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ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING SCIENCES - 19 SEPT 2011,[object Object],BOREHOLE SEISMOLOGY IN URBAN SETTINGS Peter Malin & IESE StaffInstitute of Earth Science & EngineeringUniversity of Aucklandp.malin@auckland.ac.nzand many SAFOD, LVEW, Basel, and other collaborators,[object Object],IESE Staff,[object Object]
Talk Outline,[object Object],Background: ,[object Object],What’s the problem – why borehole seismology in urban settings…..???,[object Object]
Two examples….,[object Object],Auckland,[object Object],HarratRahat,[object Object],….living in Istanbul, you can probably think of a third!,[object Object]
Talk Outline,[object Object],Background: ,[object Object],What’s the problem – why borehole seismology in urban settings…..???,[object Object],Seismic city-noise in Auckland New Zealand,[object Object],Tea Time ….2 times a day,[object Object]
Talk Outline,[object Object],Background: ,[object Object],What’s the problem – why borehole seismology in urban settings…..???,[object Object],Surface seismic station – Riverhead, Auckland. NZ,[object Object],Day,[object Object],Night ,[object Object]
REASON #1.     NOISE REDUCTION!,[object Object],Results of test station installed at Riverhead, NZ, depth of 245m,[object Object],1 min,[object Object],1 minute,[object Object],Same small event M~1,[object Object],Borehole,[object Object],Surface,[object Object]
Talk Outline,[object Object],More Background: ,[object Object],Installation map,[object Object],Observatory versus depth chart,[object Object],Current standard seismographs,[object Object],Motivation for borehole observatories ,[object Object],Detection,[object Object],Location,[object Object],Imaging,[object Object],Research,[object Object],Some Examples,[object Object],Basel Switzerland,[object Object],In progress – CAGS Donghai 5.2 km Observatory,[object Object]
Where does IESE work?,[object Object]
LVEW,[object Object],SAFOD PH  ,[object Object],TCDP,[object Object],PBO  ,[object Object],(113) Stations,[object Object],SAFVA  ,[object Object],PBO,[object Object],PALM,[object Object],ORO&QH ,[object Object],1.ii	Observatory versus depth chart,[object Object],Depth,[object Object],Current Standard,[object Object],5.2 km  195 C  4.5 Hz,[object Object],Definitions,[object Object],x  & y  = Surface,[object Object],z = Borehole,[object Object],In meters,[object Object],4096,[object Object],CCDP,[object Object],SAFOD MH,[object Object],SAFOD MH,[object Object],2048,[object Object],BASEL,[object Object],PARALANA,[object Object],1024,[object Object],GIPPS,[object Object],512,[object Object],BASEL,[object Object],SPEC,[object Object],SCO2,[object Object],ICO2,[object Object],256,[object Object],PARKFIELD,[object Object],MONTY,[object Object],SAUDI,[object Object],WAIRAKEI,[object Object],128,[object Object],COSO,[object Object],KRAFLA,[object Object],“x, y” ,[object Object],Surface Net ,[object Object],“z” ,[object Object],Vertical Net,[object Object],“ x, y, z” ,[object Object],Borehole Net,[object Object],64,[object Object],32,[object Object],SUMA,[object Object],PUNA,[object Object],16,[object Object],PARALANA,[object Object],4,[object Object],2,[object Object],1,[object Object],OZ  ,[object Object],PUNA,[object Object],PALM,[object Object],LOMA,[object Object],KRAFLA,[object Object],LV97,[object Object],SAFOD,[object Object],1,[object Object],2,[object Object],4,[object Object],8,[object Object],16,[object Object],32,[object Object],64,[object Object],In Progress,[object Object],No. of  stations,[object Object]
1.iii  Current standard instruments,[object Object],   Shallow  –  ,[object Object],“posthole” – 1-to-10 m depths ,[object Object],Fixed (ungimbaled) sensors,[object Object],+ 10 vertical installation,[object Object],60 mm OD sonde,[object Object],3-and 6-component sensors,[object Object],seismometers &/or accelerometers,[object Object],	2 Hz seismometers up to 500C,[object Object],	MEMS accelerometers to 800C 	4.5 & 15 Hz seismometers to 1950C,[object Object],40 cm,[object Object]
1.iii  Current standard instruments,[object Object],   Deep –  ,[object Object],“Observatory” – 1-to-5 km depths ,[object Object],Gimbaled sensors,[object Object],90 mm OD sonde,[object Object],+ 200 tilted borehole,[object Object],3-and 6-component sondes,[object Object],seismometers &/or accelerometers,[object Object],	2 Hz seismometers up to 500C,[object Object],	MEMS accelerometers to 800C 	4.5 & 15 Hz seismometers to 1950C,[object Object],110 cm,[object Object]
1.iii  Current standard instruments,[object Object],   Multilevel –  pipe installation,[object Object],“Array” – 0-to-2 km depths ,[object Object],8-to-24 Fixed sensors,[object Object],60 mm OD sonde,[object Object],+ 900 tilted borehole,[object Object],Passive 3-component sensors,[object Object],seismometers,[object Object],	15 Hz seismometers to 800C,[object Object],pipe,[object Object],cable,[object Object],sensorskid,[object Object],recorder & boffins,[object Object],cable & spool,[object Object]
1.iii  Current standard instruments,[object Object],Cableless – downhole recorder  ,[object Object],“Autonomous” – 0-to-2 km depths ,[object Object],Gimbaled sensors + 24 bit 2 kHz recorder,[object Object],110 mm OD sonde,[object Object],+ 200 tilted borehole,[object Object],3-and 6-component autonomous sondes,[object Object],Seismometers/accelerometers/recorder,[object Object],0.1 Hz enhance SM64 up to ?,[object Object],	2 Hz seismometers up to 500C,[object Object],	MEMS accelerometers to 800C 	4.5 & 15 Hz seismometers to 800C,[object Object],Batteries,[object Object],Recorder,[object Object],Sensors,[object Object]
Talk Outline,[object Object],More Background: ,[object Object],Installation map,[object Object],Observatory versus depth chart,[object Object],Current standard seismographs,[object Object],Motivation for borehole observatories ,[object Object],Detection,[object Object],Location,[object Object],Imaging,[object Object],Research,[object Object],Some Examples,[object Object],Basel Switzerland,[object Object],In progress – CAGS Donghai 5.2 km Observatory,[object Object]
What happens to a seismic wave as it approaches the earth’s surface?,[object Object],MEQ Recorded in 4.66 km stimulation Well – Basel ,[object Object],500 ms,[object Object],Depth,[object Object],4661 m,[object Object],Basel1 C1,[object Object],Basel1 C2,[object Object],Basel1 C3,[object Object],Basel1 C4,[object Object]
Spectral analysis of Basel MEQ versus station,[object Object],< 100 Hz,[object Object],500 ms,[object Object],2740 m,[object Object],< 20 Hz,[object Object],500 m,[object Object],542 m,[object Object],317 m,[object Object],553 m,[object Object],1213 m,[object Object]
What happens to a seismic wave as it approaches the earth’s surface?,[object Object],M ~ 0.5 MEQ    Data from 3.3 km deep LVEW,[object Object],see:  http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/heliexp.pl,[object Object],Surface seismograph,[object Object],Borehole seismograph,[object Object]
SIGNAL REDUCTION BY INTRINSIC ATTENUATION,[object Object],Borehole Seismic Array,[object Object],Spectral Content as a function of depth  -  Note Log scales,[object Object],0 m,[object Object],100 m,[object Object],200 m,[object Object],300 m,[object Object],400 m,[object Object],>50 Hz,[object Object],S ,[object Object],& ,[object Object],P,[object Object],P,[object Object],400,[object Object],0,[object Object],12.5         25          50         100,[object Object],	Hz,[object Object],25Hz,[object Object],4,[object Object],12.5         25          50         100,[object Object],	Hz,[object Object],>50 Hz,[object Object],S,[object Object],400,[object Object],0/4,[object Object],0,[object Object],15Hz,[object Object],12.5         25          50         100,[object Object],	Hz,[object Object]
.  Event Detection – 3.3 km borehole in Mammoth CA ,[object Object],1 MIN,[object Object],M~ 1  limit of ~ 15 station surface net  ,[object Object],M~ -1  in 2.7 km observatory,[object Object],M~ -2  in 2.7 km observatory,[object Object]
Event Detection – 3.3 km borehole in Mammoth CA ,[object Object]
Net of Reasons 1 - 3: Signal-to-Noise Improvement with Depth & Signal Frequency,[object Object],Depth,[object Object],meters,[object Object],1 Hz,[object Object],10 Hz     ,[object Object],100 Hz     ,[object Object],1000 Hz,[object Object],4096,[object Object],+,[object Object],+,[object Object],2048,[object Object],1024,[object Object],512,[object Object],256,[object Object],128,[object Object],64,[object Object],32,[object Object],16,[object Object],Signal-to-Noise,[object Object],4,[object Object],loss due to scattering & attenuation ,[object Object],2,[object Object],1,[object Object],1,[object Object],2,[object Object],4,[object Object],8,[object Object],16,[object Object],32,[object Object],128,[object Object],256,[object Object],512,[object Object],Signal to Noise Ratio,[object Object]
The Gutenberg-Richter Relation.,[object Object],1 MIN,[object Object],M~ 1,[object Object],M~ -1,[object Object],LVEW December 2007 Seismicity on 2.7 km deep 4.5 Hz 3-component- sonde vertical channel.  Analog chart display,[object Object]
Detection & Location Improvement with Depth,[object Object],?,[object Object],?,[object Object],    -2            -1             0             1             2             3,[object Object],			Magnitude ,[object Object]
IMAGING OF SUBVERTICAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE & EVENT LOCATION!,[object Object]
Depths vs. No. of Seismic Stations: Monitoring Objectives,[object Object],Source          Rupture	Propagation,[object Object],EQ Physics,[object Object],Fault Structure,[object Object],Statistics         Locations	   Tomography ,[object Object],Seismotectonics,[object Object]
Some Lessons Learned Along the Road to Seismology in the Source,[object Object],Lesson I: How the road divides,[object Object],Low RoadMiddle RoadHigh Road,[object Object],   Inside casing wireline	   Inside casing wireline	   Outside casing tubing,[object Object],   Few levels <10		   Several Levels >10	   Many Levels >100,[object Object],   Digital component	   Digital	 component 	   Digital component,[object Object],      at surface		      at analog sensors	      Fully (e.g. MEMS),[object Object],   Analog	 components 	    Analog components 	   Analog components ,[object Object],      Armored Cu cables 	       Hybrid OF to surface		-,[object Object],      Sensors 		       Cu between levels,[object Object],      No Power		       Power		       Power ,[object Object],   Low T & P		   Mid T & P 		    High T & P ,[object Object],      < 100 C		        ~ 150 C		      > 150 C		      ,[object Object],      < 3 km		        ~ 3 km		      > 3 km,[object Object],   Donated winch		   Used winch		   Special installation winch,[object Object],Local Univ. & Industry	   Nat. Institutes & Industry 	   Internat. Organ. & Industry ,[object Object]
Some Lessons Learned Along the Road to Seismology in the Source,[object Object],Lesson II: The Do’s, Don’ts, and Maybe’s ,[object Object],Do’sMaybe’sDon’ts,[object Object],   Triple fluid barriers	   Double fluid barriers	   Single fluid barrier	,[object Object],   Welded seals		   Metal-metal seals	   O-ring seals,[object Object],   clamping/weight>>1	   clamping/weight >1	   clamping/weight ~1,[object Object],   Passive clamps	   	   Hydraulic ram clamps 	   Electrical ram clamps,[object Object],   Passive TS Cu cable	   Single power cable	   Multiple power cable,[object Object],   Armor+jacket+fill cable	   Jacket+fill cable		   jacket cable,[object Object],   Passive sensors	   Low power sensors	   High power sensors,[object Object],      electrically isolated case    grounded case	      downhole ground,[object Object],      for High T & P		      for Mid T & P 		      for Low T & P ,[object Object],         > 150 C 		        ~ 150 C		       < 100 C 		      ,[object Object],         > 3 km		        ~ 3 km		       < 3 km,[object Object],     Special winch		   Used winch		   Donated winch,[object Object],   Internat. Institutes & Ind. 	   Nat. Institutes & Industry	    Local Univ. & Industry,[object Object]
...and don’t forget the SAKE test...,[object Object]
Talk Outline,[object Object],More Background: ,[object Object],Installation map,[object Object],Observatory versus depth chart,[object Object],Current standard seismographs,[object Object],Motivation for borehole observatories ,[object Object],Detection,[object Object],Location,[object Object],Imaging,[object Object],Research,[object Object],Some Examples,[object Object],Basel Switzerland,[object Object],In progress – CAGS Donghai 5.2 km Observatory,[object Object]
With many thanks to the staff of  Geopower Basel,[object Object],BIG BOOM,[object Object],IN,[object Object],BASEL,[object Object],The Big Boom in Basel or How Earthquakes (Nearly) Sank a Major EU Industry: Is Turkey Next?,[object Object],Peter Malin, Eylon Shalev, and Dan Kahn,[object Object],Institute of Earth Science and Engineering ,[object Object],University of Auckland, New Zealand ,[object Object]
BIG BOOM IN BASEL,[object Object],       Induced Earthquakes and Geothermal in 	Downtown Basel, Switzerland,[object Object],“Hot/Dry Rock” well,[object Object],Basel from space,[object Object]
The challenge at, for example, St Johann: Seismology and meat packing,[object Object]
The challenge at, for example, St Johann: the Swiss rail service ,[object Object]
Serious Seismologist,[object Object],MEMS Accelerometer,[object Object],Gal’perin Seismometer,[object Object],WeakLink,[object Object],Fishing Tower,[object Object],Signal Cable,[object Object],Stress Member,[object Object]
Railroad track,[object Object],A typical 400 m installation: St. Johann,[object Object]
OT-2 deep well: 2754 m  155º  C,[object Object]
Basel network,[object Object],Map view    N,[object Object],Block view,[object Object],Injection site,[object Object],Injection site,[object Object],OT-1,[object Object],OT-1,2,[object Object],OT-2,[object Object]
BIG BOOM IN BASEL – the connection between earthquakes and fluid flow,[object Object],Injection well,[object Object],Microearthquakes,[object Object],“Cementing” Microearthquakes,[object Object],Injection well,[object Object],MAP                                                                         CROSS SECTION,[object Object]
What happened?,[object Object],December 2006,[object Object],03       04        05       06         07      08       09	   10        11        12       13       14,[object Object],200,[object Object],100,[object Object],4,[object Object],2,[object Object],0,[object Object],4,[object Object],3,[object Object],2,[object Object],1,[object Object],0,[object Object],300,[object Object],200,[object Object],100,[object Object],0,[object Object],1 every 20 s,[object Object],Water  Pressure,[object Object],bars,[object Object],Number of event per hour:,[object Object],Detected,[object Object],Located,[object Object],Magnitude,[object Object],Magnitude,[object Object],Legal Limit = 3.4,[object Object],Legal Limit = 3.4,[object Object],D          J          F         M        A        M         J          J          A         S          O         N        D          J          F,[object Object],December 2006 – February 2008,[object Object]
October 18, 2006 - 7:56 AM News,[object Object],Swiss emergency officials have been participating in a huge earthquake preparedness exercise .......,[object Object],.... disaster simulation coincides with the 650th anniversary of the ,[object Object],great Basel earthquake of October 18, 1356 – a 6.5 magnitude quake which destroyed most of the city.,[object Object]
December 9, 2006 - 6:43 PM ,[object Object],Man-made tremor shakes Basel !,[object Object],Drilling for a planned geothermal power plant triggered a small earthquake that caused minor damage to buildings.,[object Object],......The Basel City prosecutor has launched an investigation to find if the company behind the Deep Heat Mining project should pay for repairs.....,[object Object],Prosecution,[object Object], ,[object Object],.....The prosecutor's office launched its investigation on Friday evening.   The police have already seized computer data....,[object Object]
Hand over those earthquakes,  you seismologist scum...,[object Object],But sir!,[object Object],I was just working on my  PhD...,[object Object]
Borehole Seismology in Urban Setting
Borehole Seismology in Urban Setting
The situation ,[object Object],downunder?,[object Object],IESE ,[object Object],GEOPHONE,[object Object],You said “stick’em up!”,[object Object],Good heavens...I am borehole seismologist, not a social psychologist!,[object Object]

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Borehole Seismology in Urban Setting

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Notas do Editor

  1. The diagram for Reason 1 compares seismograms recorded on the surface and at 250 m immediately below the surface site. The surface seismograph’s signals are dominated by wind and cultural noise, so much so that the small M~1 microearthquake is only known from the downhole data. How many such events have been missed by the local seismic network, based on whose data the surrounding area has been reported to be aseismic.
  2. The diagram for Reason 2 shows the dramatic effects of strong near surface attenuation and scattering. The seismograms on the top and bottom of this Figure are for the same 0.5 microearthquake, the differences in waveforms results from loss of high frequency signal by both energy damping and scattering. Ultimately, as illustrated in the next Figure, the loss is such that the signals of many small earthquakes never make it to surface stations, leading to a cut off in event detection and location. In many places this cut off is higher than M~1 to 2 events, suggesting that many 10s of events are going unnoticed.
  3. A microearthquake swarm captured by the LVEW borehole seismograph that went unnoticed by the local surface seismic network of 25 stations. Because the surface net’s detection/location threshold is for events bigger than M~0.7 only the M~1 was included in the catalogue for this period. The borehole sensor is a 3 component 4.5 Hz seismograph located at 2.4 km depth, in 115oC water.
  4. A microearthquake swarm captured by the LVEW borehole seismograph that went unnoticed by the local surface seismic network of 25 stations. Because the surface net’s detection/location threshold is for events bigger than M~0.7 only the M~1 was included in the catalogue for this period. The borehole sensor is a 3 component 4.5 Hz seismograph located at 2.4 km depth, in 115oC water.