Notes for the Junior Certificate Geography Course for Irish Students

1. 1
Chap.1 The Restless Earth
Q.1 What are the three layers of the earth?
The three layers of the earth are the outer crust, the mantle and the core.
Q.2 What are plates?
Plates are huge plates of rock that float on semi molten rock, they move around slowly and
carry our continents. These plates constantly collide and separate.
Q.3 Why do plates separate and collide?
The plates constantly float on currents in the semi molten rock and the currents drag the
plates apart or push the plates together.
Q.4 What is folding?
Folding is when moving plates collide and the crusts becomes buckled and arched upwards
fold mountains.
Q.5 Name three of the youngest fold mountains?
The world’s youngest fold mountains include the Alps, the Rocky Mountains and the Andes.
Q.6 Where is the focus and epicentre of an earthquake?
The focus is the place underground where the cracks occur and the shock waves spread from.
The Epicentre is where the shockwaves cause the most damage on the earth’s surface.
Q.7 What is the name given to the hot liquid beneath the earth’s crust?
The hot liquid beneath the earth’s crust is called magma but when it comes to the surface it is
called lava.
Q.8 What is the Mid Atlantic Ridge and how is it formed?
The Mid Atlantic Ridge is a long, narrow chain of mountains found under the Atlantic
Ocean. These Mountains were formed when the American and African plates separated and
Lava and lava poured out through the cracks in the earth’s surface.
Q.9 Name and explain the three types of volcanoes?
Active volcanoes still erupt regularly e.g. Mt. Etna.
Dormant volcanoes haven’t erupted for a long time but may erupt again.
Extinct volcanoes have not erupted in historic times e.g. Slemish.
Q.10 What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?
The Pacific Ring of Fire is the largest earthquake and volcano zone which lies along the
edges of the Pacific Ocean.
Chap.2 Rocks

2. 2
Q.1 Name the 3 groups of rock.
Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic.
Q.2 How were igneous rocks formed?
When hot, molten volcanic material cooled down and became solid.
Q.3 How were sedimentary rocks formed?
From compressed remains of animals, plants and other rocks.
Q.4 How were metamorphic rocks formed?
They were once igneous or sedimentary rocks which were changed by great heat or pressure.
Q.5 What is Granite?
Granite is an igneous rock and is hard, coarse, multi-coloured rock. e.g. Mourne Mountains
Q.6 What is Basalt?
Another igneous rock. It is a heavy, black rock e.g. Giant’s Causeway.
Q.7 Give 4 examples of sedimentary rocks and where they are found.
Limestone-The Burren Co. Clare
Coal - Beneath Dublin Bay
Sandstone- Kerry Mountains
Shale - Co. Limerick
Q.8 Name the 5 characteristics of limestone?
1. Horizontal layers – Strata divisions – Bedding planes
2. Joints
3. Permeable
4. Easily weathered
5. Contains fossils
Q.9 State the uses of limestone.
1. Production of steel and iron- manufacturing.
2. Building- surfacing roads.
3. Farmers use it as a soil conditioner.
Q.10 Give 2 examples of metamorphic rocks.
Marble.
Quartzite.
Chap.3 Weathering and Erosion

3. 3
Q.1 What is weathering?
This is the simple breaking down of rocks which lie exposed to the weather.
Q.2 What is Erosion?
This involves the breaking down of rock and the carrying away of rock particles.
Q.3 What is Deposition?
Materials which are carried away by the forces of erosion are eventually dropped (deposited)
in other areas.
Q.4 What is Mechanical Weathering?
Mechanical weathering breaks up rocks into smaller pieces.
Q.5 What is Chemical Weathering?
Chemical weathering causes rock to dissolve or otherwise decompose.
Chap.4 Mechanical Weathering
The Effects of Frost
Q.1 What is scree?
Scree is pieces of rock which are broken off by freeze-thaw action and collected in heaps.
Q.2 What is precipitation?
Precipitation refers to all forms of moisture which reach the earth’s surface through the
atmosphere. e.g. rain, hail and snow.
Q.3 What are the two areas where frost action occurs?
A. Temperatures frequently rise above and fall below freezing point.
B. Precipitation is sufficient to provide plenty of water.
Q.4 How does frost weather rocks?
The water collects in the cracks in rocks. When the temperature drops the water freezes and turns
to ice and eventually expands and widens the cracks. Freezing and thawing occurs so frequently
that the rock is gradually split and broken up.
Chap.5 Chemical Weathering by Rainfall
The Burren Area

4. 4
Q.1 What is a Karst area?
A place where the soluble limestone is exposed at the surface. The surface is tin-soiled and there
is little vegetation.
Q.2 How is limestone weathered by rainwater?
1. Limestone is permeable – water can pass through it.
2. As rainwater passes through the air it takes in Carbon dioxide and becomes a weak carbonic acid.
This reacts with Calcium Carbonate in limestone.
Q.3 What are Grikes?
They are limestone pavements, which are criss-crossed by deep grooves.
Q.4 What are Clints?
Blocks of limestone which separate the grikes.
Q.5 What are Stalactites?
Slender columns of calcite which hang from the cave roof.
Q.6 What are Stalagmites?
When drops of water fall onto the cave floor and evaporate calcite builds up to form stalagmites.
Q.7 What are Pillars?
Stalactites and Stalagmites may grow until they meet.
Q.8 What are the attractions of the Burren?
Geographers--------study limestone features.
Potholers, Cavers----- explore the underground.
Botanists, Naturalists------examine plants.
Chap.6 Mass Movement
Q.1 What is the loose weathered material that loosens and breaks up the rocks of the earth’s
surface called?
It is called Regolith.
Q.2 What is the purpose of Regolith?
Regolith moves down slopes under the influence of gravity, it is known as mass movement.
Q.3 What are the three types of mass movement?
1. Soil creep
2. Bog bursts, mudflows.
3. Landslide.
Q.4 Where does Soil creep occur?
It is a slow type of mass movement, so it occurs on very gentle slopes.
It is greatest near the surface and decreases with depth.
Q.5 Where do Bogbursts take place?

5. 5
They take place on slopes after long periods of heavy rain, and sometimes become saturated
with water and can cause damage over a large area.
Q.6 Where do Mudflows take place?
They take place when saturated regolith flows rapidly down hillsides e.g. Wicklow Glens.
Q.7 Where are Landslides most commonly found?
Landslides are common in mountainous areas, which contain large quantities of regolith.
They also occur along costal cliffs which have been worn away by sea erosion.
Q.8 How can sea erosion cause a landslide on a costal cliff?
1. Waves erode a notch at the base of the cliff.
2. Continued sea erosion makes the notch deeper.
3. Material above the notch breaks off and collapses downwards as a landslide.
Q.9 How can road building cause landslides?
Road builders make a deep cutting into a steep hole, frost and heavy rain cause the regolith
above the cutting to become unstable and landslide buries the road.
Chap.7 The Work of Rivers.
Q.1 What is a Source?
The place where a river begins.
Q.2 What is a Tributary?
A river which joins a larger one.
Q.3 What is a Confluence?
The place where rivers join.
Q.4 What is a Mouth?
The place where a river enters a sea or lake.
Q.5 What is an Estuary?
The part of a rivers course which is tidal.
Q.6 What is a Basin?
The entire area drained by a river and its tributaries.
Q.7 What is a Watershed?
The high ground which separates one river basin from another.
Q.8 What are the stages in a rivers course?
- Young stage. (Upper course)
- Mature stage. (Middle course)
- Old stage. (Lower course)

6. 6
Q.9 What are the features of a Young valley (upper course)?
- V- shaped valley
- Interlocking spurs
- Waterfalls
- Rapids
Q.10 What are the features of a Mature valley (middle course)?
- Flood plains
- Meanders
Q.11 What the features of a Old valley (lower course)?
- Wide flood plain
- Ox-bow lake
- Delta
- Levee
Chap.8 The Work of Moving Ice.
Q.1 What is a Cirque/Corrie?
These are large basin-shaped hollows in mountains. They are steep-sided on three sides.
Q.2 What is an Arete?
Aretes are very narrow ridges occurring between adjacent cirques.
Q.3 What is a Glaciated valley?
Glaciated valleys are deep, straight, u-shaped valleys with flat floors and steep sides.
Q.4 What is a Ribbon lake?
Ribbon lakes are long narrow lakes in glaciated valleys.
Q.5 What is a Hanging valley?
These are tributary valleys that hang above the levels of the main glaciated valleys.
Q.6 What are Moraines?
Moraines are material laid down by ice, which include boulders, small stones and soil mixed
together. The three types of moraines are lateral, medial and terminal.
Q.7 What are boulder clay plains?
Boulder clay plains consist of huge quantities of moraine on the lowlands.
Q.8 What are Drumlins?
Drumlins are rounded, oval-shaped hills and usually occur in large numbers known as swarms.
Q.9 What are Erratics?
Erratics are boulders carried by the ice sheets and dumped in places of different rock type.

7. 7
Q.10 What are Outwash Plains?
Outwash plains are areas of sand and gravel found usually near terminal moraines.
Q.11 What are Fiords?
Fiords are drowned U-shaped valleys which take the form of deep, steep-sided sea inlets.
Chap.10 Our Planets Heating System
Sun, Wind and Ocean currents
Q.1 What is the atmosphere?
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases which surrounds the earths surface and is held to the
earth by force of gravity.
Q.2 What gases are in the atmosphere?
Nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone.
Q.3 Explain what the troposphere is?
Almost all of the air is concentrated very close to the earth’s surface is called the troposphere.
Q.4 Explain how the sun heats the earth?
Short wave solar energy passes easily through the atmosphere and heats the surface. The
earth’s surface then returns long-waves which cannot pass easily out through the atmosphere
and heat builds up.
Q.5 What is the “Greenhouse Effect”?
It is a build up of carbon dioxide that acts like a blanket and traps heat from the earth.
Q.6 Give two ways which we are causing an increase in carbon dioxide?
Cutting down the world’s forests that help us use up carbon dioxide and the burning of wood
and fossil fuels.
Q.7 How is the heat of the sun distributed across the earth?
The heat of the sun is distributed unevenly over the earths surface.
Q.8 What are prevailing winds?
Prevailing winds are winds that generally affect particular areas.
Q.9 What are ocean currents?
Throughout the surface of the worlds oceans there are many slow but regular river-like
movements of water. These movements are called ocean currents.
Q.10 State three climatic effects of warm ocean currents?
- Raises the temperature of water.
- Help keep harbours in higher latitudes free from ice.
- Raise atmospheric temperatures.
Q.11 State three climatic effects of cold ocean currents?
Lower temperatures of water. Lower atmospheric temperatures.
Increase possibility of ice.

8. 8
Chap.11 The Movement of Winds and Ocean Currents
Q.1 How unequal heating of the atmosphere leads to wind movement?
A. Air has weight: Gases of the atmosphere pull towards earth by gravity, therefore air has
weight – called Atmospheric pressure.
B. When air is heated it expands, less dense and rises – low pressure.
C. When air is cooled it becomes heavier, denser and presses down on the earth’s surface – high
pressure.
D. Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.
Q.2 What are doldrums?
High temperatures near the equator create a zone of low pressure.
Q.3 How does the rotation of the earth determine wind movement?
Because the earth rotates west to east, winds and ocean currents are deflected towards the right in
the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.
Q.4 Why do ocean currents move as they do?
 Unequal heating.
 Global wind direction.
 The rotation of the earth.
Chap. 12 Weather
Q.1 What is weather?
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere over a very short period of time, 2-3 days.
Q.2 What is climate?
Climate is the average condition of the atmosphere across a large area of the earths surface and
over a very long period of time, 25-30 years.
Q.3 What is precipitation?
Precipitation refers to all forms of moisture which reach the earth from the atmosphere.
Q.4 What is atmospheric pressure measured in?
Atmospheric pressure is measured in units called millibars.
Q.5 What are isobars?
Lines on a weather map joining places of equal atmospheric pressure are called isobars.
Q.6 What are the three main types of rainfall?
- Relief rain
- Convectional rain
- Cyclonic rain
Areas of high pressure take the form of anticyclone or highs.

9. 9
Areas of low pressure take the form of cyclone or lows.
______________________________________________
Chap.13
Q.1 What is an air mass>
An air mass is a large body of air in which temperature, pressure and humidity are fairly
uniform.
Q.2 What is a front?
A front is a boundary between two air masses.
Q.3 What are the two types of air masses?
Polar and tropical air masses.
Chap.14
Q.1 What is relative humidity?
Relative humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air compared to what it can actually
hold.
Q.2 What is humidity?
Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air.
Q.3 What is saturation point?
Saturation point is when the air can hold no more water vapour. It is said to have reached
saturation point.
Q.4 What are the three types of cloud?
- Cirrus = looks like brush strokes in the sky/ very high in the sky
- Cumulus = looks like fluffy castles in the sky/ medium altitudes
- Stratus = very low in the sky/ occurs in thick layers
Q.5 Name 3 types of rain.
1 Relief rain.
2 Convectional rain.
3 Cyclonic rain.
Chap.15 Measuring and Forecasting Weather
Q.1 What is temperature range?
This is the difference between the highest and lowest temperature.
Q.2 What is relative humidity?
This is the amount of water vapour in the air compared with the amount it can actually hold.

10. 10
Q.3 What are isotherms?
They are lines on a map which join places of equal temperatures.
Q.4 What are isohyets?
They are lines on a weather map which join places of equal rainfall.
Q.5 What are isohels?
They are lines on a map which join places of equal sunshine.
Q.6 What are isobars?
These are millibars on a map which show atmospheric pressure.
Chap.16
Q.1 What are the factors that affect climate?
- Latitude
- Distance from sea or ocean
- Prevailing winds
- Altitude
- Relief
Q.2 What is latitude?
The latitude of a place is its distance north or south of the equator. The farther a place is from
the equator, the cooler it is likely to be.
Q.3 What is a prevailing wind?
The wind which blows most frequently in an area is known as the prevailing wind.
Q.4 What is altitude?
Altitude means the height above sea level. The higher a place is the cooler its climate will be.
This decrease is known as lapse rate.
Q.5 Why do temperatures decrease with height?
The atmosphere forms a blanket above us which absorbs and holds in the heat radiated from
the earths surface. The higher we climb the thinner this ‘air blanket’ above us becomes, and
the less heat it can hold. So temperatures fall as altitudes increase.
Q.6 What is relief?
Relief means the shape of the surface of the land, such as slopes.
Q.7 What is aspect?
Aspect is the direction which a place faces.
Chap.17 Climate Types and Natural Regions

11. 11
Q.1 What is a natural region?
A natural region is a large area which is distinct in itself, the thing which most distinguishes
natural regions from each other is the climate type. Each climate has a distinctive natural
vegetation , animal species and human activities.
Q.2 Name four hot climates?
- Equatorial
- Savanna
- Hot desert
- Monsoon
Q.3 Name two temperate climates?
- Warm temperate oceanic
- Cool temperate oceanic
Q.4 Name two cold climates?
- Tundra
- Boreal
Q.5 Name three countries that have hot climates?
- Cuba
- India
- Mexico
Q.6 Name three countries that have temperate climates?
- Britian
- Italy
- Ireland
Q.7 Name three countries that have cold climates?
Canada Greenland Iceland
Chap.19
Q.1 What is desertification?
The deserts of the world are gradually spreading. This spread of desert lands is called
desertification.
Chap.20 Gaining from the Desert
A Major Irrigation Scheme
Q.1 What is irrigation?
Irrigation is the artificial watering of the land in order to encourage plant growth and increase
soil fertility.

12. 12
Chap.21
Q.1 What are the main features of Mediterranean Climate?
Summers are dry and hot (25 degrees in August). Winters are mild and moist (400-1000mm).
Q.2 How can climate influence tourism?
Europe’s most popular tourist areas are located along the Mediterranean coast because of a
warm Mediterranean climate. There is an anti-cyclone in June, July and August and hot, dry,
sunny conditions which are perfect for beach holidays.
Chap.23 Our Living Soil
Q.1 What is a natural resource?
A natural resource is something that has been created by nature.
Q.2 What are the ingredients for soil?
Mineral particles, micro-organisims, plant remains, water and air.
Q.3 What is humus?
Humus is a black, jelly-like substance that is formed by the decaying of plant litter and it helps
make soil more fertile.
Q.4 What is leaching?
Leaching is the process where by water washes minerals and nutrients down past the reach of
the plant’s roots and deprives the plant of the nutrients and minerals
Q.5 What is a hard pan?
The hard pan is a layer of leached material and is impermeable.
Q.6 What are podzols?
Podzols are the grey soil type that occur beneath coniferous forests. They are leached heavily
and contain very little or no humus.
Q.7 What are brown soils?
Brown soils are the brown soil type that occur beneath deciduous forests and they contain
plentiful supplies of humus.
Q.8 What are tropical red soils?
These red soils occur in wet rain forests and are severely leached.
Q.9 What is the most common soil type in Ireland?
Brown soils
Q.10 What is a soil profile?
It is a vertical section of the soil from the surface downward.

13. 13
Chap.24 Natural Vegetation 1:Vegetation and Climate
Q.1 What is natural vegetation?
Natural vegetation is plant life which has not been planted or altered by people.
Q.2 Give an example of natural vegetation for Ireland.
Example was deciduous forest.
Q.3 What is the natural vegetation of hot deserts?
Vegetation is scant. Cacti and varieties of scrub are well adapted to dry conditions.
Q.4 Give an example of coniferous trees?
Examples are such as pine, spruce and fir. Most are evergreen.
Q.5 How have coniferous trees adapted to climate?
1 Slender shape
2 Downward sloping branches
3 Thin needle-like foliage
4 Thick bark
5 Shallow roots
Chap.33 Population
Q.1 What is the birth rate?
The birth rate is the number of live births in one year per thousand of the population.
Q.2 What is the death rate?
The death rate is the number of deaths in one year per thousand of the population.
Q.3 Explain natural increase?
Natural increase is when there are more births than deaths.
Q.4 Explain natural decrease?
Natural decrease is when there are more deaths than births.
Q.5 What is immigration?
Immigration is movement into a country.
Q.6 What is emigration?
Emigration is movement out of a country.

14. 14
Q.7 How do you calculate population change? Give two ways.
- Measure the birth rate against the death rate.
- Count the number of migrants in and out of the country.
Q.8 Name the five stages in the population cycle.
- The high stationary stage.
- The early expanding stage.
- The late expanding stage.
- The low stationary stage.
- The ‘senile’ stage.
Q.9 Name the factors which influence population change?
Food supplies War
Health Education
The place of women in society Improved technology
Chap.34 Where are all the People
Q.1 What is population density?
Population density is the average number of people per square kilometre.
Q.2 What is population distribution?
Population distribution is the spread of people in any given area.
Q.3 How do you calculate the population density?
The total population DIVIDED BY the total area.
Q.4 What are the factors affecting population density?
- Climate Mineral wealth
- Communications Relief
- Soils Manufacturing.
Chap.35 Population Make – up
Q.1 What is the age structure of population?
This is the proportion of people who are in different age groups.
Q.2 What is the sex structure of population?
This is the proportion of males to females.
Q.3 What is a Population pyramid?
This is a series of bar graphs laid on top of one another which illustrates the age and sex
structures of a population.
Q.4 What problem is associated with a country having an unbalanced sex structure?
Some members of the majority sex being unable to find marriage partners.

15. 15
Q.5 Why is it important for government planners to study the age structure of the population?
It is important because by knowing the age group of the majority of the population they
can work out the services they need to improve.
Chap.36
Q.1 List some effects of high population densities?
- Overcrowding
- Lack of open space
- Lack of clean water
- Pollution
Q.2 List some effects of low population densities?
- Abandonment of agricultural land
- Low marriage rates
- Political and economical isolation
Q.3 What are core areas?
Core areas tend be highly populated and very wealthy, they contains the centre of Government
and are usually regarded as the centre of industry and business. All these cause people to
migrate into core areas.
Q.4 What are peripheral areas?
Peripheral areas tend to have low population densities are not very wealthy. This is partly
because of their distance from the centre of industry and business. They tend to be
economically and politically isolated from the rest of the country.
Chap.37 Life and Death in an Unequal World
Q.1 What is the wealthy region of the world called?
The wealthy region of the world is called the North.
Q.2 What are the poorest countries of the world called?
The poorest countries of the world are referred to as the South or the Third World.
Q.3 What is child mortality rate?
The term child mortality rate refers to the number of children under the age of five who die
every year in relation to every 1,000 live births during that same year.
Q.4 What does the term life expectancy rate mean?
The term life expectancy rate means the average number of years that a newborn infant can be
expected to live.

16. 16
Chap.38 People on the Move
Q.1 Name the six types of migration?
- International
- Internal
- Local
- Regional
- Individual
- Organised
Q.2 What is push and pull factors?
Push factors means repellent reasons for migration. They push or repel the people from the
area. Pull factors are attractive reasons for migration.
Q.3 Give two effects of rural to urban migration?
In the rural areas there would be rural depopulation and this would reduce unemployment. In
the urban areas the population would increase and may result in overpopulation.
Q.4 In the time of famine in Ireland, give two pull factors that attracted people to the U.K. and
U.S.A. and two push factors?
Pull factors: Prospect of good land Work
Push factors: Shortage of good land Unemployment
Q.5 Name one organised migration?
The Plantation of Ulster.
Q.6 Name one pull factor for the planters and one push factor for the Irish?
The planters were attracted to Ireland by promises of cheap, fertile land and one push factor for
the Irish was that they were forced to move from their land by the planters.
Q.7 Name three effects of the Ulster Plantation?
- Culture
- Divisions between Catholic and Protestant planters
- Settlement patterns, the planters built planned towns
Q.8 What countries colonised South America?
Spain and Portugal
Q.9 Give four reasons why people began to migrate to South America?
- Military men and their armies came in search of conquest and loot.
- Catholic missionaries came to convert the native South Americans.
- Planters came in search of land, minerals and other wealth.
- Black slaves were brought into South America from Africa.
Chap.40
Q.1 What are nucleated settlements?

17. 17
Nucleated settlements are these which buildings are grouped together.
Q.2 What the following terms about settlement mean-
 Scattered, dispersed settlements- settlements dotted evenly over an area.
 Linear settlements- settlements occur in a line.
 Clustered, nucleated settlements- settlements occur in a group or cluster.
 Random settlements- settlements have no definite arrangement.
Q.3 What is the primate city?
When the largest city in any country has a population whish is at least twice that of the next
largest city.
Q.4 What are dry point cities?
This is when settlements avoid wet lowlands. The sites are raised.
Q.5 What are the lowest bridging points?
The lowest bridging point of rivers are those places nearest the coast, where rivers are usually
bridged.
Chap.41 New Settlement Patterns on the Dutch Polder lands
Q.1 What are polders?
Polders are flat low-lying areas which have been reclaimed from the sea or river estuaries.
Q.2 What are polders protected by?
They are protected by dykes and drained by canals.
Q.3 What type of new settlement patterns are there on the Dutch polders?
- Planned rural settlements
- Planned urban settlements
- Planned towns and villages
- Overspill towns
Q.4 How are the planned rural settlements laid out?
Rural settlements form a linear pattern along minor roadways and each farm has one side
bordering a canal and one side bordering a road each farm has an out building and farmhouse.
farms are rectangular in shape.
Q.5 How are towns and villages planned in the polders?
Towns are centrally planned. Villages are planned in circles around new towns. Overspill
towns are built on new polders
Q.6 What do centrally placed towns in polders do?
They are the focus for their hinderlands it provides inhabitants with goods and services.

18. 18
Chap. 42 Functions of Nucleated Settlements
Q.1 What are functions?
Functions are the services provided by a nucleated settlement for the people of the
town and its hinterland.
Q.2 What is the Hinterland?
The area serviced by the village is called the hinterland.
Q.3 Name some of the different types of settlements in existence?
A market settlement A dormitory settlement
A recreational settlement A defence settlement
An ecclesiastical settlement A resource-based settlement.
Chap.43 Settlement Functions: Change Over Times
Q.3 How has Askeaton attracted manufacturing Industry?
1 Located on the Shannon Estuary. 2 Natural gas supplies.
3 Plenty of level land. 4 Grants are available.
5 It’s near Shannon airport.
Chap.45 The Growth of Towns and Cities
Q.1 What is urbanisation?
A steady growth in both the number and size of urban areas (towns and cities throughout the
World).
Q.2 What are economic activities?
These include such things as manufacturing, trading and communications systems.
Q.3 What are administrative activities?
These include and involve the management of the affairs of city itself, as well as those of larger
areas such as a county or an entire country.
Q.4 What is social activities?
These include the having of citizens or the provision of leisure opportunities for the inhabitants
of the city and it’s hinterland.
Q.5 What is the economic reason for the change?
1 The railway made cheap and fast transport available between inner Dublin and the pleasant
seaside areas around Dublin Bay.
2 Many well to do people went to live in seaside suburbs such as Kingston and Dun Laoghaire.
Chap. 46 Urban Areas
Q.1 What are the typical functional areas in a city?

19. 19
A. Central business district.
B. Smaller shopping areas.
C. Shopping centres.
D. Industry
E. Residential areas
F. Open spaces.
Q.2 What is a Central Business District?
A CBD is the busy core of a given city.
Chap.47 How Land Values Affect Land Use in Cities
Q.1 How are city-centre sites intensively used?
1 Build very tall buildings
2 Use each building for a variety of purposes.
Q.2 What happens to land value as you move away from the city-centre?
Land value decreases gradually as one moves away from the busy city-centre. As land values
decrease, so does the intensity with which land is used.
Chap.48 On the Move –City traffic Patterns
Q.1 What are City Traffic Patterns?
These are clear patterns in the daily movements of people in cities.
Q.2 What is Traffic congestion?
The daily movement of working people to and from the same part of the city at the same
time results in serious traffic congestion.
Q.3 Name some ways of reducing traffic Congestion?
A. Use one-way traffic systems.
B. Suburban railways
C. Ring roads
D. Motorways
E. City bus services.
Chap.49 Home Sweet Home: City Housing
Inner City Middle Suburbs Outer Suburbs
Age of Housing Inner city areas therefore,
tend to contain the oldest
houses.
Usually newer than those
in the inner city
At fringe of city
Type of Housing Multi-storey often terraced. Semi-detached One-storey and
detached

20. 20
Quality of Housing Fallen into such decay.
Redeveloped as profitable
office blocks.
Corporation flats built in
inner city.
Be of better quality.
Usually modest in both size and quality.
Contain spacious and expensive detached
dwellings.
Chap.53 Economic Activities
Q.1 What are Economic activities?
They are grouped into three categories:
Primary:- These activities provide unprocessed raw materials from the earth’s rock, soils
And water.
Secondary:- Some secondary activities take raw materials and process them. Others take
already processed materials and process them further.
Tertiary:- These perform useful services e.g. shop keeping, truck driving, teaching or
hairdressing.
Chap.54 Water
Q.1 What are natural resources?
The good things provided by nature are called natural resources.
Q.2 What is a renewable resource and give an example?
Water is a renewable resource. This means that it can be used again and again, provided it is
properly used and conserved.
Q.3 What is precipitation?
Precipitation refers to all forms of moisture which reaches the earth’s surface from the
atmosphere e.g. rain, hail, snow etc.
Q.4 Explain the water cycle?
The sun evaporates the seawater and turns it to water vapour. The vapour rises, cools and
condenses to make clouds which are blown by the wind and precipitation occurs. Rivers
and soakage return the water to the sea.
Q.5 What does County Councils and City Corporations do with water?
They collect, store, treat and distribute.
Chap.56 The Role of Technology
Q.1 How much of Ireland consists of peat bogs?
About 5% of Ireland consists of peat bogs.
Q.2 When and who set up Bord na Mona?
In 1946, the Irish Government set up Bord na Mona to develop our peat industry.

21. 21
Q.3 What did Bord na Mona mainly concentrate on?
It concentrated mainly on the “raised bogs” of the midlands, where the land surface is relatively
flat and where the peat was about eight metres thick.
Q.4 How much raised bog does Bord na Mona?
Bord na Mona now owns 23% of all raised bog in the country.
Q.5 How much water content does most bogs have?
Most bogs have a95% water content.
Q.6 How is most peat now harvested?
Most peat is now harvested in the form of milled peat.
Q.7 What is huge quantities of milled peat used for?
Huge quantities of milled peat is now used to generate electricity.
Chap. 58 Systems
Q.1 What is a System?
A system is anything which takes in inputs and processes or changes them into useful
products or outputs.
Q.2 What are Inputs, Processes, Outputs?
Inputs are what is entered into the system.
Processes are those activities which change some of the inputs into outputs.
Outputs are those things which leave the system as a result of the processes.
Chap. 59 Secondary Activities as Systems.
Q.1 What are the three types of Economic activities?
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
Q.2 What are Secondary activities?
Secondary activities refer to manufacturing industries.
Q.3 What does a system contain?
Inputs, Processes and Outputs.
Q.4 What do inputs contain?
Raw materials, labour, land factory buildings and power supplies.
Q.5 What do the outputs of industry include?
Manufactured products, by-products and any waste.
Q.6 Outline the cycle for a manufacturing industry.

22. 22
Money → Inputs → Processes → Outputs → Markets → Money → Profit.
Chap.60 The Location of Industry.
Q.1 What are the factors which influence the location of an industry?
They are resource materials, labour force, transport facilities, markets, services, capital
government/EU policy, personal factors and local factors.
Q.2 What is Transport infrastructure?
Transport infrastructure is the network of roads, ports, airports and railways that an area has.
Q.3 What is an industrialist?
An industrialist is a person who sets up a factory or industry.
Q.4 What does the term decentralisation mean?
This refers to spreading industry more evenly throughout a country, not having it all in one place.
Q.5 What is a heavy industry?
A heavy industry is one, which processes heavy or bulky goods into finished products,
e.g. steel manufacture.
Q.6 What is light industry?
This is an industry, which processes light or non-bulky materials into finished products
e.g. computer manufacture.
Q.7 What is a multinational?
This is a company, which has branches in many countries.
Q.8 What is a footloose industry?
This is an industry, which can locate in a wide range of places. There is no dominant
factor affecting location e.g. computer manufacture.
Chap.62 Women and Work
Q.1 What work do women in the South do?
 Care for children
 Fetch water and fuel
 Prepare food
 Till the land
Q.2 What work do women in the North do?
 Work outside the home (manufacturing)
 Light work

23. 23
 Low paid jobs
Q.3 What factors hinder change in the roles of women?
Prejudice: Many still have set ideas of what they think are suitable for men and women
e.g. man → Manager, boss
woman → secretary.
Education: Young men and women receive different types of education and training
e.g. boy → Metal work, Woodwork
girl → Home economics.
Women are expected to do child minding and household duties, so this causes many of them to
leave the labour force.
Q.4 What could be done?
 Educational campaign to break down sexist views.
 State assisted childminding facilities.
 Equality officers appointed in workplace would prevent discrimination.
Chap.64 Acid Rain
Q.1 What is Acid Rain?
Acid rain is rain that is mixed with weak sulphuric and nitric acid and fall to the earth and cause
harm to trees , crops, animals.
Chap.67 Fun in the Sun
Spanish Tourism and its Impacts.
Q.1 How many people each year visit Spain?
Because Spain is Europe’s most popular tourist country over 50 million people
visit it each year.
Q.2 What’s the biggest attraction of Spain’s Mediterranean climate?
It has high atmospheric pressure, which results in long periods of hot, dry, sunny
and calm conditions.
Q.3 What is Spain’s most famous tourist resort town?
Benidorm.
Chap.68 Tourism and the Development of Communications
Q.1 What is Transport?
Transport refers to the movement of people and goods between places.

24. 24
Q.2 What is Communications?
Communications refers to the exchange of ideas and information as well as the movement of
people and goods between places.
Q.3 Name 4 types of transport?
A. Road
B. Rail
C. Sea
D. Air.
Q.4 Name 4 types of communication?
A. TV and Radio
B. Fax machine and telephone
C. Computer links- the internet
D. Printed matter.
Q.5 How does Transport and Communication develop?
A. Large – scale tourism creates a need for good communication links to and within
tourist regions.
B. Development of transport and communications
C. Improved communication links make tourist regions easier to reach.
D. Development of tourism.
Energy sources Focus on Oil
Q.1 What is Renewable energy?
Types of energy, which can be used again and again without being completely used up
are known as renewable or infinite resources e.g. sun, wind, tides, waves and falling water.
Q.2 What is Non-renewable energy?
A non-renewable energy source is one which, once it is used it can’t be used again. They are
limited or finite resources e.g. coal, oil, natural gas and peat. These sources are called fuels.
Q.3 Where is energy mainly consumed?
Energy is mainly consumed in domestic or household activities, manufacturing industry,
commercial activities and in transport.
Q.4 What are the two most important primary sources in Ireland?
In Ireland, coal and oil are the most important primary sources.
Q.5 What is Ireland’s main secondary source?
Ireland’s main secondary source is electricity.
Q.6 What are the advantages of oil as a fuel?
It gives out a great amount of energy, it is easy to transport, it is cleaner to handle and burn than
solid fuels e.g. coal and peat.

25. 25
Q.7 What are the good and bad effects of finding oil and gas in the Celtic Sea?
Good: For domestic heating, electricity and as a raw material. There would be a boom in the
building trade, roads, port facilities and other services would improve.
Bad; For the natural beauty of the area, the cost of living would rise, fish and seabirds would
face the threat of pollution from oil spills.