Ph,D. Proposal for Agribusiness student

1. Profitability of Jatropha Curcas L. cultivation as
biodiesel source, Mysore district
Submitted by: Omid Minooei
Under guidance of
Professor Dr.S.Mokshapathy

2. Objectives
 To define the current development situation of the biofuels
enterprises with regards to biodiesel produced from
Jatropha curcas L.;
 to identify the competitiveness of biodiesel from Jatropha
in the domestic and international market by estimating the
production costs and the potential biodiesel prices along
the supply chain;
 to derive the best scenario for India in integrating biodiesel
into its energy mix;
 How much income can be made to contribute to rural
poverty reduction?

3. Literature review introduction
India is the seventh largest country in the world, India with 109
crore population is the, second most populous nation of the world
after China. It ranks sixth in the world in terms of energy demand.
The demand for diesel is likely to touch 66 million tonnes in 2011-
12 and 80 million tonnes in 2012-15. Contrary to the demand
situation, the domestic supply is in position to cater to only about
30% of the total demand. Therefore, attempt needs to be made to
reduce dependence on imports and seek better alternatives.
Punia, M.S. (2012).Cultivation and Use of Jatropha for Bio-diesel Production in India

4. Literature review introduction
The best alternatives are bio-fuels and the country has a ray of hope
for the same through various sources namely virgin or used
vegetable oils, biogas, alcohols, ethers, esters and other chemicals
derived from cellulosic bio-mass such as herbaceous and woody
plants, agricultural and forestry residues, Tree borne oilseeds like
Jatropha, Karanja, Neem, Oil Palm etc. Among bio-fuels, bio-
diesel is gaining worldwide acceptance as a solution to energy
crises. At present, India is using 80 per cent diesel driven vehicles.
It is possible to blend 20 per cent bio-diesel with petro-diesel
without any modification in the diesel engine.
Punia, M.S. (2012).Cultivation and Use of Jatropha for Bio-diesel Production in India

5. Jatropha Curcas plant
Jatropha Curcas seed
Jatropha Curcas fruit

6. Jatropha Curcas plantation:
Climate:
Jatropha grows in tropical and sub tropical
regions, with cultivation limits at
30ºN and 35ºS. It also grows in lower altitudes of
0-500 metres above sea level
Jatropha is not sensitive to day length (flowering
is independent of latitude) and may flower at any
time of the year .(Heller, 1996)
Heller, J. (1996). Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcas L, Bioversity international.

7. Jatropha curcas plantation:
SOILS
The best soils for jatropha are aerated sands and loams of at least 45 cm depth
(Gour, 2006). Heavy clay soils are less suitable and should be avoided,
particularly where drainage is impaired, as jatropha is intolerant of waterlogged
conditions. Ability to grow in alkaline soils has been widely reported, but the soil
pH should be within 6.0 to 8.0/8.5 (Jacqueline Cramer, 2010). There is evidence
from northwest India that jatropha is tolerant of saline irrigation water, although
yield under these conditions is not documented. (Dagar et al., 2006).
1. Gour, V. (2006). Production practices including post harvest management of
Jatropha curcas. Proceedings of the biodiesel conference toward energy
independance-Focus of Jatropha, Hyderabad, India.
2. Jacqueline Cramer (2010). The Jatropha Handbook,From Cultivation To
Application. Netherlands, Horsten
3. Dagar, J., et al. (2006). "Performance of some under explored crops under saline
irrigation in a semiarid climate in Northwest India." Land Degradation &
Development 17(3): 285-299.

8. Jatropha curcas Propagation
The selection of planting material should be from cuttings or seed that have
proven, over several seasons, to have high yield and seed oil content under the
same irrigation and fertilization conditions that are proposed for the new
plantation. Seed from high-yielding jatropha plants is not generally available, due
to the fact that the out-crossing seed selected from productive plants may or may
not result in high-yielding and high-quality plants. Trees capable of producing
more than 2 tonnes of dry seed per ha with 30 percent seed oil content should be
selected as source material (Achten et al., 2008). Opinion is divided on the choice
of seed or cuttings. (Heller, 1996)
Achten, W., et al. (2008). " Jatropha bio-diesel production and use."
Biomass and bioenergy 32(12): 1063-1084.
Heller, J. (1996). Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcas L, Bioversity
international.

9. Alternative Propagation Methods

10. Alternative Propagation Methods
Planting
Jatropha is planted at densities ranging from 1100 to 2500 plants per ha.
Yield per tree is likely to increase with wider spacing but with a decline in
yield per ha .(Achten et al., 2008)
Achten, W., et al. (2008). " Jatropha bio-diesel production and use."
Biomass and bioenergy 32(12): 1063-1084.

11. HARVESTING
Seeds are ready for harvesting around 90 days after flowering when the
fruits have changed from green to yellow-brown. In wetter climates,
fruiting is continuous throughout the year, while the harvest may be
confined to two months in semi-arid regions. Even then, the fruits do not
ripen together, requiring weekly picking and making the harvest labour
intensive and difficult to mechanize.

12. oil extraction: processing
Laboratory Scale
10 kg of Jatropha seeds dried at 800 C for 5 hours in a hot air oven.
The dried seeds were shelled and milled. The oil was extracted
from the milled kernels with petroleum ether (40-600 C) using the
Soxhlet extraction method .The solvent was removed from the
extract and the oil content was found to be 53% by weight of the
milled kernel. About 4 litres of the oil were extracted and kept over
anhydrous sodium sulphate for three days and filtered through glass
wool to remove the particulate matter present in it. The filtered oil
was then stored in glass bottles for further experiments. (Barua, 2011)
Barua, P. K. (2011). "Biodiesel from seeds of Jatropha found in Assam, India." International
Journal of Energy, Information and Communications 2(1): 587-593

13. oil extraction: Processing
industrial
Traditional oil extraction methods are highly labour intensive, requiring
some 12 hours to produce one litre of oil. The process requires roasting
the seed kernels, pounding them to a paste, adding water and boiling, and
then separating the oil by skimming and filtering. The Bielenberg ram
press (shown in Plate 15) is a hand-operated expeller designed for
construction and repair by small and simply equipped workshops. It has a
low work rate – one litre of oil produced per hour – and therefore is only
suited to small-scale or demonstration use. (Henning, 2004)
Henning, R. K. (2004). "The Jatropha System."
Economy & Dissemination Strategy.

14. Expected Yield(Profitability)
Different yields of Jatropha are reported and estimated by different
authors There has been neither a long history of production nor systematic
data collected in different production conditions with varying climate, soil
fertility, landform, altitude, water and fertilizer inputs etc.
(Francis, Edinger, & Becker, 2005) estimates the annual seed production
per plant to range from about 200 grams to more than 2 kilograms. Yield
varies significantly depending on the water input, which determines the
number of fruiting period per year, which can vary from one to three.
Francis, G., et al. (2005). A concept for simultaneous wasteland reclamation, fuel
production, and socio‐economic development in degraded areas in India: Need, potential and
perspectives of Jatropha plantations. Natural Resources Forum, Wiley Online Library.

15. Expected Yield(Profitability)
contd...
From the early experience of jatropha production by research institutes,
private enterprises and local farmers in Maharastra state, (Rao, 2006)
estimates that the average yield of jatropha seeds in dry lands is unlikely
to exceed 400 kilograms per acre per year. (Prajapati & Prajapati, 2005)
estimated jatropha yields in rain fed and irrigated conditions in India.
After 5years, the production per tree ranged from 1.2 kilograms under rain
fed conditions to 3.2 kilograms under irrigated conditions. the plant can
survive but not give high yields under conditions of stress (Kureel, 2006)
Kureel, R. (2006). Prospects and potential of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel production. Biodiesel
Conference Towards Energy Independence–Focus on Jatropha.
Prajapati, N. D. and T. Prajapati (2005). A Hand Book of Jatropha curcas Linn. (Physic nut).
Asian Medical Plant and Health Care Trust, Jodhpur, India.

16. Feasibility and Costs, Benefits Analysis
Jatropha Plantation:
Profitability of Jatropha production depends on age of trees
and level of integration into existing farming systems, the
cost components of commercial production of bio-diesel from
Jatropha include costs of raising germ-plasm, land
preparation, planting, management, harvesting, post-harvest
handling and processing. (Wekesa, 2007)
Wekesa, L. e. a. (2007). Economic Analysis Of
Jatropha Carcus L. Potential For Biodiesel
Production In Kenya. Kenya Forestry
Research Institute Nairobi, Kenya.

17. Feasibility and Costs, Benefits Analysis
Jatropha Plantation:
The cost benefit analysis is performed to assess the feasibility
of ‘Jatropha’ bio-diesel production. The conventional
measures like NPV (Net Present Value), BCR (Benefit Cost
Ratio), and IRR (Internal Rate of Return) were used in
financial and economic terms. Nominal Protection Rate
(NPR) was calculated by dividing the local ‘Jatropha’ bio-
diesel price by the border price of bio-diesel. (Sivashankar,
2014).
Sivashankar, P. (2014). "An Economic Analysis Of Jatropha Bio-
Diesel Production In Sri Lanka." Plant Science and Forestry 18, 4-5.

18. Costs and Benefits Analysis of Small
Scale Jatropha Plantation:

19. Techno economic analysis of Jatropha
Results show that producing Jatropha pure plant oil, as the first considered
fossil diesel supplement, was able to generate positive net present values
at crude oil prices between US$ 85-115 per barrel, taking into account low
and baseline production cost scenarios (interest rate 10%) respectively
(Martin Grass,2010) . While multiple benefits of Jatropha production such
as a petroleum product substitute, greenhouse gas mitigation and rural
development are emphasized, the viability of production at farm level is
questioned. (Tomomatsu, 2007)
Tomomatsu, Y. (2007). Jatropha curcas biodiesel production in
Kenya,Economics and potential value chain development for
smallholder farmers. kenya: 1-33.

20. Reference:
1. Achten, W., et al. (2008). " Jatropha bio-diesel production and use."
Biomass and bio energy 32(12): 1063-1084.
2. Barua, P. K. (2011). "Biodiesel from seeds of Jatropha found in
Assam, India." International Journal of Energy, Information and
Communications 2(1): 587-593.
3. Dagar, J., et al. (2006). "Performance of some under explored crops
under saline irrigation in a semiarid climate in Northwest India."
Land Degradation & Development 17(3): 285-299.
4. Francis, G., et al. (2005). A concept for simultaneous wasteland
reclamation, fuel production, and socio‐economic development in
degraded areas in India: Need, potential and perspectives of Jatropha
plantations. Natural Resources Forum, Wiley Online Library.

21. 5. Gour, V. (2006). Production practices including post harvest management of
Jatropha Curcas. Proceedings of the biodiesel conference toward energy
independence-Focus of Jatropha, Hyderabad, India.
6. Heller, J. (1996). Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcas L, Bioversity international.
7. Henning, R. K. (2004). "The Jatropha System." Economy & Dissemination
Strategy.
8. Jacqueline Cramer (2010). The Jatropha Hand book, From Cultivation To
Application. Netherlands, Horsten.
9. Kureel, R. (2006). Prospects and potential of Jatropha Curcas for biodiesel
production. Biodiesel Conference Towards Energy Independence–Focus on
Jatropha.
10. Prajapati, N. D. and T. Prajapati (2005). A Hand Book of Jatropha Curcas
Linn. (Physic nut). Asian Medical Plant and Health Care Trust, Jodhpur,
India.

22. 10. Rao, V. R. (2006). The Jatropha hype: promise and performance.
Proceedings of the biodiesel conference toward energy independence-
Focus of Jatropha, Hyderabad, India.
11. Sivashankar, P. (2014). "An Economic Analysis Of Jatropha Bio-
Diesel Production In Sri Lanka." Plant Science and Forestry 18, 4-5.
12. Tomomatsu, Y. (2007). Jatropha Curcas biodiesel production in
Kenya, Economics and potential value chain development for
smallholder farmers. Kenya: 1-33.
13. Wekesa, L. e. a. (2007). Economic Analysis Of Jatropha Curcas L.
Potential For Biodiesel Production In Kenya. Kenya Forestry
Research Institute Nairobi, Kenya.

24. Thank you