Dr. Arlee Montavalo, University of California, Riverside Symposium: What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)

6. Steps for informing choices (Rogers and Montalvo 2004) Identify project objective Determine project context Is natural regeneration sufficient to render introductions unnecessary? Is the species threatened or endangered? Are there seed transfer rules? Is the species clonal? Is there evidence of genetic differentiation or local adaptation? Is the species polyploid? What is the main breeding system? Mating system? Is there evidence of inbreeding or outbreeding depression? Site considerations Address selection of plant introduction stock Address whether or not to introduce plants Slide modified from Johnson & Roy 2006

7. Steps for informing choices (Rogers and Montalvo 2004) 1. Identify project objective 2. Determine project context Is natural regeneration sufficient to render introductions unnecessary? Is the species a state or federally listed species? Are there seed transfer rules? Is the species clonal? Is there evidence of genetic differentiation or local adaptation? Is the species polyploid? What is the main breeding system? Mating system? Is there evidence of inbreeding or outbreeding depression? Site considerations

10. Consider Landscape Scale Strategies at all Steps Prevailing Wind during bloom period Plant propagule source reserves Planting in buffer zones of reserve (encourage use of reserve propagules) River flow direction Restoration site Restoration site Big hills Slide modified from Johnson & Roy 2006

11. Bailey’s System: ww.fs.fed.us/colormap/ecoreg1_provinces 200 Humid Temperate Domain 220 Hot Continental Division 221 Eastern Broadleaf Forest (Oceanic) Province

13. www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/level_iii.htm 84: Atlantic Coastal Pine Barrens 50: Northern Lakes and Forests 58: Northeastern Highlands 64: Northern Piedmont

14. Steps for informing choices (Rogers and Montalvo 2004) Identify project objective Determine project context 3. Is natural regeneration sufficient to render introductions unnecessary? Is the species threatened or endangered? Are there seed transfer rules? Is the species clonal? Is there evidence of genetic differentiation or local adaptation? Is the species polyploid? What is the main breeding system? Mating system? Is there evidence of inbreeding or outbreeding depression? Site considerations

16. Steps for informing choices (Rogers and Montalvo 2004) Identify project objective Determine project context Is natural regeneration sufficient to render introductions unnecessary? Is the species a state or federally listed species? Are there seed transfer rules? Is the species clonal? Is there evidence of genetic differentiation or local adaptation? Is the species polyploid? What is the main breeding system? Mating system? Is there evidence of inbreeding or outbreeding depression? Site considerations

17. Steps for informing choices (Rogers and Montalvo 2004) Identify project objective Determine project context Is natural regeneration sufficient to render introductions unnecessary? Is the species threatened or endangered? Are there seed transfer rules? Is the species clonal? Is there evidence of genetic differentiation or local adaptation? Is the species polyploid? What is the main breeding system? Mating system? Is there evidence of inbreeding or outbreeding depression? Site considerations

20. www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/level_iii.htm Level III units can be further subdivided based on details of soil, elevation, evapotranspiration, and vegetation

22. USDA Hardiness Zones

24. Nassella pulchra, purple needlegrass Basic model: V P = V G + V E in common garden: V P ~= V G Elymus glaucus Traditional Common Garden Studies (Knapp & Rice; Erickson & Sorenson)

25. Foresters grew seed sources from diverse areas (provenances) in several common environments

26. Long-term provenance trials provided evidence of the problems that could occur when using the wrong seed source A 1955 cold snap in early November led to the decline of off-site Douglas-fir provenances in a trial established in 1915 It’s the rare climatic events that tend to show maladaptation in long-lived trees

27. Researchers determine which environmental and climatic variables from the seed source locations correlate with traits measured in the study plots example of stepped cline in ponderosa pine (Sorensen and others 2001 ) Data provided by G Randy Johnson, USFS Data often show geographic patterns in morphology and fitness-related traits

28. Seed-collection zones for Pinus echinata , shortleaf pine (Wells 1979) See Guide, pp 120-121 for ponderosa pine

31. Common garden tests showed continuous (clinal) variation with elevation and latitude in morphology and important ecological variable such as disease resistance, length of growing season, response to day length, and dormancy.

33. Also Consider Performance of Hybrids

34. Steps for informing choices (Rogers and Montalvo 2004) Identify project objective Determine project context Is natural regeneration sufficient to render introductions unnecessary? Is the species threatened or endangered? Are there seed transfer rules? Is the species clonal? Is there evidence of genetic differentiation or local adaptation? Is the species polyploid? What is the main breeding system? Mating system? Is there evidence of inbreeding or outbreeding depression? Site considerations

35. Life History Traits

38. Steps for informing choices (Rogers and Montalvo 2004) Identify project objective Determine project context Is natural regeneration sufficient to render introductions unnecessary? Is the species a state or federally listed species? Are there seed transfer rules? Is the species clonal? Is there evidence of genetic differentiation or local adaptation? Is the species polyploid? What is the main breeding system? Mating system? Is there evidence of inbreeding or outbreeding depression? Site considerations

41. Low structure correlates with high gene dispersal and consequently high similarity of populations (but with isolation by distance)

42. Effect of Crossing Distance on F 1 Fitness for 66 Studies Comparing Crosses Within and Among Populations 55% of studies showed lower fitness of hybrids than parents (OBD). 32% showed heterosis. 14% showed no effect of crossing distance. 96% of 49 studies tested for and found inbreeding depression. table built in 2001-- can add more data now-- including for > 1 generation-- eventually can test for expected patterns with life-history

45. Genetic Effects Rapid Assessment Matrix Codes: DP = Distance problematic DLP = Distance less problematic NP = Distance not problematic -- or ++  lesser or greater likelihood for problems Matrix tracks two issues: success on site and potential for undesirable genetic effects Slide modified from Johnson & Roy 2006

46. Genetic Effects Rapid Assessment Matrix Codes: DP = Distance problematic DLP = Distance less problematic NP = Distance not problematic -- or ++  lesser or greater likelihood for problems Elymus glaucus Slide modified from Johnson & Roy 2006

47. Genetic Effects Rapid Assessment Matrix Codes: DP = Distance problematic DLP = Distance less problematic NP = Distance not problematic -- or ++  lesser or greater likelihood for problems Roemer’s Fescue Slide modified from Johnson & Roy 2006

49. Steps for informing choices (Rogers and Montalvo 2004) Identify project objective Determine project context Is natural regeneration sufficient to render introductions unnecessary? Is the species a state or federally listed species? Are there seed transfer rules? Is the species clonal? Is there evidence of genetic differentiation or local adaptation? Is the species polyploid? What is the main breeding system? Mating system? Is there evidence of inbreeding or outbreeding depression? Site considerations