1. INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH Presented by Dennis T. Nocom R.N. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

2. What is research? Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to establish facts. Research is the system collection of data for the purpose of describing, explaining or predicting. Scientific approach- general set of orderly, disciplined procedures used to acquire dependable and useful information. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

3. Inductive vs. deductive Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general, from particular instances to a general statement. Deductive reasoning moves from general to specific or from general premise to a particular situation or conclusion. Inductive – QUALITATIVE Deductive-QUANTITATIVE www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

4. ORDER AND CONTROL Systematic- the investigator progresses logically thru a series of steps. Control- involves imposing conditions on the research situation so that biases and confounding factors are minimized. EMPIRICISM-Rooted in objective reality and gathered directly and indirectly through the senses. GENERALIZATION- The ability to go beyond the specifics of the situation. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

5. Limitations of Scientific research Can’t answer questions of a moral or ethical nature Problems of measurement Virtually every research contains some flaw www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

6. NURSING RESEARCH Nursing research is the study of all aspects, components, activities and phenomena relating to health and of interest to nurses: WHY IS RESEARCH IMPORTANT IN NURSING? So that we could describe, explain, predict and control the events and phenomena that are of interest to nurses and to nursing. THUS, improve professional education and practice www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

7. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR NURSES TO DO RESEARCH? Because nursing is a profession, nurses should contribute to the generation of nursing knowledge. Research is a major means by which nurses could generate knowledge. Through research, nurses could evaluate and document their contributions to their clients’ health and well-being and to the health care delivery system. Research is one of the duties of nurse. To demonstrate that nursing care has significant effects upon health outcomes and cost of care. To generate health policies and systems that promotes cost-effective use of resources. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

8. ROLES OF NURSES IN RESEARCH As DOERS, they contribute to the improvement of the nursing profession’s knowledge base as CONSUMERS, they improve their practice through the use of research findings. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

9. BASIS vs. APPLIED RESEARCH BASICresearch aims to generate knowledge for the sake of knowledge production and theory construction, rather than for solving an immediate problem. APPLIEDresearch is concerned with finding solution to an immediate problem. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

10. QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Paradigm A way of looking at natural phenomena that encompass a set of philosophical assumptions and that guides one’s approach to inquiry. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

11. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative research, is based in the paradigm of logical positivism and is focused upon outcomes for clients that are measurable, generally using statistics. The dominant research method is the randomised controlled trial. Objective, one reality Measurable Reduction, control, prediction Statistical analysis www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

12. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative research, is based in the paradigm of phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and others, and examines the experience of those receiving or delivering the nursing care, focusing, in particular, on the meaning that it holds for the individual. The research methods most commonly used are interviews, case studies, focus groups and ethnography Subjectivity is valued Interpretive, discovery, description, understanding Report rich in narrative Participants www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

13. PHENOMENOLOGY It is a qualitative research method that aims to describe lived experience phenomena that are important to nursing practice, education and research. GROUNDED THEORY It is a qualitative research approach that aims to develop a grounded theory of theoretically complete explanation about a phenomenon. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

14. ETHNOGRAPHY It is the work of describing culture Emic-the way members of a culture view their culture (insiders’ view) Etic-outsiders’ view of the experiences of a cultural group Participant observation Field work ETHNONURSING is the study and analysis of the local or indigenous people’s viewpoints, beliefs, and practice about nursing care behavior and processes of designated cultures. (LEININGER) www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

15. HISTORICAL RESEARCH Historical research is a qualitative research designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. ACTION RESEARCH Action research is a method of research that involves taking action to improve practice and systematically studying the effects of the action taken. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

16. CASE STUDY Are in-depth investigations of a single entity or small number of entities (individual, family, group, institution, community). TRIANGULATION Triangulation is an approach to research that uses a combination of more than one research strategy in a single investigation. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

17. SATURATION The collection of data in a qualitative study to the point where a sense of closure is attained because new data yield redundant information. PROLONGED ENGAGEMENT The investment of sufficient time during data collection to have an In-depth understanding of the group under study, thereby enhancing credibility. www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

18. RESEARCH PROBLEM A situation that can be investigated through disciplined and systematic inquiry Criteria for evaluation Significance of the problem researchability of the problem feasibility interest to the researcher www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

19. EXAMPLES Prevalence of falls among elderly patients Prevalence of decubitus ulcers among bedridden elderly patients Food intake of institutionalized elderly with dementia Effects of training program on the job performance of new nurses Factors affecting the compliance of persons with TB to chemotherapy Knowledge, attitudes and practices of young mothers on breastfeeding Profile of nurses who leave their jobs in the hospital for abroad Hand washing practices of nursing personnel at the recovery room Knowledge of oncology nurses on complimentary medicine www.elearning.pchsinconline.com

20. Thank You ! www.elearning.pchsinconline.com