1. By: JAGADEESH.N.P Trade performance of selected cash crops in Indian economy during pre and post WTO period

6. Total Agricultural imports of India from 1991-92 to 2008-09 Source : - Director General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Ministry of commerce, Kolkata Year Agriculture Imports (in Rs.Crores) Total National imports (in Rs. Crores) Percentage of Agriculture Imports to Total National Imports 1991-92 1478.27 47850.84 3.09 1992-93 2876.25 63374.52 4.54 1993-94 2327.33 73101.01 3.18 1994-95 5937.21 89970.70 6.60 1995-96 5890.10 122678.14 4.80 1996-97 6612.60 138919.88 4.76 1997-98 8784.19 154176.29 5.70 1998-99 14566.48 178331.69 8.17 1999-00 16066.73 215528.53 7.45 2000-01 12086.23 228306.64 5.29 2001-02 16256.61 245199.72 6.63 2002-03 17608.83 297205.87 5.92 2003-04 21972.68 359107.66 6.12 2004-05 22811.84 501064.54 4.55 2005-06 21499.22 660408.90 3.26 2006-07 29637.86 840506.31 3.53 2007-08 29906.24 1012311.70 2.95 2008-09 37183.03 1374435.55 2.71

7. Years Rs. crores Total agricultural imports and total national imports of India from 1990-91 to 2008-09.

8. Source:- Director General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Ministry of Commerce, Kolkata Year Agriculture exports (in Rs. Crores) Total National exports (in Rs. Crores) %age Agriculture exports to National Exports 1990-91 6012.76 32527.28 18.49 1991-92 7838.04 44041.81 17.8 1992-93 9040.3 53688.26 16.84 1993-94 12586.55 69748.85 18.05 1994-95 13222.76 82673.4 15.99 1995-96 20397.74 106353.35 19.18 1996-97 24161.29 118817.32 20.33 1997-98 24832.45 130100.64 19.09 1998-99 25510.64 139751.77 18.25 1999-00 25313.66 159095.2 15.91 2000-01 28657.37 201356.45 14.23 2001-02 29728.61 209017.97 14.22 2002-03 34653.94 255137.28 13.58 2003-04 37266.52 293366.75 12.7 2004-05 41602.65 375339.53 11.08 2005-06 49216.96 456417.86 10.78 2006-07 62411.42 571779.28 10.92 2007-08 79039.72 655863.52 12.05 2008-09 85951.67 840755.06 10.22 Total Agricultural exports of the country from 1990-91 to 2008-09

9. Total agricultural exports and total national exports of India

10. CGRs of the agricultural imports and agricultural exports from 1990-91 to 2008-09 ** Significant at 1 per cent * Significant at 5 per cent

12. Source : - Director General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Ministry of Commerce, Kolkata 0.62 980.82 271.25 10.41 23.16 277 2008-09 - 991.18 277.75 11.29 23.94 289.60 2009-10 Production of Commercial Crops in India ( in million tonnes) Year Coffee Cotton (Lint) Raw Jute & Mesta Sugar- cane Tea Tobacco 1985-86 122.45 8.73 12.65 170.65 656.2 0.44 1990-91 169.73 9.84 9.23 241.05 720.34 0.56 1991-92 180 9.71 10.29 254 754.19 0.58 1992-93 169.4 11.4 8.59 228.03 703.93 0.6 1993-94 212.09 10.74 8.43 229.66 760.83 0.56 1994-95 180.1 11.89 9.08 275.54 752.9 0.57 1995-96 223 12.86 8.81 281.1 756.02 0.54 1996-97 205 14.23 11.13 277.56 780.14 0.62 1997-98 228.3 10.85 11.02 279.54 810.03 0.64 1998-99 265 12.29 9.81 288.72 874.11 0.74 1999-00 292 11.53 10.55 299.32 825.94 0.52 2000-01 301.2 9.52 10.56 295.96 846.9 0.34 2001-02 300.6 10 11.68 297.21 853.9 0.55 2002-03 275.3 8.62 11.28 287.38 838.5 0.49 2003-04 270.5 13.73 11.17 233.86 878.1 0.55 2004-05 275.5 16.43 10.27 237.09 893 0.55 2005-06 274 18.5 10.84 281.17 946 0.55 2006-07 280 22.63 11.27 355.52 981.8 0.52 2007-08 262 25.88 11.21 348.19 944.68 0.49

13. Compound Growth Rates of production of major commercial crops of India. (in per cent) ** Significant at 1 per cent * Significant at 5 per cent Agricultural Categories Pre-WTO (1985-86 to 1994-95) Post-WTO (1995-96 to 2009-10) Total Production (1985-86 to 2009-10) Coffee 3.46 1.53* 3.5** Cotton 5.57** 5.98** 4.12** Raw jute and Mesta -0.63 0.69 1.24** Sugarcane 4.5** 0.46 2.06** Tea 1.9** 1.83** 1.81** Tobacco 4.11** -0.69 0.51

18. Since in India, Textile industry is the largest agro-based industry followed by the sugar industry.

22. Area and Production of Sugarcane in India Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. Year Area (m ha) Production(mt) 1985-86 2.85 170.65 1990-91 3.69 241.05 1995-96 4.15 281.10 2000-01 4.32 295.96 2001-02 4.41 297.21 2002-03 4.52 287.38 2003-04 3.93 233.86 2004-05 3.66 237.08 2005-06 4.20 281.17 2006-07 5.15 355.52 2007-08 5.06 348.19 2008-09 4.42 285.03 2009-10 4.20 277.75

23. Area and production of sugarcane in India from 1985-86 to 2009-10.

24. Export and Import of Sugar by India (million tonnes) Source : - Director General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Ministry of Commerce, Kolkata Years Exports Imports 1985-86 0.36 16.19 1986-87 0.2 9.53 1987-88 0.18 0.71 1988-89 0.18 - 1989-90 0.23 2.42 1990-91 2.23 - 1991-92 5.62 - 1992-93 4.11 - 1993-94 0.1 20 1994-95 0.63 2 1995-96 10.21 - 1996-97 4.19 - 1997-98 0.69 9.35 1998-99 0.22 10.03 1999-00 0.66 4.04 2000-01 9.87 - 2001-02 10.94 - 2002-03 15 0.41 2003-04 2.24 4 2004-05 0.04 21.38 2005-06 11.3 3.62 2006-07 17.28 - 2007-08 48 - 2008-09 2.1 10.8

25. Import and export of sugar of India from 1985-86 to 2008-09 Export/imports Years

26. Compound Growth Rates of imports and exports of sugar * Significant at 5 per cent Sugar Pre-WTO (1985-86 to 1994-95) Post-WTO (1995-96 to 2008-09 ) Total Production (1985-86 to 2008-09) Imports -7.47 3.42 0.19* Exports 18.8 10.32 15.19

27. Impact of Trade Liberalization on Sugarcane Economy of Karnataka- A study in Southern Dry Zone. Sowjanya Chitturi (2006)

30. Compound growth rates of Indian sugar exports from 1985-86 to 2001-02 Source : Sowjanya chitturi (2004) Parameter CGR(%) t-Value Overall period (1985-86 to 2001-02) Quantity 21.87 2.91* Value 20.47 2.87* Pre liberalization (1985-86 to 1994-95) Quantity 33.24 2.35* Value 35.36 2.69* Post liberalization (1995-96 to 2001-02) Quantity 22.0 0.63 Value 14.24 0.43

31. Compound growth rates of Indian sugar imports (1985-86 to 2001-02) Source : Sowjanya. chitturi (2004) Parameter CGR(%) t-Value Overall period (1985-86 to 2001-02) Quantity -0.42 -0.03 NS Value 0.17 0.01 NS Pre liberalization (1985-86 to 1994-95) Quantity -38.61 -1.30 NS Value -34.94 -1.11 NS Post liberalization (1995-96 to 2001-02) Quantity -3.897 0.012 NS Value -15.6 -0.11 NS

32. 2.Export competitiveness of Indian sugar

34. NPC of sugar (Importable hypothesis)(1985-86 to 1994-95); Pre-liberalization Source: Sowjanya.chitturi, (2004) Note: Average NPC in pre liberalization period: 0.71 Particulars Place Unit 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 FOB price $/Qtl 8.75 12.01 17.16 17.32 13.41 12.39 12.79 15.66 17.99 16.64 Plus freight from Malaysia to India $/Qtl 1.59 1.85 1.92 2.19 2.16 1.95 1.87 1.48 1.4 1.31 Plus insurance @ 1% of price $/Qtl 0.55 0.69 0.68 0.93 1.19 1.04 0.73 0.5 0.44 0.5 Plus transportation cost Bangalore Rs/Qtl 200.2 222.5 247.2 274.7 305.2 339.1 376.5 418.5 465.0 516.6 Plus port clearing charges Kakinada Rs/Qtl 6.5 7.25 7.75 8.5 9 9.5 10.5 11.25 11.75 12.25 Plus cargo warfare charges Rs/Qtl 4.8 5.33 5.92 6.57 7.29 8.1 9 10 11.11 12.34 Plus stevedoring charges Rs/Qtl 0.5 0.45 0.6 0.68 0.76 0.85 0.94 1.4 1.16 1.29 Plus clearing and forwarding charges Rs/Qtl 2.34 2.6 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.9 4.39 4.8 5.42 6.3 Import duty Rs/Qtl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equals landed cost Kakinada Rs/Qtl 225.22 252.71 284.02 314.09 342.5 376.83 416.72 463.59 514.31 567.22 Reference price of sugar Malaysia Rs/Qtl 679.2 847.4 874.67 1200.9 1715.5 1731.6 1340.8 1238.9 1279.4 1565.9 Wholesale price of sugar Bangalore Rs/Qtl 602.6 614.83 652.5 671 783 836.92 847.92 1091.7 1301.7 1169 NPCs of sugar 0.89 0.73 0.75 0.56 0.46 0.48 0.63 0.88 1.02 0.75

35. NPC of sugar (Importable hypothesis) from 1995-96 to 2001-02; Post-liberalization Source: Sowjanya. Chitturi, (2004) Note: Average NPC in post liberalization period: 1.16 Particulars Place Unit 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 FOB price Malaysia $/Qtl 14.33 11.59 9.10 9.97 11.29 10.35 9.74 Plus freight from Malaysia to India $/Qtl 1.19 1.25 1.21 1.23 1.38 1.48 1.56 Plus insurance @ 1% of price $/Qtl 0.50 0.47 0.34 0.27 0.20 0.22 0.24 Plus transportation cost Bangalore $/Qtl 574 637.7 708.9 787.32 874.8 972 1080 Plus port clearing charges Kakinada $/Qtl 12.65 13 13.25 13.65 14 14.5 15.6 Plus cargo warfare charges $/Qtl 13.71 15.23 16.92 18.79 20.79 23.09 25.65 Plus stevedoring charges $/Qtl 1.43 1.6 1.75 1.96 2.18 2.43 2.7 Plus clearing and forwarding charges $/Qtl 6.7 7.4 8.27 9.1 10.2 11.35 12.6 Import duty $/Qtl 102.32 82.756 151.63 173.46 205.3 287.33 278.14 Equals landed cost Kakinada $/Qtl 726.83 770.98 911.06 1015.7 1140.1 1322.7 1426.2 Reference price of sugar Malaysia $/Qtl 1799.1 1663.8 1432.5 1158.6 909.8 997.4 1129.2 Wholesale price of sugar Bangalore $/Qtl 1250.4 1435 1463.3 1453.7 1482.8 1427.9 1373 NPCs of sugar 0.69 0.86 1.04 1.25 1.63 1.43 1.22

36. NPC of sugar (Exportable hypothesis) (1995-96 to 2001-02); Pre-liberalization Particulars Place Unit 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 Whole sale of sugar Rs/Qtl 602.6 614.8 652.5 671 783 836.92 847.92 1091.7 1302 1169 Plus transportation cost Rs/Qtl 200.2 222.53 247.2 274.7 305.2 339.1 376.5 418.5 465 516.6 Plus port clearing charges Rs/Qtl 6.5 7.25 7.75 8.5 9 9.5 10.5 11.25 11.75 12.25 cargo warfare charges Bangalore Rs/Qtl 4.8 5.33 5.92 6.57 7.29 8.1 9 10 11.11 12.34 stevedoring charges Kakinada Rs/Qtl 0.5 0.45 0.6 0.68 0.76 0.85 0.94 1.4 1.16 1.29 clearing and forwarding charges Rs/Qtl 2.34 2.6 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.9 4.39 4.8 5.42 6.3 Freight charges Rs/Qtl 19.75 22.75 24.75 28.45 31.25 32.55 34.56 36.5 40.5 41 Equals landed price Rs/Qtl 836.69 875.74 941.52 993.1 1140 1230.9 1283.8 1574.1 1837 1758.7 Exchange rate $/Qtl 12.42 12.29 12.92 12.97 14.47 16.67 18.48 24.65 28.96 31.37 Equals landed price Kakinada $/Qtl 67.37 71.26 72.87 76.57 78.78 73.84 69.47 63.86 63.42 56.06 Reference price of sugar Malaysia Rs/Qtl 679.2 847.4 874.67 1200.9 1715.5 1731.6 1340.8 1238.9 1279.4 1565.9 Wholesale price of sugar Bangalore Rs/Qtl 54.68 68.95 67.70 92.59 118.57 103.87 72.56 50.26 44.18 49.92 NPCs of sugar 1.23 1.03 1.08 0.83 0.66 0.71 0.96 1.27 1.44 1.12

37. NPC of sugar (Exportable hypothesis) from 1995-96 to 2001-02 ; Post-liberalization Source: Sowjanya chitturi (2004) Note: Average NPC in post liberalization period: 1.97 Particulars Place Unit 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 Whole sale of sugar Bangalore Rs/Qtl 1847.4 1435 1483.3 1453.7 1482.8 1427.9 1373 Plus transportation cost Kakinada Rs/Qtl 574 637.7 708.59 787.32 874.8 972 1080 Plus port clearing charges Rs/Qtl 12.65 13 13.25 13.65 14 14.5 15.6 cargo warfare charges Rs/Qtl 13.71 15.23 16.92 18.79 20.79 23.09 25.65 stevedoring charges Rs/Qtl 1.43 1.6 1.75 1.96 2.18 2.43 2.7 clearing and forwarding charges Rs/Qtl 6.7 7.4 8.27 9.1 10.2 11.35 12.6 Freight charges Rs/Qtl 42.5 44.5 50.56 53.54 62.85 68.5 74.5 Equals landed price Malaysia 2498.4 2154.4 2282.6 2338.1 2467.6 2519.8 2584.1 Exchange rate $/Qtl 35.71 35.71 41.67 43.48 45.45 46.25 47.62 Equals landed price Malaysia 69.96 60.32 54.78 53.78 54.29 54.48 54.27 Reference price of sugar Malaysia Rs/Qtl 1799.1 1663.8 1432.5 1158.6 909.8 997.4 1129.2 Wholesale price of sugar Bangalore Rs/Qtl 50.37 46.59 34.38 26.65 20.01 21.57 23.71 NPCs of sugar(Row 10/Row 12) 1.39 1.29 1.59 2.02 2.71 2.53 2.29

38. NPC’s in pre-liberalization period both under importable and exportable hypothesis of sugar of India from 1985-86 to1994-95 . Pre liberalization

39. Post liberalization NPC ’ s in pre-liberalization period both under importable and exportable hypothesis of sugar of India from 1995-96 to 2001-02 .

40. Source: Sowjanya. Chitturi (2004) Average NPCs under exportable and importable hypothesis Average NPC Importable hypothesis Exportable hypothesis Pre-liberalization 0.71 1.17 Post- liberalization 1.20 1.97

42. Area, Production and Yield of cotton in India Source : Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India & All India Cottonseed Crusher's Association. 3.08 290 94.06 2008-09 Year(Sept-Aug.) Area (m ha) Production (mt) Productivity (Qtl/ha) 1985-86 75.32 107 1.42 1986-87 69.48 95 1.37 1987-88 64.59 90 1.39 1988-89 72.97 106 1.45 1989-90 76.88 135.75 1.77 1990-91 73.95 117 1.58 1991-92 76.01 119 1.57 1992-93 75.41 138 1.83 1993-94 74.4 121.5 1.63 1994-95 78.61 138.5 1.76 1995-96 90.63 170.2 1.88 1996-97 91.22 177.9 1.95 1997-98 89.04 158 1.77 1998-99 92.87 165 1.78 1999-00 87.31 156 1.79 2000-01 85.76 140 1.63 2001-02 87.3 158 1.81 2002-03 76.67 136 1.77 2003-04 76.3 179 2.35 2004-05 87.86 243 2.77 2005-06 86.77 241 2.78 2006-07 91.44 280 3.06 2007-08 94.14 307 3.26

43. Compound Growth Rates of area, production and productivity of cotton sector from 1985-86 to 2008-09. (Per cent) ** Significant at 1 per cent *Significant at 5 per cent Cotton Area Production Productivity Pre-WTO 1.05 3.94** 2.86** Post-WTO 0.03 5.31** 5.28** Overall 1.16** 4.51** 3.31**

44. Map showing major cotton growing states of India

45. Cotton import and export from India from 1985-86 to 2008-09 Source : Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India & All India Cottonseed Crusher's Association. Cotton Year (Sept./Aug.) Export (Quantity in lakh bales of 170 kg) Import (Quantity in lakh bales of 170 kg) 1985-86 4.5 Nil 1986-87 13.67 Nil 1987-88 0.44 3 1988-89 0.77 2.25 1989-90 13.71 Nil 1990-91 11.9 - 1991-92 0.77 3 1992-93 13.76 1.15 1993-94 3.9 3 1994-95 1.08 5.89 1995-96 8 0.5 1996-97 16.82 0.3 1997-98 3.5 4.13 1998-99 1.01 7.87 1999-00 0.65 22.01 2000-01 0.6 22.13 2001-02 0.5 25.26 2002-03 0.84 17.67 2003-04 12.11 7.21 2004-05 9.14 12.18 2005-06 47 5 2006-07 58 5.53 2007-08 88.5 6.38 2008-09 35 10

46. Imports/ exports Years Import and export of cotton of India from 1985-86 to 2008-09

47. Compound Growth Rates of imports and exports of cotton from 1985-86 to 2008-09 ** Significant at 1 per cent * Significant at 5 per cent Sugar Pre-WTO (1985-86 to 1994-95) Post-WTO (1995-96 to 2008-09) Total Production (1985-86 to 2008-09) Imports 12.69 15.44 11.92** Exports -2.72 28.01* 8.65

48. Export Trade Performance of Indian cotton : An Econometric Analysis , G.S. Mahadevaiah

50. Domestic Resource Cost of Karnataka’s cotton Production Source : G.S., Mahadevaiah (2001)