WebSphere 6.1 admin Course 3

WebSphere Administration
Course

Copyright © Oded Nissan 2009

Agenda
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•
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Trouble Shooting and Monitoring
WebSphere Security
Cell Management
Scalability and Clustering
– Scalability and Failover Overview
– WebSphere Scalability
– Creating a Cluster

• Summary

Trouble Shooting
• We need to determine the problem using a
divide and conquer approach.
• What kind of problem do I have ?
• What component is causing the problem ?
• Use the appropriate resource for identifying
the problem.


Trouble Shooting
• The trouble shooting menu contains the following
options:
– Logs and Trace configure logging and tracing for the
server.
– Class Loader Viewer view the class loader hierarchy in
each application.
– Configuration validation errors an warnings related to
configuration problems.
– Diagnostic provider choose a diagnostic provider available
for the server.
– Runtime messages events published by application server
classes.

Diagnostic Provider
• From the navigation menu choose
App
servers->server1->Performance and
Diagnostic Advisor Configuration.
• Enable the diagnostic provider.
• From the navigation menu choose
troublshooting-> Diagnostic provider.
• Choose the server and choose the diagnostic
test to run.

Diagnostic Provider


Log files
• SystemOut.log – the JVM output log, contains all WAS and
application messages logged to the standard output.
• SystemErr.log – contains all WAS and application messages
logged to standard error.
• startServer.log and stopServer.log – log messages related to
server startup and shutdown.
• Native_stderr.log and native_stdout.log – contains log
messages from native libraries logged to standard output and
standard error.
• activity.log events that how history of activities.
• trace.log – output from diagnostic trace.

Trace
• Trace messages can be set on different components
at different trace levels.
• Tracing needs to be manually activated. Tracing a
server is very demanding on system resources and
we need to shut down trace once we are done with
diagnostics.
• To enable trace on a running system make changes
on the runtime tab in
Troublshooting->Logging and tracing->server1
->Diagnostic trace

Trace – changing the trace level


First Failure Data Capture too (FFDC)
• Saves the information generated from a
processing failure.
• This tool is meant to be used by IBM support,
administrators cannot start or stop it.
• Saved data is saved in log files on the <WAS
HOME>/profiles/<profile>/logs/ffdc directory.


Collector Tool
• IBM support will ask you to run it to collect
information about your server in order to
solve a problem.
• To run collector:
<WAS_HOME/profiles/<profile>/bin/collector.
bat
• Gathers information about the WAS
installation and packages it in a jar file.

Performance Monitoring Infrastructure
• Performance Monitoring Infrastructure (PMI) is the core
monitoring infrastructure for WebSphere Application Server
• Using PMI data, the performance bottlenecks in the
application server can be identified and fixed.
• PMI data can also be used to monitor the health of the
application server. Some of the health indicators are CPU
usage, Servlet response time, and JDBC query time.
Performance management tools like Tivoli Monitoring for
Web Infrastructure and other third party tools can monitor
the PMI data and generate alerts based on some predefined
thresholds.


PMI Architecture


Performance Data Terminology
• Performance data classifications

– Numeric – simple values such as sizes and counters.
– Stat – data on a sample space.
– Load – values as a function of time.

• Performance Data Hierarchy
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Node - a physical machine.
Server - an instance providing a service
Module - a resource category
SubModule – a sub category of module.
Instance – an instance of a class
Method – class method
Counter – data type holding performance data.

Performance Monitoring Infrastructure
• To enable performance monitoring: from the
navigation menu choose Servers->Apllication
Servers->server1
• Click the Configuration tab.
• Click Performance Monitoring Infrastructure (PMI)
under Performance.
• Select the Enable Performance Monitoring
Infrastructure (PMI) check box.
• Optionally, select the check box Use sequential
counter updates to enable precise statistic update.

Tivoli Performance Viewer
• Tivoli Performance Viewer (TPV) enables administrators and
programmers to monitor the overall health of WebSphere
Application Server from within the administrative console.
• You can view real-time data on the current performance
activity of a server using TPV in the administrative console.
• Use TPV to view summary reports on servlets, Enterprise
JavaBeans (EJB) methods, connections pools and thread pools
in WebSphere Application Server.
• TPV show graphs and of various performance data on system
resources such as CPU utilization, on WebSphere pools and
queues such as database connection pools, and on customer
application data such as servlet response time.


• To use TPV from the navigation menu choose
Monitoring and tuning->Performance viewer>Current Activity.
• Choose the server and click start monitoring.
• Click on the server to view performance
metrics.
• Use the view logs menu to view the
performance log files directly.

Performance Tips


WebSphere Security


What is security ?
• Authentication – Who am I ?
– Authenticate a user connecting to the Application
Server or an application.
– Authenticate data passed over the wire.
• Authorization – What am I allowed to do ?
– Administrative security – what administrative
actions can I perform on the application server.
– Application security – what kind of actions can I
perform in the application

Security the Big Picture


Administrative Security
• The term administrative security represents the
security configuration which affects the entire
security domain. The security domain consists of all
the servers that are configured with the same user
registry realm name.
• The basic requirement for a security domain is that
the access ID returned by the registry from one
server be the same access ID as that returned from
the registry on any other servers within the same
security domain

Administrative Security
• Enabling administrative security activates a
wide variety of security settings for
WebSphere Application Server. They take
effect only when administrative security is
activated.
• These settings include authentication of users,
the use of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), the
choice of user account repository, and
application security.

Enabling Administrative Security
• From the navigation menu, choose Security →
Secure administration, applications and
infrastructure.
• In the Secure administration, applications, and
infrastructure window select Enable
administrative security


Enabling Administrative Security


Authentication mechanism

• The WebSphere Application Server uses Lightweight Third
Party Authentication (LTPA) as the default authentication
mechanism LTPA supports forwardable credentials and, for
security reasons, a configurable expiration time is set on the
credentials.
• The use of LTPA allows you to enable single sign-on (SSO) for
your security domain.
• Additional Information at:
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/wasinfo/v6r1/index.jsp.


User account repository
• WebSphere support four types of user
repositories:
– Local operating system
– Stand-alone Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(LDAP) registry
– Stand-alone custom registry
– The Federated repositories


Local OS Registry
• With the local operating system user registry
implementation, the WebSphere Application
Server authentication mechanism can use the
user accounts database of the local operating
system.
• The respective operating system APIs are
called by the product processes (servers) for
authenticating a user

Required privileges in Windows
• For a stand-alone machine:
– Is a member of the administrative group
– Has the Act as part of the operating system privilege
– Has the Log on as a service privilege, if the server is run as a service

• For a machine on the domain:
– Is a member of the domain administrative groups.
– Has the Act as part of the operating system privilege in the Domain
– Has the Act as part of the operating system privilege in the Local
security policy on the local machine
– Has the Log on as a service privilege on the local machine, if the server
is running as a service


Stand alone LDAP Registry
• LDAP is a distributed directory server used to
store organizational data.
• Entries are organized in a tree-like structure
called the Directory Information Tree. Entries
contain attibutes and are identified based on
their distinguished name (DN).
• An LDAP server contains standard entries.


LDAP Information Tree


Custom Registry
• WebSphere supports authenticating against a
custom registry.
• In order to authenticate against a custom registry we
need to implement the UserRegistry interface so that
WebSphere can use the existing registry for all of
the security-related operations.
• It is expected that the implementation does not
depend on other WebSphere resources, such as
datasources, for its operation.


Federated Registry
• A federated repository enables you to use
multiple repositories with WebSphere. These
repositories, which can be file-based
repositories, LDAP repositories etc., are
defined and theoretically combined under
single realm.
• All of the user repositories configured under
the federated repository functionality are
transparent to WebSphere.

WebSphere Authentication Mechanism


Configuring the OS Registry
• Click Security → Secure administration, application,
and infrastructure. Under User account repository,
select Local operating system and click Configure.
• Enter a valid user name in the Primary administrative
user name field. This value is the name of the user
with administrative privileges that is defined in the
registry and is used to access the administrative
console.
• Click Apply.

• Select either the Automatically generated server
identity or Server identity that is stored in the
repository option. If you select the Server identity
that is stored in the repository option, enter the
following information:
– For Server user ID or administrative user, specify the short
name of the account that you chose

– For Server user password, enter the password of
the account that you chose
• Click OK

• Ensure that the Active User Registry option is
set to Local Operating System and that
Security is enabled. Click Apply to validate the
settings.
• Save the configuration for WebSphere.
• Restart your WebSphere Application Server
• Login to the Admin Console using your
credentials.

Disabling Administrative Security
• To disable Administrative security:
– Use the Admin Console
– If the server is down or we cannot login to the
Admin console use wsadmin :
• <WebSphere_home>binwsadmin.bat -conntype
NONE
• Type the command: securityoff
• Restart the server.


Administrative Roles


Mapping a user to an administrative role
• From the Administrative Console, select Users and
Groups →Administrative User Roles.
• Click Add.
• Under General Properties: a. In the User field, enter
a user name. This user must be defined in the user
account repository that is to be active when
administrative security is enabled.
• Select the appropriate administrative role. More
than one role may be selected.

Mapping a user to an administrative role
• Click OK and save.


Application Security
• Application security provides authentication
and authorization support for JEE applications.
• Application security must be enabled if we
intend to use declarative security, which binds
into the WebSphere security architecture.
• Alternatively we could use our programmatic
security.


Enabling Application Security
• From the navigation menu choose Security>Secure administration
• In the application security section choose
enable application security.
• Click apply then save.
• Restart the server for the change to take
effect.


Testing Application Security
• Try to access the following URL:
http://localhost:9080/snoop
• You will be prompted with a login dialog.
Enter the a user and password stored in the
user registry to login.
• If login is successful the snoop servlet will be
activated.


Mapping users and groups to roles in
• Every application has its own roles and
therefore its own mappings. Therefore we
need to assign users and groups to roles at the
application level.
• Role assignment is usually done in the
deployment descriptor of the application.
• Role assignment can also be done using the
Admin Console.

• Select Applications → Enterprise Application →
<your_application> →Security role to users/group
mapping


• Role mapping can also be done during
application installation. In the Map security
roles to users or groups step you can select
any of the roles and assign a user or a group
from the user registry using one of the
lookups.
• You can also assign one of the special subjects
(Everyone or All authenticated) to the role.

Web Application Security
• To use declarative security for web
applications we need to give define security
constraints on web application resources in
the application deployment descriptor. We
can define which role can access the resource.
• When we access a secured resource for the
first time we will get a login dialog and need
to login.

EJB Application Security
• Authentication in an EJB application is
achieved by passing the credentials to the
InitialContext object when we connect to JNDI
to lookup the EJB.
• If we authenticated to the web application on
the same server then the user identity is
available to the EJB application.


EJB Application Security
• Declarative security is implemented by giving
permission on EJBs or EJB methods to roles in
the EJB deployment descriptor.
• Mapping users and groups to roles is also
implemented using deployment descriptors.


Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
• WebSphere Application Server uses the Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol to provide Transport
Layer Security (TLS), which allows for secure
communication between a client and application
server.
• The SSL configuration options in WebSphere offer
full end-to-end management, including certificate
management, individual endpoint SSL mappings, and
scoped association of SSL configurations and key
stores

Resources

• Info center for WAS 6.1 http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/wasi
• IBM Redbook – sg246316 WAS Security
Handbook
• Admin Console context sensitive online help.


Cell Management


Cell Management
• In order to manage a cell we need to create a
deployment manager profile and add nodes to
the cell.
• Two approaches for creating a cell:
– Add existing standalone nodes to the cell.
– Create a custom profile on the node and add the
node to the cell. This way we can dynamically
create more than one server on the node.

Cell Managment


Creating a Cell
• To create a cell:
– Create a deployment manager profile and start
the deployment manager process.
– Create a custom profile on the node or a regular
application server profile on the node.
– Add the node to the cell.
– Run the admin console on the deployment
manager machine and manage the cell.

Creating a Deployment manager profile
• From the <WAS
HOME>bin/ProfileManagment directory run
PMT.bat
• Choose to create a deployment manager
profile.
• Choose typical or advanced setup.
• Press next

• Give the profile a name and choose the profile
directory (to override the default).


• You can enter the cell name,node name and
host name defaults are automatically filled.


• You can change the ports to avoid collision
with an existing server.


• On windows systems you can run the profile
as a windows service.


• Press next, review settings and press finish to
create the profile.
• The First Steps console is started.
• Now we can move to the profile directory and
start the server using the startServer
command from the bin directory.


Deployment manager directory structure


Deployment manager
• All configuration data is stored in the config
directory.
• The deployment manager has the master
configuration of the whole cell, each node has
just the needed information to run that node.
• Use the admin console to change
configuration.
http://localhost:9060/ibm/console


Command line tools
• In the bin directory of the deployment
manager we have the following command line
tools:
– startManager – starts the deployment manager.
– stopmanager – stops the deployment manager.


Adding a node to the cell
• To add an
• To add an existing node to the cell run the following
command from the node’s bin directory:
– addNode <dep manager host> <port>
– The port is the SOAP port of the deployment manager
(default is 8879).
– Run the startNode command to start the node agent.

• Now the node is managed by the deployment
manager. The node’s admin console is no longer
available.

Removing a node from the cell
• Use the removeNode command from the bin
directory to remove a node from the cell.
– removeNode [options]
– Options are optional without parameters
removeNode removed the current node from the
cell.
– removeNode also stops the node manager and
removes the node configuration from the
deployment manager’s master configuration.


Cell management
• From the navigation menu choose System
Administration->nodes to display the
managed nodes.
• Choose System Administration->Node Agents
to display the node agents.
• Choose System Administration->cells and
choose the topology tab to display the cell
structure.

Custom Profile
• When creating a custom profile we can
dynamically create servers on the node.
• A custom profile is useful especially when we
want to create a cluster or run more than one
server on a node.
• A custom profile node must be added to the
cell just like a regular node. Servers can then
be created on the node from the deployment
manager console.

Creating a custom profile
• From the <WAS HOME>bin/ProfileManagment
directory run PMT.bat
• Choose to create a custom profile.
• Fill the profile name, node name and hostname just
like when creating a regular profile.
• In the last screen enter the name of the deployment
manager host and the SOAP port for the deployment
manager.
• Choose whether you want to add the node to the cell
now, or manually do it later.

• Review your settings and press next to create
the profile.


Creating a Server
• We can create servers on the custom node
profile.
• From the navigation menu choose Servers>Application servers.
• Press new.
• Select the custom node and give the server a
name.
• Press next

Creating a Server (step 1)


• Select a template to use for the application
server.


• We can generate unique ports for the server
on the custom node.


• Review your settings and press Finish


Cell Management
• Using the admin console on the deployment
manager we can:
– Manage servers in the cell.
– Install applications on different servers in the cell.
– Administer resources on the cell at the cell, node
or server level.
– Manually force configuration synchronization with
the cell nodes.


Scalability and Failover overview
• Scalability is the ability of the system to grow and
provide service for higher work load.
• In JEE, scalability means adding more application
servers that run either the same application or a
different part of the application.
• Scalability requires work load management to divide
the work among the different servers.


Scalability and Failover overview
• Failover is the concept of providing a high
availability for the system by automatically
routing requests to another server if one of
the server fails.
• Scalability and failover are a requirement from
JEE application servers. However, the
implementation is up to the vendors.


Cluster
• Clusters are a set of application servers
running the same application and grouped
logically for workload management.
• Applications installed to the cluster are
distributed to all cluster members.
• Cluster members can be centrally
administered.

Clusters and cluster members


WebSphere Scalability
• In WebSphere a cluster is managed using the
deployment manager and is created using the
admin console using either existing servers or
newly created servers. (using the custom
profile).
• Starting or stopping the cluster starts or stops
all cluster members.
• Applications should be installed to the cluster
not to a specific server or node.

Vertical Scaling
• Vertical scaling is the concept of creating cluster
members on the same physical machine. This is
useful when we have a strong machine and want to
make use of its resources.


Horizontal Scaling
• Horizontal scaling is the concept of creating
cluster members on different physical
machines.


Web Tier Scalability
• Work load management at the web tier is performed
using an load balancer that performs load balancing
of HTTP requests between cluster members.
• The load balancer needs to maintain session affinity
to maintain application sessions.
• A load balancer can be either IBM’s Edge
components or a 3rd party commercial load balancer.


Web Tier Scalability
• IBM’s http server or IIS can also be used as a
load balancer by using the http plugin


Web Tier failover
• Failover is detected by the load balancer,
which then routs the request to another
server.
• We can configure WebSphere to distribute
session information between nodes so that in
case of a failover we can resume our session
on another server.


Web Tier Failover
• To configure web session management choose
Application Servers-><server>->web container>session management-> distributed environment
settings.


Load Balancer Failover
• A Load Balancer provides a built-in high
availability function. It allows you to configure
a backup Load Balancer server.
• if the primary Load Balancer server fails, the
backup server will take over.
• This topology is called an Active-Passive
topology, where only one server is active at a
time.

Load Balancer Failover
• Failover is supported by IBM’s Edge
components and other 3rd party load
balancers.


EJB Scalability and Failover
• EJB WLM is achieved by generating cluster-aware
stubs at deployment time.
• The cluster-aware stub performs the WLM and also
handles failover.
• The workload management service provides load
balancing and high availability support for the
following types of EJBs:
– Homes of entity or session beans
– Instances of entity beans
– Instances of stateless session beans

• EJB Stateful session bean failover is also supported
using memory to memory replication.
• In the Administrative Console, select Servers →
Application servers →<AppServer_Name>.
• Expand EJB Container Settings, and then select EJB
container. Select Enable stateful session bean
failover using memory-to-memory replication,


• Failover is also supported by the naming
service. We can put more than one server
name in the naming URL and the naming
service will perform failover if one of the
servers is unavailable.


Creating a Cluster (step 1)
• Select Servers →Cluster Click new
• Enter basic cluster information


• Create first cluster member (settings will be
applied to other cluster members) :
– Enter member name and select its node.
– Weight server weight for workload management.
– Select the basis for the cluster member
– Generate unique ports, if we intend to create
more than one server on a machine.


• When all the servers have been entered, click
Next.
• A summary page shows you what will be
created.
• Click Finish to create the cluster and new
servers.
• Save the configuration.

Viewing Cluster Topology
• Select Servers →Cluster Topology


Managing a Cluster
• Select Servers →Clusters.
• Check each cluster you want to work with and select
one of the following options:
– Start: Use this option to start all servers in the cluster.
– Stop: Use this option to stops all servers in the cluster. This
allows the server to finish existing requests and allows
failover to another member of the cluster.
– Ripplestart: Use this option to Stop, then start all servers
in the cluster.
– ImmediateStop: Stop all servers immediately.


Installing applications on the
Cluster


Resources

• Info center for WAS 6.1 http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/wasinfo/v6
• IBM Redbook – sg247304 WAS 6.1 System
Management and configuration.
• IBM Redbook – sg246688 WAS ND High Availability
Solutions.
• IBM Redbook – sg246316 WAS Security Handbook
• Admin Console context sensitive online help.


Questions ?


Summary
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•
•
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WebSphere Security
Cell Management


WebSphere 6.1 admin Course 3

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