1. Presented for NTUST – Indonesia
Student Association

5. • Communication refers to the act, by one or more
persons, of sending and receiving messages that
are distorted by noise, occur within a context,
have some effect, and provide some opportunity
for feedback (Joseph A. Devito)
• Communication is a generally predictable,
continuous, and always-present process of the
sharing of meaning through symbol interaction
(Myers and Myers)
• Communication is the process of sending and
receiving messages. A source stimulates meaning
in the mind of a receiver by means of a message
conveyed by symbols. The receiver responds
either mentally or physically to the message.
(Rudolph Verderer)

6.  Source
 Message
 Channel
 Receiver
 Feedback
 Noise

7. • The originator of the communication
message
• The source is usually an individual, however,
it may be a group of people –a committee, a
company, or even a nation
• In speeches you prepare and deliver, you will
be the source
• As the source, what you say in speeches is
affected by your past experiences, moods,
feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, sex,
occupation, religion, even climate and
weather

8.  The idea or feeling that the source
communicates.
 As the speaker, the content of your speeches
will be your message
 Messages have 3 components :
◦ Meaning
◦ Symbols
◦ Form or organization

9.  The ideas and feelings within us.
 To communicate meaning, we must stimulate the
same or analogous meaning in the mind of
someone else
 To do this, we turn the ideas and feelings we have
into symbols

10. • Symbols expressing the meaning – that is, words
or actions that stand for or represent something
• The process of turning ideas and feelings into
symbols is called encoding
• In encoding, we select verbal symbols –words- to
represent our meaning.
• At the same time, our facial expression, gestures,
tone of voice, and attitudes -all nonverbal cues-
accompany our words and affect the meaning of
our message.
• Message may be intentional or unintentional. By
intentional, it mean that the speaker makes a
conscious effort to select the symbols used in
communication; the message being sent has a
deliberate purpose

11.  Good intentional communication requires
message preparation
 Whether we must speak virtually
instantaneous or whether we have
considerable time, our mind must still
consider idea selection and
development, message organization, and the
verbal and non-verbal symbols that will
convey the message

12. • The means by which you convey the symbols
• Words are delivered from one person to
another by air waves, facial expression are
delivered by light waves.
• Usually the more channels that can be used
to carry a message, the more likely the
successful communication of that message
• Effective speaking is basically two channel;
that is, carried by sound and sight

13. • The destination of the message; the listener
or reader
• Like the source, it may be an individual or a
group
• The message is received in the form of
symbols by means of sound waves and light
waves. The receiver then turn these symbols
back into meaning
• This process of turning symbols back into
meaning is called decoding.

14.  Just as the source’s experience affects the
character of the message being sent, so does
the receiver’s experience affect the way it is
received
 As a result, the meaning that is stimulated in
the receiver may not be the same as that of
the source. Much depends upon how the
receiver’s field of experience affects the
decoding process. Moreover, we are seldom
aware of the potential for misunderstanding
within the decoding process

15. • Whether communication really takes place is
determined by the verbal and non-verbal
response of the receiver
• Feedback tells the source whether the
message was heard, seen, or understood.
• Different kinds of communication situations
provide for different amounts of feedback :
– A zero feedback situation
– The free flow of interacting communication
(complete interaction)

16. • Our ability to interpret, understand, or respond to
symbols is often inhibited by the amount of
“noise” accompanying the communication
• Noise can consist of both external interference in
the channels and the internal perceptions and
experiences that affect communication
• More often, the noise that provides a barrier to
communication is not physical but semantic noise
that grows from our perceptions and experiences
–and semantic noises may cause us to
misinterpret or misunderstand without our even
knowing it

17. • Dynamic
• continuous and always changing process
• Interactive
• I’m OK, You’re OK
• Irreversible
• Can not be placed or drawn
• Contextual
• Physical and social context

18.  Speaking over the audience
this happens when the speaker talks above the level of
understanding of his or her audience. It occurs most
often when expert forget that their audiences are less
knowledgable about a particular subject than they
themselves are
 Talking down to the audience
This error is less common. It occurs when speakers
condescend to their audience. Most often it is the
result of the speaker underestimating an audience’s
intelligence or understanding of a topic
 Speaking on a different attitudinal wave length
speaker have to recognize that the audience’s attitude
will influence their reception of a particular speech

20. To Aristotle, there were 5 important elements in
public speaking :
1. The ideas (invention) that are talked about in
the speech
2. The style or language that the speaker uses
3. The arrangement or organization of the
speaker’s ideas
4. How the speaker deliver his or her speech
5. The speaker’s ability to speak from memory

21.  The overall effectiveness of a speech depends
largely on the speaker’s credibility
◦ The imprression the audience forms of a speaker as
a person
◦ Their opinion of the speech as a presentation
Credibility gaps : disparitas between what public figures
say and what those who hear and read their statements
believe

22.  Reliability : the ability to inspire confidence
 Expertise : must know what he or she is
talking about
 Dynamism : active, energetic, and
enthusiastic
 Consistency : the quality of holding the same
position over time and of holding positions
that agree with one another
 Sociability : the quality of being friendly and
pleasant

23.  Honesty : telling the truth
 Sincerity : what we say and believing it to be
true
 Concern for the message : must believe not
only that a statement is true but also that it is
important
 Concern for listeners : project concern for the
best interests and welfare of the audience
 Personal attractiveness : physically attractive

24.  Introduce yourself or have someone
introduce you
 Tell the audience why you are talking about
the topic
 Tell the audience about any special
expertise you have that relates to the logic
 Do not admit to limited knowledge easily
 Suggest that you have the best interests of
the listener at heart
 Maintain a competent and relaxed style
 Take the speaking situation seriously
 Appear involved

25.  Unclear purpose
 Too much information
 Lack of organization and leadership
 Not making the real need
 Monotous and sloppy
 Not enough support

26. 1. Effective speaking begins with good content
2. Effective speaking involves organizing
material so that it develops and heightens
the speech purpose
3. Effective speaking is a product of clear, vivid,
emphatic, and appropriate wording adapted
to audience knowledge and interests
4. Effective speaking requires good delivery

27.  Opening
tell what you will tell …. %
 Content
tell it …. %
 Closing
tell what you have told …. %

28.  Selecting Your Topic
◦ In public speaking, as in conversation, people talk
about the things they are concerned with
◦ Where speakers sometimes have trouble is in
translating their concerns into specific topics
◦ If good topics do not often occur to you, try
brainstorming –the old word-association process

29.  Determining Your Specific Purpose
◦ Heading of purpose stated : (1) to entertain
an audience, (2) to inform an audience, and
(3) to persuade an audience
◦ Questions tests :
 Am I really interested in the topic ?
 Does my purpose meet the assignment ? Whether
the assignment is made by purpose (to inform or to
persuade), or by type of speech (expository or
descriptive), or by subject (book analysis or current
event), your specific purpose should reflect the
nature of that assignment
 Can I cover the topic in the time allocated ?
 Is this topic one that will provide new information,
nes insight, or reason for a change of opinion for
the audience ?
 Are my motives for speaking legitimate ?

30.  Analyzing Your Audience
◦ What is the nature and extent of my audience’s
knowledge of this topic ?
◦ What is the nature and the extent of my listener’s
interest in this topic ?
◦ What is the nature and the intensity of my listener’s
attitude toward this topic ?
 Finding Your Material
◦ Your own knowledge, observation, interviewing,
source material

31.  Preparing the body
◦ selecting and stating main points
 As a rule, main points are complete sentence
statements that best develop the specific purpose
 Stating main points is also a matter of order – time
order is a kind of organization in which each of the
main points follows a chronological sequence of
ideas or events
 Space order is a kind of organization In which each
of the main points indicates a spatial relationship
 Topic order is a kind of organization in which each
of the main points arbitrarily develops a part of the
purpose.
◦ selecting and adapting development
materials

32.  Preparing the Introduction
◦ To get initial attention ( 7 – 50 % of the speech)
◦ To create a bond of goodwill between speaker and
audience
◦ To lead into the content of the speech
 Startling statement
 Question
 Quotation
 Anecdote, Narrative, Illustration
 Personal Reference
 Suspense
 compliment

33. • Preparing the Conclusion
– The summary
• Summarize the main points
– The appeal
• Used conclusion for a persuasive speech, that now they
have heard all the arguments after describing the
behavior you would like them to follow
– The challenge
• Calls for an audience to try something new
– Humor
• Humorous conclusion
– Emotional appeal
• Affects the emotions of the audience

34.  Structure
1. 2.3. a.b.c. 1) 2) 3) A) B) C)
 Logic
 There is level in logical
 Utility
as a skeleton of a speech, not the speech
itself

35.  Clarity
Contributes to achieving instant intelligibility by
eliminating ambiguity and confusion.
◦Accuracy : refers to the ability to select precisely
the word that best represents the idea
◦Specificity and concreteness : go hand in hand in
sharpening meaning by reducing choice on the
part of the listener
◦Lack of clutter : it should be free from extraneous
words and excessive qualification and detail

36.  Vividness
Clear language helps the audience see the
meaning; vivid language paints meaning in
living color. Vividness means full of life,
vigorous, bright, and intense. If your language
is vivid, your audience will picture your
meanings in striking detail
 Emphasis
◦Proportions : the amount of time spent on
each of the ideas in the speech
◦Transition : the words, phrases, and
sentences that show idea relationships.
Transitions summarize, clarify, forecast, and in
almost every case emphasize
◦Repetition : an exact duplication of idea or it
may be a restatment

37.  Appropriateness
Means using language that adapts to the
needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of the
audience without offending, angering, or in some
way turning it off.
◦Adapt your language to the audience
◦Use personal pronouns
◦Use audience questions
◦Allude to common experience
◦Build hypothetical situations
◦Avoid inappropriate language

38. Delivery is the use of voice and body to help
convey the message of the speech. Although
the best delivery will not save the poorly
prepared speech, particularly poor delivery may
well harm your speech so much that even
exceptional content and organization are
negated. Speech delivery may be the deciding
factor in the audience’s estimation of your
effectiveness

39.  Desire to communicate
◦ If you really want to communicate, your
voice will have a quality in it that audiences
will recognize and respond to
◦ If you are really well prepared, you will be less
nervous than if you are only partly prepared
 Eye contact
◦ As a speaker, you have a certain amount of
control over your listeners’ attention simply
by looking at them
◦ Not only does good eye contact help
attention, it also increases audience
confidence in the speaker

40. • Spontaneity
– The impression that the idea is being formed at the
time it is spoken
• Voice
– The meanings expressed by the way we sound
(called paralanguage) may tell our audience what
we intended and may contribute to the meanings of
our words :
• Pitch : refers to the highness or lowness of the voice
• Volume : the loudness of the tone we make
• Rate : the speed at which we talk
• Quality : the tone, timbre, or sound of voice
• Vocal variety and expressiveness vs. monotonous voice
and constant pattern

41.  Articulation
◦ The shaping of speech sounds into recognizable
oral symbols that go together to make up a word
 Bodily action
◦ Serves many key functions in communication.
◦ Often defines the meaning of ideas
 Facial expression : the eyes and mouth
 Gesture : the movement of hands, arms, and fingers
 Movement : should occur to help focus on transition,
to emphasize an idea, or to call attention to a
particular aspect of the speech

42. • Speech Setting
– Was there anything about the room (size, lighting,
heating, and the like), distribution of the audience,
public address system, or any other aspect of setting
that added to or detracted from the speaker’s potential
success ?
• Speech Audience
– Was there anything about the audience size, age, sex,
race, religion, socioeconomic level, attitude, interests, or
knowledge that added to or detracted from the
speaker’s potential success ?
• The Speaker
– Was there anything about the speaker’s attitude, dress,
demeanor, posture, and the like that added to or
detracted from his potential success ?
• The Speech
– Content, organization, style, delivery

43. • Content
– Was the speaker prepared ?
– Was the speaker’s reasoning, support, or proof
logical?
– Was the speaker ethical in the handling of his
material?
– Did the speaker have specific evidence to support
or to explain his major statements ? Or did he
speak in generalities ?
• Organization
– Did the introduction gain attention, gain goodwill
for the speaker, and lead into the speech ?
– Were the main points clear, substantive ideas ?
– Did the conclusion tie the speech together ?

44. • Style
– Was the speech in an oral style ?
– Were the ideas clear ?
– Was the language vivid ?
– Were ideas presented emphatically ?
– Was the language appropriate ?
• Delivery
– Did the speaker have a positive attitude ?
– Did the speaker look at his audience ?
– Was the delivery spontaneous ?
– Did the speaker show sufficient variety and
emphasis?
– Was articulation satisfactory ?
– Did the speaker show sufficient poise and have
good posture ?