ city population
Largest NZ city ‐ population
1.4 million
• Commercial heart of New
Zealand
• Energetic multicultural hub
• International gateway to the
International gateway to the
country

10. The University of Auckland
• Founded in 1883
• Largest and top ranked research institution
in New Zealand
• Comprehensive University with full range of
professional schools to PhD level
• Nearly 40,000 students and 7,000 staff
including
i l di
– 4,300 international students from over
100 countries
• Annual turnover >$800M
– >NZ$5 billion pa contribution to
Auckland / NZ economy

11. Research at the University – Key figures
• 2,500
2 500 academic staff
d i ff
• About 10,500 postgraduate students including
nearly 2,000 at doctoral level
• More than 60 research units, centres and institutes
• More than 6,500 research articles, books and
conference papers published annually
• 180 patent families and 115 patents granted since
1987
• Research revenue NZ$206 million pa in 2009.

12. Research at the University - Structure
• Eight Faculties:
– Arts
– Business and Economics
– National Institute of Creative Arts and Industries
– Education
– g
Engineeringg
– Law
– Medical and Health Sciences
– Science
– More than 60 research units, centres and institutes,
including the Institute of Earth Science and
Engineering.
• Two L
T Large S l R
Scale Research I tit t
h Institutes (LSRI):
(LSRI)
– Auckland Bioengineering Institute - computational
physiology and biomedical engineering
– Liggins Institute - research on fetal and child health
and development.

13. Geothermal in New Zealand
World Leader in
Geothermal
• 720 MWe installed
capacity
• 12% of electricity
generated
• 50+ years history of
excellence in
development, research,
and training
• significant near-term
growth due to mega-
scale projects 500MW’s
500MW s

14. New Zealand
Subduction
http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/volcanoes/2/2
http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/volcanoes/2/2

15. Taupo Volcanic
Zone: Hot! Hot! Hot!
From M f d H h t i U of Auckland
F Manfred Hochstein, f A kl d

16. Geothermal Use in New Zealand
• Electricity – established with considerable growth
potential
– 720 MW’s installed capacity
– Further 500 MW’s currently under development
– 1100 MW’s available using existing technology
– $4 billion development program to realise
• Direct Use – established with lesser growth potential
• Heat pumps - infancy
– Relatively new
– Developing recognition in the commercial sector
– Luxury housing market in colder parts of Southland, and
Auckland

17. Direct Use
• Most common use is bathing
• Space and water heating
• Frost protection and irrigation
• Greenhouse and glasshouse heating - growth
• Timber kiln drying - growth
• Special tourism developments
• Kawerau industrial development 56% of
industrial use – timber mill

18. Direct Use of Geothermal Heat
gy.org
othermal-energ
Mokai Glasshouses
geo
Wairakei Prawn Farm
White, 2006

19. Drivers of Growth in New Zealand
• Premium geothermal resources
• Vibrant geothermal industry
• Cost effective and base load
• Depletion of local gas reserves
• Cost and supply of imported fossil fuels
• Few available hydro alternatives – limited
y
storage capacity
• Commitments to reducing greenhouse
emissions
• Cost of carbon ETS
• Export opportunities

20. Challenges in New Zealand
• Competing uses
• Resource consents
• Investment limited
• Environmental
• Subsidence
• Induced seismicity
• New research and technology
– Deeper resources
– Blind resources
– L
Lower temperature
t t

21. New Zealand: Pioneers
e ea a d o ee s
in Geothermal Energy
Wairakei 1950: Exploration Phase
Wairakei, 2010: 176 Mwe
1958: World’s first production of a liquid
World s
dominated geothermal system

22. New Zealand: Pioneers of
Geothermal Energy
Kawerau Paper Mill 1958:
First use of geothermal steam in paper
mill
56% of national direct energy usage
Largest industrial use in the world
http://www.kawerau.org.nz/
2009: 122 MWe electricity
generating plant
http://forcechange.com/2008/11/21/biggest-geothermal-plant-in-20-years-opens-in-new-zealand/

23. New Zealand Energy Mix 90% Renewables by 2025

24. Geothermal Institute 1978 -
The University of Auckland
• Professional Training & Education
Post-graduate (Certificate, Masters, PhD, Interns, Mentoring &
Coaching, Commercial Short Courses)
• Research
Basic, Applied, Student
• Technology
Borehole seismic, Geophysical Observatory, Joint Geophysical
Imaging
• Commercial Services & Consulting
Exploration, Monitoring, Modeling, Equipment

25. Geothermal Training at the
University
U i it
• Short Courses & Coaching
• Postgraduate Certificate in Geothermal
Energy Technology
• Masters of Science
• Masters of Engineering
• Masters of Energy
• Doctoral degrees in Geothermal topics

26. Short Courses and Coaching
• Public short courses in New Zealand
– Geosciences
– Reservoir Engineering
– Exploration
– Geophysics
– Reservoir modelling
• Contracted off shore courses
– Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Chile, Kenya
• Mentoring, Coaching,
Mentoring Coaching Internships
– Philippines reservoir modelling

27. Post Graduate Certificate in
Geothermal Energy Technology
G th lE T h l
• 1 Semester Course
• Programme covers:
- Geothermal science & technology
- Geothermal engineering
- Geothermal geoscience
- Geothermal field studies
- Research project
• Two Field Trips
- Taupo Volcanic Zone
- Geothermal power plants at Wairakei and Mokai
- Direct use projects at Taupo and Rotorua
- Several undeveloped g
p geothermal fields

28. Masters of Energy
• Targeted at Science, Engineering, Business and Economics Students
• One year
• Research or Taught
• Two core courses that will give an overview of energy resources and
e e gy ec o ogy
energy technology.
• Taught Master Electives in geothermal
– GEOTHERM601 (Geothermal resources & their use)
– GEOTHERM602 (Geothermal energy technology)
– One other from a range of elective papers in engineering, science,
economics, management, energy, sustainability and environment
papers
– Research Project

29. Geothermal Research -
The Geothermal Institute
• Integrated approach
- Faculty of Science
- Faculty of Engineering
- Institute of Earth Science and
Engineering
• Topics
– Geology
– Reservoir Engineering
– Reservoir Modelling
– Geophysics
– Geochemistry y
– Chemistry
– Materials
– Equipment design
q p g
– Economics

30. Institute of Earth Science and
Engineering
• Geothermal Research
• Geothermal geophysics, geology & geochemistry
• Subsurface mapping & imaging
• Equipment design
• Volcanic and Seismic Hazards Research
• Volcanic – Auckland Ruapehu
Auckland, Ruapehu,
• Induced seismicity – geothermal, CO2
sequestration

31. What does IESE do?
“FROM WELL-WATER TO MAGMA”
Research, Development, and Service work on rocks and
fluid in the accessible crust
crust.
Crustal Geophysics
Geothermal Geologygy
Volcanology
Technologies
• Active, passive, and borehole seismology
• Electromagnetics
• Geothermal chemistry and mineralogy
• Ground penetrating radar
Staff: 13 PhD-level staff
13 Technical, field, and office staff
5 Graduate students

32. Some Current Basic Research
1. FRST Geothermal (Two contracts; one at ~$650,000 pa
for 6 years, second for $400,000 pa for 4 years -
collaboration with GNS – Deeper and Hotter identifying
and understanding fracture systems 3-7km’s deep
2. RSNZ Strategic Relocation Fund ($8.4M over 5 years). –
The Underground Eye - Imaging the sub surface of the
earth - instrumentation, installation, interpretation and
illustration
• Krafla Iceland
• Olkaria Kenya
• Mammoth California
• Puna, Hawaii
,
• Basel ,Switzerland

33. Some Current Applied Research
- New Zealand
1. Micro seismic monitoring at Wairakei Geothermal Field.
2. Reservoir modelling at Ohaaki and Wairakei.
3. Li, B, and Sr isotope g
, , p geochemistry of geothermal water.
y g
4. Near- and sub-solidus magma/fluid reaction and implications
for deep reservoir conditions in geothermal systems.
5. Prevention of Scaling - Silica chemistry of Geothermal brines.
6. NZ, US and Chile – Sinter mapping using Ground penetrating
radar.
radar
7. Improving steam washing to prevent corrosion and scaling.

34. Some Current Applied Research -
International
1. Utah Geothermal exploration and drilling
2. Nevada Geothermal exploration
3. Alaska Seismic monitoring of a geothermal field
4. Indonesia
• Seismic monitoring of a geothermal field in Sumatra
• Reservoir Modelling of Wayang Windu
5. Monitoring EGS Fracing in South Australia
6. Geothermal exploration on Nevis
7. Geothermal exploration - Rwanda

35. Geothermal International Linkages
• Agent in the United States for IESE
• Li k with research groups overseas
Links ith h
– University of Chile
– U
University of Santiago de Chile
y o a ago d
– Bochum University - Germany
– Geothermal Research Initiative – Aust Unis, CSIRO &
Geosciences Aust
– Indonesian University’s – Gadjah Mada, Bandung Institute of
Technology

36. IESE Technical Expertise
• Specialised borehole tools
• Micro seismic networks:
c o se s c e o s
design, installation, operation, analysis
and maintenance
• Integration of MT , TEM and micro seismic

37. New Geothermal Technologies
• Subsurface mapping techniques
– Joint geophysical imaging : Technique for
Geothermal exploration
• Geophysical instruments
– Down borehole seismic instruments
– Geophysical observatory

38. Joint Geophysical Imaging (JGI)
A New technique for geothermal exploration
• Goal -Target productive, permeable wells
• Method - MT / TEM polarization & Seismic polarization
• Outcomes - Reduced Risk & Increased Productivity
➥ Cost savings

39. What can be done practically to deal with this?
- Mapping with hi-res seismic & EM
hi res
- Time lapse data (Repeated surveys)
Microearthquake (MEQ) S-splitting
q ( Q) p g Magnetotelluric (MT)
g ( )
mapping Polarization mapping
“split” These “image” the These “image” the
paths MT
Seismic
Seismic fractures fractures
Sounding
recorder These
. do not
These
Normal do not
path Normal
path
High
Resistance
Explosion source Low
Resistance
Microearthquake

40. Correlation of MT & S-wave polarizations
Stations K21 and KMT115 Stations K35 and KMT44
N o rm a liz e d S p littin g e v e ts / M T
0.4 0.4
Shear W aves/M T Frequencies
MT Strike Direction
MT Strike Direction
0.35
Fast Shear Wave Polarization Direction
0.35 Fast S‐wave Splitting Direction
0.3
03 0.3
03
fre q u e n c ie s
0.25 0.25
0.2 0.2
lized num ber of S
0.15 0.15
0.1 0.1
Norm al
0.05 0.05
0 0
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175
Median Polarization Direction
Median Polarization Direction 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175
Polarization Direction

41. Why JGI?
• Reduced risk in exploration phase
– Targeting permeable fracture zones
– Krafla, Iceland: Go/No go decision making
• Increased productivity
– Fewer wells necessary or more production from wells drilled
– Olkaria, Kenya:
• 70MW 140 MW
• US$75 Million savings

42. What are the current results and developments?
Fluid-filled fracture mapping MT & MEQ
Stations
MT
TE
TM
Polarization
“split”
Frequency
MEQ
V
003905231043000.sgd.1
003905231043000.sgd.2
h1
S
1
003905231043000.sgd.3
h2
S2
1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429
High Pay Off Zone
Time [s]
Time
Drilling Target shear wave splitting & resistivity

43. Krafla -
Seismic (MEQ) & resistivity (MT) Iceland
data used to double geothermal
output
p
Both S-wave & MT splitting
3 successful wells - one 32
MW 8 -> 18 -> 32 Mwe
Power (Landsvirkjn, per. com.)
Plant
Well
Field
Where to drill next wells? (~$3M
each!)
No litti
N splitting & polarization
l i ti
1 dry well drilled
8 km

44. Example: successful geothermal wells - Kenya
Drilling direction
MT Polarization
MT site & low resistance direction S-Wave splitting
Earthquake station & fast direction
Drill site

46. Example of Cost savings numbers for
Kenya
• $2.75M investment by UNEP, World Bank, KenGen to develop JGI in Kenya.
• Average well productivity increased from 2MW  5MW
• Developer doubled plans from a 70MW plant to 2x70MW for 140MW
• “$75M” in savings, according to UNEP

47. JGI Research – An emerging
technology
t h l
• 1989 – Seismic methods pioneered in Coso by Prof. Malin
p y
• 1998 – Advanced seismic methods applied in Mammoth, CA
• 2002 – $2.75M investment UNEP & partners for work in Olkaria
• 2005 – JGI study in Krafla, Iceland - 18MW well located
y ,
• 2007 – JGI applied in Olkaria - Average productivity increased from
2MW  5MW
• 2009 – JGI applied in Box Elder, Utah – Identified specific target zone
for client to drill productive wells
• 2011 – Indonesia Sumatra

48. DOWN BOREHOLE SEISMICS REASON 1.
Noise Reduction!
Results of test station installed at Riverhead, NZ, depth of 245m
1
1 minute
Same small event M~1
min
Surface Borehole

49. REASON 2. Scattering Reduction!
Surface seismograph M ~ 0.5 MEQ Data from 3.3 km deep LVEW
1 second
Borehole seismograph
1 second

50. Borehole seismometer
gimbaled
• S20G , 2Hz and 4.5 Hz 3C geophones
45
•Gimbaled, 18 deg maximum tilt
•4 5 Hz sonde withstands up to 150 deg C
4.5
•Outer diameter 8.9 cm
•Operational p
p pressure 69 MPa (~7 Km)
( )
•Designed for permanent long term
installations, original sensors deployed 21
y
years ago are still working
g g
•Integrated cable – various lengths (armored ,
Tefzel, or Polyurethane)

51. Borehole seismometer
fixed
•Fixed 3D
•High output geophones (76 Vm/s)
•Shallow borehole installation
•S30F-4.5-130 integrated with
accelerometer
•Various cable lengths

52. Borehole seismometer
(new design)
•Borehole seismometer with
integrated recording system,
battery powered
b d
•Designed to be part of the
drill string
•Coupling of sensor achieved
by releasing drill pipe weight
which applies pressure to
casing side wall

53. Borehole seismometer
(new design)

54. Fabrication and testing at IESE
CNC Lathe for specialized threads Large format Lathes for long tubes
Functional testing of electronic components Hydrostatic testing of high pressure seals

55. Installation of borehole
instruments
Installation of 6 sondes Work over rig needed for installation

56. Borehole Micro-
Seismic Network,,
Wairakei
•10 stations telemetered via radios to
10
Central recording site – real-time
•9 stations at depths ~> 90 m
•1 station at 1.2 Km depth
•High gain 24 bit digital recording
•Over 1000 microseismic events
O i i i t
detected in 1 year
•Data used to manage geothermal
field (injection and extraction of
fluids)

57. IESE Projects using Borehole
Seismometers
• San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth,
California
• Puna, Hawaii
• Wairakei, New Zealand
• Taiwan
• Krafla, Iceland
• Indonesia
• Alpine Fault, New Zealand
p ,

58. Basel, Switzerland
Seismic Array for a Major
S i i A f M j
European City

59. Basel,
Basel Switzerland
Drill Rig in the
middle of the City

60. Basel, Switzerland
2D Visualisation
of Earthquakes

61. IESE Custom Borehole Seismometers for Chinese Academy of
Geological Sciences
CCSD 5.2KM BOREHOLE EARTHQUAKE OBSERVATORY -
DEEPEST IN WORLD
earthquake sensor

62. Typical borehole micro
i lb h l i
earthquake station
Radio telemetry to central site
Recording system Borehole
Paralana SW Australia EGS
experiment

63. Recording system

64. Characteristic Data •Very good signal to noise
•Several types of events observed
•High >95% station uptime
Hi h 95% i i

65. GO” Station - a portable
Geophysical Ob
G h i l Observatory System
t S t
• New equipment
• Developed specifically for JGI
• MEQ + MT
• Modular
• Rapid profiling

66. GOES system
Combined MT, TEM
and micro seismic
system

67. Preliminary Results indicate that
p g
GPR is a promising tool for:
• Locating and mapping
sinter deposits
deposits.
• Detecting alteration/
overprinting by acidic
steam condensate.

68. METHODS
GPR
(GSSI‐SIR 2000 and SIR 3000)
200 and 270MHz Antennas
200 and 270MHz Antennas
Range 50‐300ns
Control Unit
Control Unit
Antenna
Jol and Smith, 1992

69. HOT SPRING VENTS
• Opal Mound (Quartz)
GPR Profile
GPR Transect

70. FRACTURES
• St
Steamboat Springs Lower Sinter Terrace (Opal‐A)
b tS i L Si t T (O l A)

71. FRACTURES
• Steamboat Springs Lower Sinter Terrace (Opal‐A)

72. ALTERATION AND SUBSIDENCE
• Waipahihi Stream

73. Geothermal Geochemistry Research
• Current funded research is both fundamental and applied in
nature.
• Scope of research includes production brine fluids, surficial
fluids, and reservoir mineralogy.
• Lead researcher: Paul Hoskin, Ph.D. (Australian National
University), Habilitation (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg)

74. Example 1: New isotope systematics
• Aim: determine the proportion of magmatic fluid
influx into the Taupo Volcanic Zone, delineate crustal
reservoirs for Li and assess local reservoir-scale
Li, reservoir scale
hydrology
• Data: very large sample set (N = 70) with isotopic
analyses for Li and B (collaborators: University of
Maryland, USA; University of Calgary, Canada) and Cl
isotopes (collaborator: University of Alberta, Canada)
• Current data collection campaign eclipses similar work
recently done for the Yellowstone (USA), Central
Massif (France), and French West Indies geothermal
M if (F ) dF h W t I di th l
systems

75. Example 2: silica mobilization in
reservoir fluids — the role of feldspar
• Aim: determine the ultimate sources of silica in
g
geothermal fluids, silica that causes scaling and
, g
a threat to power generation; describe reaction
kinetics, pathways, and assess mitigation
strategies.
• Data: experiments on natural feldspar crystals
from reservoir rocks and gem-quality end-
member compositions from elsewhere
elsewhere.
Analytical data will include infra-red, Raman, X-
ray diffraction, NMR, and synchrotron analysis.

76. Structural controls on geothermal
fluid flow
• Current funded research is both fundamental and
applied i nature.
li d in t
• Scope of research includes regional-scale controls on
upflow zones and local-scale controls on fluid flow within
the reservoir
reservoir.
• Lead researcher: Julie Rowland, Ph.D. (Otago
University, NZ).

77. Example 1: Tracking upflow through
time in a migrating arc
• Aim: decipher the tectonic and magmatic controls on 15
million years of hydrothermal fluid flow in the central North
Island, New Zealand
• Data: synthesis of various geological and geophysical data
y g g g p y
sets(collaborator: Victoria University, NZ).
• This work will identify vectors for prospectivity (epithermal
and geothermal)
geothermal).

78. Example 2: Generation of high-flux
pathways within the reservoir
• Aim: determine the fundamental controls on the
development of high-flux pathways within the
d l t f hi h fl th ithi th
geothermal reservoir.
• Data: 3 D geological and hydrological models for
3-D
selected geothermal systems within the Taupo
Volcanic Zone.
• This work will improve targeting of wells for
geothermal production.

79. Trenching campaign to determine fault slip rates, Taupo Volcanic Zone 2010

80. Field mapping to determine paleohydrology of a 8500 year old sinter exposed
on the footwall of an active normal fault.

81. Conceptual model of controls
on fluid flow in a generalised
geothermal reservoir, Taupo
Volcanic Zone.

82. Geothermal reservoir modelling
Wairakei model

83. The R&D modelling team
• Team leader: Professor Mike O’Sullivan
• Two other academics: Associate Professor Rosalind
Archer,
Archer Dr Sadiq Zarrouk
• Three post-doctoral research fellows
• Three R&D engineers
• Six graduate students
Main research topics
• Calibration of geothermal models
g
• Improved modelling methods
• Fluid/rock interaction
• Large-scale convection
L l ti

84. Calibration of geothermal models
• The problem: How to assign permeabilities, porosities
and other parameters in a g
p geothermal reservoir model
• The solution: Many hours of manual calibration by a
modelling expert or use automatic calibration
One of our main research topics is automatic calibration
of geothermal models

85. Automatic calibration of
geothermal models
th l d l
• Inverse modelling using iTOUGH2 and PEST
• Statistical sampling approach using Markov chain Monte Carlo
methods (MCMC)
• Expert system approach using a guided application of inverse
modelling.
For example use an expert system:
(i) to choose which model parameters are used for the inverse
model and
(ii) to decide how to systematically introduce new parameters

86. Improved modelling methods
The aim is to be able to run bigger and better models.
Current projects include:
• Introduction of a supercritical equation of state
• Investigation of parallel solvers
• Euler-Lagrange differencing
• Modelling of surface features

87. Fluid/rock interaction
Several of our current research topics involve fluid rock
interaction. We are combining TOUGH2 for modelling heat
and mass transfer with ABAQUS for the rock mechanics.
We are also using FEHM for the coupled problem.
Topics i l d
T i include:
• Subsidence in geothermal fields
• Fracturing and permeability changes caused by
injection of cold water
• Tectonic activity and permeability structure

88. Large scale
Large-scale convection
Our interest in this topic arises from our work on particular fields
such as Wairakei and also from trying to understand large
sections of the T
i f h Taupo volcanic zone.
l i
• For example: why do the three upflow zones at Te Mihi,
Tauhara and Rotokawa occur close together? What large-
large
scale structures determine their positions?
• Similarly, what determines the locations of Wairakei,
Mokai, Ohaaki etc? Is it the deep permeability structure or
the deep heat inflow?

89. The ‘Development’ part of ‘R&D’
Development R&D
We are currently working on computer models of several
geothermal fields:
• Wairakei and Ohaaki (Contact Energy)
• Lihir (Newcrest Gold)
• Wayang Windu (with SKM for Star Energy, Indonesia)
• Palinpinon and Mindanao (in collaboration with EDC, Philippines)

90. Related modelling research
• Coal-bed methane extraction
• Gas hydrate
Gas-hydrate reservoirs
• In-situ gasification
• Carbon sequestration
• Oil and gas reservoirs

91. Numerical models of the Taupo
p
Volcanic Zone (TVZ)
Aim: to investigate interplay between faulting,
geothermal circulation and volcanism in the TVZ.
model slice
TVZ faults TVZ geothermal fields TVZ volcanism

92. Tectonic model of faulting
1 m slip
Coseismic
0.5 m uplift displacements
stress increase
Coseismic
stress drop stress changes
Earthquake!
conceptual model numerical model
Fluid model of geothermal circulation
Geothermal plume Geothermal plume
depth

93. Gas Hydrates
• New Zealand (and other countries) may have huge
resources of natural gas stored in hydrate deposits in
shallow sediments.
• Hydrates are ice-like solids that release methane
from their structure as they are depressurised.
• TOUGH+HYDRATE code (derived from the TOUGH2
geothermal code) being used to model resource
development in NZ in collaboration with Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratories.
k l b

94. Integrating Indigenous Values
into Geothermal Development
Dan Hikuroa1
Te Kipa Kepa Brian Morgan2, Manuka Henare3, Darren Gravley 4
1 – Institute of Earth Science & Engineering, Uni..of Auckland (UoA)
2 – Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering (UoA)
3 – Director, Mira Szaszy Research Centre, (UoA)
4 – Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury

95. Papatuanuku and R
P t k d Ranginui
i i
http://www.teara.govt.nz/file
e
Nga Roimata O Ranginui
es/p14121enz.jpg
p
Nga Puna Tapu O Nga Atua

96. Outline
Geothermal Energy
• Renewable
• Sustainable
• Desirable to Maori
Kaitiakitanga (Guardianship) Approach to Geothermal
Development
Photo: GNS Science

97. Maori View
Development Attributes:
• Long-term – Intergenerational
Quadruple bottom-line:
bottom line:
• Economic
• Environmental
• Social
• Cultural
Creating Kaitiaki Geothermal Development Model
Photo: GNS Science

98. Kaitiaki Geothermal
Development Model
Integrates:
- GGeothermal science & engineering
h l i i i
- Appropriate governance
- Management systems
g y
- Investment opportunities
Underpined by kaitiakitanga
Intergenerational approach

99. Kaitiaki Development
Approach
Strategy incorporates quadruple bottom-line of well-
beings:
Environmental, Social, Economic &
Cultural
These are also the four well-beings in the RMA
g

100. Geothermal Overview,
Education and Seismic Research
The U i
Th University of A kl d
it f Auckland
Thank you