1. Oge Marques
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, FL - USA

2.  “Image search and retrieval” is not a problem,
but rather a collection of related problems that
look like one.
 10 years after “the end of the early years”,
research in image search and retrieval still has
many open problems, challenges, and
opportunities.

3.  This is a highly interdisciplinary field, but …
Image and (Multimedia)
Information
Video Database
Retrieval
Processing Systems
Visual
Machine Computer
Learning Information Vision
Retrieval
Visual data
Human Visual
Data Mining modeling and
Perception
representation

4.  There are many things that I believe…
 … but cannot prove

5. The “big mismatch”

6.  It’s been 10 years since the “end of the early
years” [Smeulders et al., 2000]
◦ Are the challenges from 2000 still relevant?
◦ Are the directions and guidelines from 2000 still
appropriate?

7.  Revisiting the ‘Concluding Remarks’ from
[Smeulders et al., 2000]:
◦ Driving forces
 “[…] content-based image retrieval (CBIR) will continue
to grow in every direction: new audiences, new
purposes, new styles of use, new modes of interaction,
larger data sets, and new methods to solve the
problems.”

8.  Yes, we have seen many new audiences, new
purposes, new styles of use, and new modes
of interaction emerge.
 Each of these usually requires new methods
to solve the problems that they bring.
 However, not too many researchers see them
as a driving force (as they should).

9.  Revisiting the ‘Concluding Remarks’ from
[Smeulders et al., 2000]:
◦ Heritage of computer vision
 “An important obstacle to overcome […] is to realize
that image retrieval does not entail solving the general
image understanding problem.”

10.  I’m afraid I have bad news…
◦ Computer vision hasn’t made so much progress
during the past 10 years.
◦ Some classical problems
(including image
understanding)
remain unresolved.
◦ Similarly, CBIR from a
pure computer vision
perspective didn’t work
too well either.

11.  Revisiting the ‘Concluding Remarks’ from
[Smeulders et al., 2000]:
◦ Influence on computer vision
 “[…] CBIR offers a different look at traditional computer
vision problems: large data sets, no reliance on strong
segmentation, and revitalized interest in color image
processing and invariance.”

12.  The adoption of large data sets became standard
practice in computer vision (see Torralba’s work).
 No reliance on strong segmentation (still
unresolved)  new areas of research, e.g.,
automatic ROI extraction and RBIR.
 Color image processing and color descriptors
became incredibly popular, useful, and (to some
degree) effective.
 Invariance still a huge problem
◦ But it’s cheaper than ever to have multiple views.

14.  Revisiting the ‘Concluding Remarks’ from
[Smeulders et al., 2000]:
◦ Similarity and learning
 “We make a pledge for the importance of human-
based similarity rather than general similarity. Also,
the connection between image semantics, image data,
and query context will have to be made clearer in the
future.”
 “[…] in order to bring semantics to the user, learning is
inevitable.”

15.  Similarity is a tough problem to crack and
model.
 See it for yourself…

16.  Are these two images similar?

17.  Are these two images similar?

18.  Is the second or the third image more similar
to the first?

19.  Which image fits better to the first two: the
third or the fourth?

20.  Is learning really inevitable?
 Maybe, maybe not, but it sure comes handy
in some specific cases…
◦ SVM anyone?

21.  Revisiting the ‘Concluding Remarks’ from
[Smeulders et al., 2000]:
◦ Interaction
 Better visualization options, more control to the user,
ability to provide feedback […]

22.  Significant progress on visualization
interfaces and devices.
 Relevance Feedback: still a very tricky
tradeoff (effort vs. perceived benefit), but
more popular than ever (rating, thumbs up/
down, etc.)

23.  Revisiting the ‘Concluding Remarks’ from
[Smeulders et al., 2000]:
◦ Need for databases
 “The connection between CBIR and database research
is likely to increase in the future. […] problems like the
definition of suitable query languages, efficient search
in high dimensional feature space, search in the
presence of changing similarity measures are largely
unsolved […]”

24.  Very little progress
◦ Image search and retrieval has benefited much
more from document information retrieval than
from database research.

25.  Revisiting the ‘Concluding Remarks’ from
[Smeulders et al., 2000]:
◦ The problem of evaluation
 CBIR could use a reference standard against which new
algorithms could be evaluated (similar to TREC in the
field of text recognition).
 “A comprehensive and publicly available collection of
images, sorted by class and retrieval purposes,
together with a protocol to standardize experimental
practices, will be instrumental in the next phase of
CBIR.”

26.  Significant progress on benchmarks,
standardized datasets, etc.
◦ ImageCLEF
◦ Pascal VOC Challenge
◦ MSRA dataset
◦ Simplicity dataset
◦ UCID dataset and ground truth (GT)
◦ Accio / SIVAL dataset and GT
◦ Caltech 101, Caltech 256
◦ LabelMe

27.  Revisiting the ‘Concluding Remarks’ from
[Smeulders et al., 2000]:
◦ Semantic gap and other sources
 “A critical point in the advancement of CBIR is the
semantic gap, where the meaning of an image is rarely
self-evident. […] One way to resolve the semantic gap
comes from sources outside the image by integrating
other sources of information about the image in the
query.”

28.  The semantic gap problem has not been
solved (and maybe will never be…)
 What are the alternatives?
1. Treat visual similarity and semantic relatedness
differently
 Examples: Alipr, Google similarity search, etc.
2. Improve both (text-based and visual) search
methods independently
3. Trust the user
 CFIR, collaborative filtering, crowdsourcing, games.

29.  I postulate that image search and retrieval is
not a problem (but, instead, a collection of
related problems that look like one)
 There are many potential opportunities for
good solutions to specific problems
 One promising avenue: think about image
retrieval as added value (e.g., like.com, SPE,
etc.)

30.  Google Similarity Search (VisualRank) [Jing &
Baluja, 2008]
 Google Goggles (mobile visual search)

31.  Google Goggles understands narrow-domain
search and retrieval
 Several other apps for iPhone, iPad, and
Android (e.g., kooaba and Fetch!)

32.  The Web 2.0 has brought about:
◦ New data sources
◦ New usage patterns
◦ New understanding about the users, their needs,
habits, preferences
◦ New opportunities
◦ Lots of metadata!
◦ A chance to experience a true paradigm shift
 Before: image annotation is tedious, labor-intensive,
expensive
 After: image annotation is fun!

33.  Games!
◦ Google Image Labeler
◦ Games with a purpose (GWAP):
 The ESP Game
 Squigl
 Matchin

34.  New devices and services…
◦ Flickr (b. 2004)
◦ YouTube (b. 2005)
◦ Flip video cameras (b. 2006)
◦ iPhone (b. 2007)
◦ iPad (b. 2010)

35.  New opportunities for narrowing the semantic
gap
◦ From bottom up: (semi-)automatic image
annotation
◦ From top down: using (content / context)
ontologies
◦ Combining top-down and bottom-up
 New fields of research, including:
◦ Tag recommendation systems
◦ User intentions in image search

36.  Many opportunities await…

37. – I believe (but cannot prove…) that successful
Image Search & Retrieval solutions will:
• combine content-based image retrieval (CBIR) with
metadata (high-level semantic-based image
retrieval)
• only be truly successful in narrow domains
• include the user in the loop
– Relevance Feedback (RF)
– Collaborative efforts (tagging, rating, annotating)
• provide friendly, intuitive interfaces
• incorporate results and insights from cognitive
science, particularly human visual attention,
perception, and memory

38. Questions?
omarques@fau.edu