OPEN DATA

Open Data: From the Information Age
to the Action Age
Tim O’Reilly
O’Reilly Media
OpenUp
November 13, 2012
Thursday, November 15, 12

§ something about transparency and gov data
When people talk about open government data, they often start by thinking about government transparency. Sites like
mysociety’s TheyWorkForYou, or OpenCongress in the US, are indeed important.

In the US, this strain of the open government movement is perhaps best exempliﬁed by the Sunlight Foundation.

Another mysociety project, ﬁxmystreet, was among the ﬁrst to highlight the possibility of opening up a two way channel, using
open data to create a context for better citizen engagement.

Startups like SeeClickFix have sprung up to help citizens give feedback to civil servants about what needs doing.

What’s encouraging that there are now emerging standards like 311 that allow applications and the back-end systems that
governments use to manage their workﬂow to speak the same language. This is the beginning of a new way of thinking about
how government data and the private sector can interoperate, creating new interfaces for government services.

In the US, Code for America is a leader in providing new kinds of engagement, working with local governments to build simple,
beautiful and easy-to-use interfaces to government services and challenging government to reinvent the way it engages with
citizens. Jen Pahlka talked a bit about their work earlier this morning.

The UK government digital service has done a fantastic job of thinking about how to put citizens at the center of government
rather than at the periphery. Their Design Principles are a manifesto for open government everywhere.

The Government Digital Service Design Principles are probably the most important design document since the Macintosh Human
Interface Guidelines of the 1980s. They, and the GDS Digital Strategy, should be the template for government services around
the world. I particularly like that they’ve embraced the notion of APIs, which allow third parties to build new services. But I
would go further, and argue that APIs should be open to third parties by default, and closed only when necessary.

§ google home page / information age
But even the thinking behind GDS doesn’t give the full range of impact of open government data.
I’ve always found myself wondering why people aren’t more aware of how government data powers non-governmental services
that citizens take for granted, many of them never taking the time to think how much government investment went into building
the infrastructure that makes it possible for the private sector to offer services like weather predictions

GPS: A 21st century platform launched in 1973
Now consider Global positioning satellites. Here government investment in a hard, long term project, is paying off in uncounted
new private sector developments.
A huge project with uncertain return, started in 1973 and now showing enormous fruit in the 21st century, with huge value add
from the commercial sector. Everything from maps and directions on your phone to
future self-driving cars spring from this platform investment, and the key policy decision to open the data and
make it available for commercial use. No one dreamed of the unexpected applications that became possible by opening up this
data. That’s why we need open web services by default.

Mapping services have taken data developed at great expense by government and turned it into hugely powerful experiences for
citizens. Here are my public transit directions from my hotel to this venue today, courtesy of Google, but also of centuries of
government investment in mapping services. Not to mention that Google Transit directions got its start with the government of
Portland, Oregon, who in classic internet style, proposed a data speciﬁcation for transit timetables that could be consumed by
third party applications.

§ Health datapalooza
This same kind of “developer outreach” has characterized Todd Park’s work on open data at HHS. Rather than just opening
the data, he proactively sought out partners who could consume government data. For example, HHS had a huge database of
hospital and nursing home quality and user satisfaction metrics, which now helps to power Bing’s hospital search, and not just
the HHS Hospital Compare application.
The HHS open data initiative now features a thriving developer conference,
hundreds of apps, and numerous funded startups.

The Obama administration is now trying to replicate this playbook in other areas like energy

and Education.

What happens when you throw open the doors to partners
More than 50,000 iPhone
applications in less than a year!
Now at 688,000
Apple showed us the power of this kind of entrepreneurial explosion when they turned the smartphone into a platform with the
introduction of the iPhone app store. We went from phones that had twenty or thirty apps cooked up in a back room deal to a
platform that allows anyone to come up with new features.
This is the kind of platform I’d like to see for government.

Government as a platform means an end to the
design of only complete, closed “applications.” Instead
the government should provide fundamental services
on which we, the people, (also known as “the market”)
build applications.
That’s why...

At Code for America, we’ve capitalized on this idea by launching a startup accelerator, ﬁnding and nurturing creative startups
who are re-using or opening up government data, creating new interfaces to government services, or building tools that will
help governments to engage with their community.

Since I know this conference is focused on International Development, I want to mention one of these startups in particular.
Captricity grew out of a project in Tanzania and Uganda to digitize medical records. It is a now a powerful tool combining
machine learning and crowdsourcing to convert any kind of paper document into structured data.

While we’re on the subject of Africa, I want to remind all of you that technology for international development isn’t all digital.
One of the most remarkable frontiers of technology today is in something we call the Maker Movement, which involves
everything from sensors and robots to advanced 3D printing, digital design and manufacturing, but also includes old fashioned
mechanical engineering and ingenuity. At O’Reilly, we run an event in California that draws over 120,000 people. But one of our
most exciting Maker Faires happens in Nigeria.

You can get a great sense of how “makers” are solving everyday problems with local ingenuity on the Afrigadget blog. Many of
the people featured there also appear at Maker Faire.
Sulaiman Famro is a cheerful, 65 year old engineer, and a master of branding. He built the prototype “Farmking” three years ago
and claims he can save the country $1 billion a year, just in savings on starch importation.
The Farmking is a one-stop processing plant for cluster and farm-site processing of root crops and grains. It has a diesel
powered engine that allows for remote processing, with power out connections for lighting so that it can work all night, if
needed.
On one end you have 3 devices, for chipping, grating and milling. In the middle is the power plant, and in the rear is a large steel
drum that can hold 50kgs of milled cassava, that uses a spin ﬁlter to process up to 2.5 tons of milled cassava into starch.
It’s used for processing of cassava, soya beans, maize, sweet potatoes, yam and many other roots and grains.

In an odd way, there’s also a connection between the maker movement and hot silicon valley startups like AirBnB. Both are
deeply rooted in a trend towards decentralized activities and peer-to-peer markets. With maker marketplaces like Etsy, people
around the world can sell their goods to each other. With sharing marketplaces like airBnb, people can share their homes.
Government should support these peer economies, and not get in the way with too much regulation. At the Opening
Government meeting the other day, we had a fascinating conversation about the interplay between regulation and reputation,
and how reputation systems can replace some of what we now do with centralized regulation.

I also want to give a shout out to efforts like the UN Global Pulse, as well as Ushahidi, the Global Virus Forecasting Initiative, and
other groups that are using new approaches to big data and predictive analytics to literally build a new early warning system for
the planet.
Data is the currency of most modern apps, and particularly important is data that helps you to “close the loop.”

“What I learned from Google is
to only invest in things that
close the loop.”
- Chris Sacca
Efforts like this are completely aligned with the “big data” focus of Silicon Valley companies like Google.
Investor Chris Sacca, who used to run special projects for Google, once remarked “What I learned...”

“Perl should make easy things
easy, and hard things possible.”
- Larry Wall
I want to end with a few further thoughts about the role of government in sparking innovation in the private sector. Larry Wall,
the creator of the Perl programming language, once said...

“Government should make easy
things easy, and hard things
possible.”
-Tim O’Reilly
Since he’s an open source developer, I’m going to take his maxim, and as we say in the open source world, “fork it” so it now
reads... I was with the UK Government Digital Service the other day, and we did a Q&A with reporters. Someone from the Wall
Street Journal asked if the new approach was just about saving money. We answered that it wasn’t at all, that it was about
creating new kinds of engagement between government and citizens. Saving money is a byproduct. But there’s another way in
which the cost savings of open data and government doing less by enabling the rest of us to do more is really important.

Critical Issues Facing the World
• Natural Disasters
• Jobs
• Energy
• Food
• Water
• Creating a vibrant, just, and bountiful economy for all the
world’s citizens
I suspect that in the next few decades we’ll have many, many hard problems to solve - wicked problems even. One of the great
urgencies of the open government movement is to make easy things easy so that we can make hard things possible.
The private sector can do a lot, but there are some problems of a scale that we need to tackle them all together.

“The legitimate object of government is to
do for the people what needs to be done,
but which they cannot, by individual
effort, do at all, or do so well, for
themselves.”
-Abraham Lincoln, July 1, 1854
Or as Abraham Lincoln put it...

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