This document provides information about climate and effects of global warming in Turkey, Sweden, and Poland. It discusses the different climate regions in each country and how climate change is affecting temperature patterns, seasons, vegetation, and risk of extreme weather. Turkey experiences hot, dry summers and is now facing flooding from heavy rains. Sweden's climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream and is seeing longer growing seasons and rising temperatures. Poland has a moderate climate impacted by proximity to seas with varying temperatures and rainfall depending on location. Global warming is affecting natural resources and lives in all three countries.

1. NATURAL LEARNING CONCEPT
SURVIVAL KIT
March, 2012
TURKEY POLAND SWEDEN
1
2010-1-TR1-COM06-13683

2. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
Climate and Effects of Global Warming in
Turkey
Sweden
Poland
Geographical Features of
Turkey
Poland
Sweden
NATURE
How to Survive in Nature
Food & Nature
Edible Plants in
Sweden
Turkey
Poland
How to Protect Ourselves in Nature
Poisonous Plants & Wild Animals in
Poland
Turkey
Sweden
LET’S PREPARE A SURVIVAL KIT
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3. INTRODUCTION
Climate and Effects of Global Warming in Turkey,
Sweden, and Poland
TURKEY
Although Turkey is situated in a geographical location
where climatic conditions are quite temperate, the
diverse nature of the landscape, and the existence in
particular of the mountains that run parallel to the
coasts, result in significant differences in climatic
conditions from one region to the other.
Turkey has seven distinct geographic weather and climatic regions.While the coastal regions
enjoy milder climates, the inland Anatolia plateau experiences hot summers and cold winters
with limited rainfall.
Global change will affect every citizen, every part of the environment and our natural resources,
and thus practically every aspect of our lives — our economy, our urban and suburban
development patterns, natural areas we protect, and our life styles.Turkey experienced one of
its driest and hottest summer season over the past several months. Nowadays, the country
faced floods because of severe rains.
TR
Türkiye’nin iklim koşulları, oldukça ılıman bir coğrafi konumu olmasına ve farklı doğa güzellikteki
manzaralarına rağmen kıyılara paralel uzanan dağların konumu nedeniyle bir bölgeden diğer
bölgeye değişen farklı iklim koşulları ile sonuçlanmıştır.Türkiye’de yedi ayrı coğrafi bölge
bulunmaktadır. Kıyı bölgeleri ılıman iklimlere sahiptir fakat İç Anadolu bölgesi platosunda kışlar
soğuk ve yağışlı, yazlar sıcak ve kuraktır.
Küresel değişim, yaşadığımız çevrenin her bölümünü ve doğal kaynakları etkilemektedir.Böylece
ekonomimizden, şehir ve yerel yönetimlere, korumaya çalıştığımız doğal alanlar gibi hayatımızın
her aşamasına ve yaşam biçimimize etki etmektedir.Türkiye geçtiğimiz birkaç ay içinde en kurak
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4. ve sıcak yaz mevsimini yaşamış şimdilerde ise artan şiddetli yağmurlarla oluşan sel felaketleri ile
karşı karşıya kalmıştır.
PL
Mimo, że położenie geograficzne Turcji jest w klimacie umiarkowanym , ze względu na
różnorodność krajobrazu, oraz góry, które biegną równolegle do wybrzeża, powoduje to
znaczne różnice w warunkach klimatycznych pomiędzy jednym regionem a drugim.
Turcja ma siedem odrębnych pogodowo i klimatycznie regionów. Podczas gdy w regionach
przybrzeżnych cieszyć się można łagodniejszym klimatem, na płaskowyżu Anatolii można
doświadczyć gorących lat i mroźnych zim z ograniczonymi opadami deszczu.
Globalna zmiana klimatyczna wpłynie na każdego obywatela, każdą część środowiska i zasobów
naturalnych, a nawet na styl naszego życia, a więc praktycznie na każdy aspekt naszego życia.
Turcja doświadczyła ostatnio jednego z najbardziej suchych i najgorętszego sezonu letniego
w czasie ostatnich miesięcy. Obecnie kraj musi zmierzyć się z powodziami spowodowanymi
ulewnymi deszczami.
SW
Trots att Turkiet ligger på en plats, geografiskt sätt, där klimatet är ganska milt, är skillnaderna
i klimatförhållandena betydande från en region till en annan. Detta beror på de olika formerna
av landskapet, och i synnerhet förekomsten av berg som löper parallellt med kusten. Turkiet
har sju olika geografiska väder- och klimatregioner. Medan kustregionerna får njuta av mildare
klimat, så upplever inre Anatolien platån varma somrar och kalla vintrar med begränsad
nederbörd. Globala förändringar kommer att påverka varje medborgare, varje del av miljön och
våra naturresurser, och därmed praktiskt taget varje aspekt av våra liv - vår ekonomi, våra
städer och förorters utveckling, naturområden och vår livsstil. Turkiet upplevde en av sina
torraste och varmaste somrar under de senaste månaderna. Numera får landet översvämningar
på grund av svåra regn.
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5. SWEDEN
Sweden's climate is strongly influenced by the proximity to the
Atlantic and Gulf Stream. This means that winter temperatures
are much higher than it is in the same latitude in Canada and
Siberia. Sweden has both continental and coastal climate. In
summer the average temperature is around 16C, while the
winter average temperature is more variable, ranging from 0 to
minus 15C.
Visible signs of a rise in temperature is that the growing season
has become longer, the snow cover disappears earlier, in the
mountains, the tree line shifted upward and glaciers have
become smaller.
In Sweden, we can get a nice Mediterranean climate, but also
increases the risk of extreme weather such as torrential rains and
powerful storms leading to flooding. The summer will be longer
and hotter with droughts and water shortages, winter
temperatures will rise sharply. The vegetation will change - deciduous forest growing,
coniferous forest declines. The climate in Sweden, get more character of coastal climate -
milder, but also more clouds and precipitation. There is a risk that everything will be just the
opposite, if the Gulf Stream changes direction or becomes weaker. Without the warmth of the
Gulf Stream, Sweden can expect a much harsher climate than today.
SW
Sveriges klimat är starkt påverkat av närheten till Atlanten och Golfströmmen. Detta
gör att vintertemperaturen är betydligt högre än vad den är på motsvarande breddgrad i t.ex.
Kanada och Sibirien. Sverige har både inlandsklimat och kustklimat. På sommaren är
medeltemperaturen ca 16C medan vinterns medeltemperatur är mer varierande, mellan 0 till
minus 15C. Synliga tecken på en stigande temperatur är att växtsäsongen har blivit längre, att
snötäcket försvinner tidigare, i fjällen har trädgränsen förflyttats uppåt och glaciärerna har blivit
mindre. I Sverige kan vi få ett skönt Medelhavsklimat men risken ökar också för extrema väder
som skyfall och kraftigare stormar som leder till översvämningar. Sommaren blir längre och
varmare med torka och vattenbrist, vintertemperaturen kommer att stiga kraftigt. Växtligheten
kommer att förändras – lövskog ökar, barrskog minskar. Klimatet i hela Sverige, även i inlandet
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6. får mer karaktär av kustklimat – mildare, men också mer moln och nederbörd. Det finns en risk
att allt blir precis tvärtom, d.v.s. om Golfströmmen ändrar riktning eller blir svagare. Utan
värmen från Golfströmmen kan Sverige räkna med ett betydligt kärvare klimat än dagens.
PL
Klimat w Szwecji jest silnie uzależnione od prądów Atlantyku i prądu zatokowego. Oznacza to,
że temperatury w zimie są znacznie wyższe niż w tej samej szerokości geograficznej w Kanadzie
i Syberii. W lecie średnia temperatura wynosi około 16  C, podczas gdy średnia temperatura
zimą jest bardziej zróżnicowana, od 0 do -15  C. Widoczny wzrost temperatury powoduje, że
zaczyna się sezon wegetacyjny pokrywa śnieżna zanika wcześniej.
W Szwecji można cieszyć się śródziemnomorski klimatem, ale także zwiększa się ryzyko
ekstremalnych zjawisk pogodowych, takich jak ulewne deszcze i silne burze prowadzące do
powodzi. Lato jest wtedy dłuższe i gorętsze powodując susze i niedobór wody, zimą
temperatura wzrasta gwałtownie.Roślinność ulega zmianie – zwiększa się ilość lasów liściastych,
spada ilość iglastych lasów
TR
İsveç iklimi Atlantik ve Gulf Stream’e olan yakın konumundan çok etkilenmektedir. Bu da
Kanada ve Sibirya'da aynı enlemde olmasına rağmen İsveç’te kış sıcaklıklarının, bu bölgelere
göre daha yüksek olduğu anlamına gelir. İsveç, hem karasal hem de kıyı iklimine sahiptir. Yaz
aylarında ortalama sıcaklık 16  C, kış aylarında ortalama sıcaklık 0 ile -15 dereceye kadar
değişiklik gösterebilir.
Isıdaki gözle görülür artışla ürün yetiştirme mevsimi uzar, kar örtüsü erken kaybolur, dağlarda
ağaç hattı yukarı doğru kayar ve buzullar küçülür.
İsveç'te güzel bir Akdeniz İklimi’ne sahibiz fakat bu aynı zamanda, şiddetli yağışlar ve sellere yol
açan güçlü fırtınalar gibi kötü hava şartları riskini artırır. Yaz mevsimi kuraklık ve su sıkıntısı ile
daha uzun ve sıcak, kış mevsiminde sıcaklıklar ise gözle görülür bir şeklide artış
gösterecektir.Bitki örtüsü iğne yapraklı ormanların artması, kozalaklı ormanların azalması ile
değişecektir. İsveç’te iklim hafif ama daha fazla yağış getiren bulutlarla kıyı iklimi karakterindedir.
Gulf Stream’in yön değiştirmesi veya daha zayıf hale gelmesi durumunda her şeyin tam tersi
olması gibi bir risk vardır. Gulf Stream sıcaklığını olmadan, İsveç’te bugün olduğundan çok daha
sert iklim bekleyebilirsiniz.
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7. POLAND
There is a temperate climate in Poland, with the
influence of maritime and continental one.
It depends on many factors-meteorological conditions
and geographical location. The most important among all
the factors is the impact of the seas, oceans and
continents. We have identified number of air masses
affecting the climate.
Cloudy, cool and rainy summers are the affect of polar air-sea and Icelandic low. Winters under
the influence of polar continental air are frosty while summers are hot. Tropic continental mass
makes summer hot but stormy and often thaws in winter. Arctic mass lowers the temperature
in winter and causes rain in spring.
In Poland, the winds blow mainly from the western direction. In the north the local wind is
known as the sea breeze. The wind in the mountains is called Halny. Temperatures are shaped
by geographical location, topography and air masses.
An average temperature in Poland during the year is 7 to 8˚C. The lowest average
temperature occurs in Suwalki, about 6˚C where the vegetation period lasts only 180 days. The
highest average temperatures occur in the Lowland Silesia and the Carpathian Foothills – above
8˚C and the growing season lasts about 220 days.
Rainfalls depend on the altitude above sea level, topography of the land and its distance from
large water tanks. The average amount of rainfall in Poland is about 600 mm. The highest
average rainfalls occur in the mountains. The greatest rainfalls are in summer.
PL
W Polsce klimat jest umiarkowany , wpływa na niego powietrze morskie i kontynentalne.
Zależy on od wielu czynników- warunków meteorologicznych i położenia geograficznego.
Najważniejszym czynnikiem jest jednak wpływ mórz, oceanów i kontynentów. Mamy w Polsce
liczbę mas powietrza również mających wpływ na klimat. Pochmurne, deszczowe i chłodne lato
jest efektem powietrza morskiego arktycznego. Zimy pod wpływem powietrza arktycznego
kontynentalnego są mroźne a lato gorące. Tropikalne masy powietrza kontynentalnego
powodują, że lato jest gorące ale równocześnie występują częste burze, a w zimie roztopy.
Masy powietrza arktycznego obniżają temperaturę w zimie i powodują deszcze w lecie. W
Polsce wiatry wieją głównie z kierunku zachodniego. Na północy wieje wiatr lokalny znany pod
7

8. nazwą morska bryza, a w górach wiatr zwany halnym. Temperatury są kształtowane przez takie
czynniki jak położenie geograficzne, topografia terenu i masy powietrza. Średnia temperatura
w ciągu roku kształtuje się na poziomie 7 – 8 stopni. Najniższa średnia temperatura występuje
w Suwałkach – około 6 stopni. Najwyższa średnia temperatura występują na Dolnym Śląsku i u
podnóża Karpat - około 8 stopni . Opady deszczu zależą od położenia względem poziomu
morza, topografii terenu i odległości od dużych zbiorników wodnych. Średnia opadów w
Polsce wynosi ok. 600 mm. Najwyższe opady odnotowuje się w górach a największe pojawiają
się w lecie.
SW
Polen har ett tempererat klimat med påverkan av framförallt havsvatten och kontinenter, men
också andra faktorer som väderförhållanden, luftmassor och geografiskt läge.
Effekten av polära luftmassor och Isländska lågtryck är att somrarna blir molniga,regniga och
svala. Vintrarna har kall, frostig luft p.g.a. inflytande av den polära kontinentala luften medan
somrarna är varma. Tropisk kontinental massa gör sommaren het, men med stormar och ofta
milda vintrar. Arktisk massa sänker temperaturen på vintern och orsakar regn på våren.
I Polen blåser vindarna främst från västlig riktning. I norr kallas den lokala vinden havsbrisen.
Vinden i fjällen kallas Halny. Temperaturer är formade av geografiskt läge, topografi och
luftmassor. En medeltemperatur i Polen under året är 7 till 8 ˚ C. Den lägsta
medeltemperaturen inträffar i Suwalki, ca 6 ˚ C där vegetationen bara varar i 180 dagar. Den
högsta medeltemperaturen inträffar i låglandet Schlesien och Karpaterna Foothills - över 8 ˚ C
och odlingssäsongen varar cirka 220 dagar. Regn beror på höjden över havet, topografi av
jorden och dess avstånd från stora vattentankar. Den genomsnittliga mängden nederbörd i
Polen är ca 600 mm. Den högsta genomsnittliga nederbörden förekommer i bergen. Den största
regnmängden faller på sommaren.
TR
Polonya’da deniz ve kıtasal iklimin etkisi ile ılıman bir iklim vardır.Bu birçok faktöre-meteorolojik
koşullar ve coğrafi konuma bağlıdır. Tüm faktörler arasında en önemlisi denizler, okyanuslar ve
kıtaların etkisidir.Biz iklimi etkileyen hava kütlelerinin sayısını belirledik.
Bulutlu, serin ve yağışlı yazlar, kutup hava-deniz akımı ve İzlanda’nın düşük hava akımının
etkisidir. Kutup kıta ikliminin etkisi altında kışları ayaz, yazlar ise sıcaktır. Tropik kıta kütlesi kışı
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9. sıcak ama fırtınalı ve genellikle çözülür hale getirir. Kuzey kutup kitlesi, kış aylarında sıcaklığını
düşürür ve ilkbaharda yağmur neden olur.
Polonya'da, rüzgarlar genelde batı yönünden eser. Kuzeyde esen yerel rüzgar, deniz meltemi
olarak bilinir.Dağlarda esen rüzgara Halny denir. Sıcaklıklar, coğrafi konum, topografya ve hava
kütleleri ile şekillenir.
Polonya’da bir yıl boyunca ortalama sıcaklık 7-8 derece arasındadır. Sebzecilik periyodunun
sadece 180 gün olduğu Suwalki’de 6 derece olan sıcaklık ortalama en düşük sıcaklıktır. Büyüme
sürecinin yaklaşık 220 gün sürdüğü Lowland Silesia ve Carpathian Foothills bölgelerinde 8
derecenin üzerinde seyreden sıcaklık ile en yüksek sıcaklık yaşanmaktadır. Yağışlar kara ve deniz
seviyesine, topografya üzerinde yüksekliğe ve büyük su kaynaklarına olan mesafeye bağlı olarak
değişiklik gösterir. Polonya’da ortalama yağış miktarı 600 mm’dir. Ortalama olarak en yüksek
yağış dağlara düşmektedir. En fazla yağış yaz aylarında gerçekleşmektedir.
Geographical Features of
Turkey, Poland and Sweden
TURKEY
More than half of the land area is higher than 1000 meters and two thirds is higher than 800
meters as well. Mountain ranges extend in an east-west direction. They run parallel to the north
and south coasts. These are a principal factor in determining the ecological and geographical
conditions of the country. Nearly all Turkey's rivers have their sources within its borders and
flow into the sea, into neighboring countries or into some system of interior drainage.
Turkey is surrounded by sea on three sides; the Black Sea in the north, the Mediterranean in
the south and the Aegean Sea in the west. In the northwest there is also an important internal
sea; the Marmara Sea. With more than 300 natural and 130 artificial, Turkey is indeed a
country of lakes.While in coastal areas winters are mild and summers are moderately hot, the
inland areas experience extremes of temperature. The hot summers have high daytime
temperatures with generally cool nights and the cold winters have limited precipitation with
frost occurring on more than 100 days during the year.
TR
Türkiye’de arazinin yarısı 1000 metreden daha yüksek ve üçte ikisi de 800 metre üzerindedir.
Dağlar doğudan batıya uzanır. Kuzey ve güney kıyılarına paralel olarak uzanan dağlar ülkenin
ekolojik ve coğrafi koşullarını belirleyen ana faktördür. Neredeyse Türkiye’deki tüm nehirlerin
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10. kendi sınırları içinde kaynakları vardır ve bazıları denize dökülür, bazıları komşu ülkelere
ulaşırken, bazıları iç drenaj sistemine sahiptir.
Türkiye’nin üç tarafı denizlerle kaplıdır; kuzeyde Karadeniz, güneyde Akdeniz, batıda Ege denizi.
Ayrıca kuzey batıda Marmara Denizi olarak adlandırılan bir iç denize sahiptir. Türkiye sayısı
300’ü aşan doğal ve 130 yapay olmak üzere coğrafik özelliklerinde barındırdığı gölleri ile de bir
göller ülkesidir. Kıyı bölgelerde kışlar ılık yazlar oldukça sıcak iken, iç kesimlerde yüksek
sıcaklıklar yaşayabilirsiniz. Sıcak yaz günlerinde geceleri serin olurken, gündüz yüksek sıcaklıklar
yaşanır. Soğuk kış günlerinde ise yılda 100 günden fazla yaşanan kar yağışı ile don meydana
gelmektedir.
PL
Ponad połowa powierzchni Turcji znajduje się na poziomie wyższym niż 1000 metrów, a dwie
trzecie na poziomie wyższym niż 800 metrów. Pasma górskie rozciągają się w kierunku wschód-
zachód. Rozciągają się równolegle z północy i południowego wybrzeża. Są one głównym
czynnikiem determinującym warunki ekologiczne i geograficzne kraju. Prawie wszystkie rzeki w
Turcji mają swoje źródła w jej granicach i dopływ do morza.
Turcję otaczają trzy morza: Morze Czarne od północy, Morze Śródziemne od południa i Morze
Egejskie od zachodu. W zachodnio- północnej części znajduje się również Morze Marmara. Jest
to również kraj jezior, zarówno sztucznych jak i naturalnych. W obszarze wybrzeży zimy są
łagodne a lata gorące, natomiast w centrum gorące letnie dni zmieniają się w zimne noce, a
zimy obfitują w opady oraz mróz utrzymujący się przez około 100 dni w roku.
SW
Mer än hälften av landarealen är högre än 1000 meter och två tredjedelar är högre än 800
meter. Bergskedjor sträcker sig i öst-västlig riktning. De ligger parallellt med norra och södra
kuster. Detta är den viktigaste faktorn för att fastställa ekologiska och geografiska
förutsättningar i landet. Nästan alla Turkiets floder har sina källor inom sina gränser och rinner
ut i havet, till grannländerna eller till något system av dränering.
Turkiet är omgivet av havet på tre sidor, Svarta havet i norr, Medelhavet i söder och Egeiska
havet i väster. I nordväst finns också ett viktigt innanhav, Marmarasjön. Med mer än 300
naturliga och 130 konstgjorda sjöar, är Turkiet verkligen sjöarnas land. I kustområden är
vintrarna milda och somrarna måttligt varma, de inre områdena har extrema
temperaturerskillnader. De varma somrarna har höga dagstemperaturer med allmänt kalla
10

11. nätter. Vintrarna är kalla och har begränsad nederbörd men frost förekommer mer än 100
dagar under året.
SWEDEN
Sweden was formed as part of the Scandinavian mountain chain about 400 million years ago
and is located in Northern Europe. Sweden is 1570 km long and is Europe’s fifth largest country
with an area of 450 000 km². In Sweden there are 96000 lakes and the country has a 2700 km
long coastline. Along the coast there are large collections of islands and archipelagos. Sweden
has been shaped by ice sheets and 20 000 years ago the land was completely covered by
2000m thick ice sheet. Sweden is in the conifer belt and ¾ is covered by forests. In the south
there are large agricultural areas and the north west of the country consists of mountains. Since
Sweden is a very long country the climate differs a lot between the northern and the southern
part, cold in the north and milder in the south. Sweden’s ten rivers flow from the mountains
into the Baltic Sea. Annual precipitation is on average 700 mm. Although Sweden is so far north,
the upper part of the country lies north of the Arctic Circle, the country is relatively warm. The
Gulf Stream warms up the country. The majority of the population 9.4 million people live in the
southern part of the country. Population density is low, 21 inhabitants per km². Stockholm,
Sweden’s capital has one million inhabitants.
SW
Sveriges bildades som en del av den Skandinaviska bergskedjan för ca 400 miljoner år sedan
och ligger i norra Europa. Sverige är 157 mil långt och Europas femte största land med en yta
på 450 000 km2. I Sverige finns det 96 000 sjöar och landet har en 270 mil lång kustlinje.
Utmed kusterna finns på flera ställen stora samlingar av öar, skärgårdar. Sverige har formats av
inlandsisar och för 20 000 år sedan var landet helt täckt av en 2000 m tjock inlandsis. Sverige
ligger i barrskogsbältet och 3/4 är täckt av skog. I söder finns stora jordbruksområden och den
nordvästra delen av landet består av fjäll. Eftersom Sverige är så långt i nord-sydlig riktning är
det stora skillnader på klimatet, kallt i norr och mildare i söder. Sveriges tio floder rinner från
fjällen ut i Östersjön. Årsnederbörden är i genomsnitt 700 mm. Trots att Sverige ligger så långt
norrut, översta delen av landet ligger norr om polcirkeln, är landet relativt varmt. Golfströmmen
värmer upp landet. Huvuddelen av befolkningen på 9,4 miljoner människor bor i landets södra
tredjedel. Befolkningstätheten är låg, 21 invånare per km2. Stockholm, Sveriges huvudstad, har
en miljon invånare.
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12. PL
Szwecja została utworzona jako część skandynawskiego łańcucha górskiego 400 milionów lat
temu i znajduje się w północnej Europie. Szwecja ma 1570 km długości i jest piątym co do
wielkości w Europie krajem o powierzchni 450 000 km ². W Szwecji znajduje się 96000 jezior a
linia brzegowa kraju wynosi 2700 km. Wzdłuż wybrzeża znajdują się duże skupiska wysp i
archipelagów. Szwecja została ukształtowana przez lodowce 20 000 lat temu. ¾ powierzchni
zajmują lasy. Na południu znajdują się duże obszary rolnicze, a północno-zachodnia część kraju
to góry. Ponieważ Szwecja jest bardzo długa, klimat różni się znacznie między północną i
południową częścią, na północy jest bardzo zimno a cieplej na południu. Roczne opady wynoszą
średnio 700 mm. Większość populacji 9,4 milionów ludzi żyje w południowej części kraju.
Gęstość zaludnienia jest niska - 21 osób na km ². Sztokholm, stolica Szwecji ma milion
mieszkańców.
TR
Yaklaşık 400 milyon yıl önce İskandinav dağ zincirinin bir parçası olarak kurulan İsveç, Kuzey
Avrupa'da yer alır. İsveç, 1570 km uzunluğunda ve 450 000 km² alanı ile Avrupa'nın en büyük
beşinci ülkesidir. İsveç'te 96 000 göl yer alır ve ülke 2700 km uzunluğunda bir sahil şeridine
sahiptir. Kıyılarında geniş ada ve takımadalar bütünü yer alır. İsveç’i buz tabakaları
şekillendirmiştir. Bundan 20 000 yıl önce arazi tamamen 2000m kalın buz tabakası ile kaplıydı.
İsveç kozalaklı bitkilerin yer aldığı bir bölgedir ve ¾’ü ormanlarla kaplıdır. Ülkenin güneyinde
geniş tarım alanları ve kuzey batısında dağlar yer alır. İsveç çok uzun bir ülke olduğu için iklim
kuzey ve güney kesiminde büyük farklılık gösterir; kuzey kesimi soğuk, güney kesimi ise daha
yumuşaktır. İsveç’te yer alan 10 nehir, dağlardan Baltık Denizi'ne akar. Yıllık yağış ortalaması
700 mm üzerindedir. İsveç kuzeye yakın olmasına rağmen, ülkenin üst kısmı kuzey kutup
dairesinde kalır, ülke nispeten sıcaktır. Körfez akıntısı ülkeyi ısıtır. Nüfusun çoğunluğu, 9.4
milyon insan, ülkenin güney kesiminde yaşar. Nüfus yoğunluğu düşüktür; km² başına 21 kişidir.
İsveç’in başkenti Stockholm’de bir milyon kişi yaşar.
POLAND
Poland is situated in Central Europe between Baltic Sea in the north and Karpaty and Sudety
mountains in the south, in the basin of two rivers- Vistula and Odra. The total area of the
country is 322 575 km². The geographic regions go from the lowland areas in the North and
central Poland, to the hills and mountains in the South. Shaping of the surface in our country
from North to South shows variability, the sculpture of Poland is very diverse. The area of
12

13. mountains and highlands have been destroyed in previous centuries, then have been shaped
again into rejuvenated structures. In the south of Poland there are the Tatras - beautiful
mountains range between the Alps and the Caucasus. A relatively small area gives a display of
various forms of nature. The peaks in High Tatras soar up to 2700m above the sea level. The
most beautiful mountain lake is Morskie Oko (Sea Eye). It is imposing because of its size and
magnificent surroundings. A number of caves and grottoes are other Tatras attractions – a
fabulous and colourful underground world. The wild, primeval character of the Tatras has been
preserved; the mountains are still habitat for many species of fauna and flora. You can meet a
bear, a lynx, a whistler or a wild goat, a symbol of the Tatra Mountains as well as alpine trees,
plants and flowers. In central and northern Poland after the ice sheet had been melted dunes,
coastal lakes and deltas have been formed. The lowest point in Poland is Raczki Elblag-1.8
below sea level.
PL
Polska położona jest w centrum Europy pomiędzy Morzem Bałtyckim na północy a Karpatami i
Sudetami na południu ,w dorzeczu dwóch rzek – Wisły i Odry. Całkowita powierzchnia Polski to
322 575 km². Powierzchnia Polski jest bardzo zróżnicowana- od nizin na północy i centrum po
wyżyny i góry na południu. Na południu Polski znajdują się Tatry- piękne pasmo gór pomiędzy
Alpami i Kaukazem. Względnie niewielki obszar zawiera zróżnicowane formy natury. Szczyty w
Wysokich Tatrach sięgają do 2700 metrów nad poziomem morza. Najpiękniejsze górskie
jezioro to Morskie Oko. Jest ono imponujące nie tylko ze względu na rozmiar ale i otoczenie.
Kolejną atrakcją Tatr są jaskinie i groty- bajeczny podziemny świat. Pierwotny, dziki charakter
Tatr został zachowany – góry są wciąż siedliskiem dla wielu gatunków fauny i flory. Można tam
spotkać niedźwiedzia, rysia, świstaka jak również drzewa, kwiaty rośliny, które nie występują
nigdzie indziej. Najniższe miejsce w Polsce znajduje się w Raczkach- 1.8 m poniżej poziomu
morza.
SW
Polen är beläget i centrala Europa mellan Östersjön i norr och Karpaty och Sudety bergen i
söder, i sjön mellan två floder, Vistula och Odra. Den totala ytan av landet är 322 575 km ². De
geografiska regionerna går från låglänta områden i norra och centrala Polen, till kullar och berg
i söder. Landets topografi visar stor variation i landet från norr till söder. Berg och högland har
förstörts under tidigare århundraden, men har sedan formats igen i föryngrade strukturer. I
13

14. södra Polen finns Tatrabergen – de vackra bergen ligger mellan Alperna och Kaukasus. På en
relativt liten yta visar naturen olika former. Topparna i Tatrabergen stiger upp till 2700m över
havet. Den vackraste fjällsjön är Morskie Oko (Sea Eye). Området är imponerande på grund av
sin storlek och praktfulla omgivning. Grottor är en annan av Tatras attraktioner - en fantastisk
och färgstark underjordisk värld. Den vilda, urtida karaktär hos Tatrabergen har bevarats,
bergen är fortfarande livsmiljö för många arter av djur och växter. Du kan möta en björn, ett
lodjur, en whistler eller en vild get, en symbol över Tatrabergen, samt alpina träd, växter och
blommor. I mellersta och norra Polen har sanddyner, kustnära sjöar och deltan bildats efter att
inlandsisen har smält. Den lägsta punkten i Polen är Raczki Elblag - 1.8 under havsytan.
TR
Polonya Orta Avrupa’da, kuzeyde Baltık Denizi güneyde Karpaty ve Sedety dağlarının arasında,
iki nehir-Vistula ve Odra havzasında yer alır. Ülkenin toplam yüzölçümü 322 575 km²’dir. Coğrafi
bölgeleri Kuzey ve Orta Polonya’daki alçak arazilerden Güney’deki tepe ve dağlara doğru
uzanır. Ülkedeki yeryüzü şekilleri çok çeşitlidir ve Kuzey'den Güney'e değişkenlik gösterir.
Dağlar ve dağlık alanlar önceki yüzyıllarda oldukça tahrip edilmiştir; ancak daha sonra
gençleşmiş yapılarla yeniden şekillenmiştir. Polonya'nın güneyinde Tatras - Alpler ve Kafkasya
arasında sıralanan güzel dağlar - vardır. Nispeten küçük bir alandaki doğası değişik şekillerde
güzel görüntüler verir. Yüksek Tatras zirveleri deniz seviyesinden 2700m’ye kadar uzanır. En
güzel dağ gölü Morskie Oko (Deniz Göz) 'dur. Büyüklüğü ve muhteşem çevresi nedeniyle
oldukça etkileyicidir. Bir dizi doğal mağara ve yer altı mağaraları muhteşem ve rengârenk
dünyasıyla Tatras’ın diğer çekici yerlerinden biridir. Tatras’ın vahşi, ilkel niteliği muhafaza
edilmiştir; dağlar hala pek çok çeşit fauna ve floranın yaşam alanıdır. Alpin ağaçlar, bitkiler ve
çiçeklerin yanı sıra bir ayı, vaşak ya da bir yaban keçisi ki Tatra Dağları'nın sembolüdür, ile
karşılaşabilirsiniz. Orta ve Kuzey Polonya'da buz kumulları eridikten sonra kıyı gölleri ve deltalar
oluşmuştur. Polonya'nın en alçak noktası Raczki Elblag’dır - deniz seviyesinin 1,8 altındadır.
14

15. NATURE
How to Survive in Nature
An understanding of the basic concepts of how to survive in the nature is important if you
ever find yourself in an emergency situation in the wilderness.
To learn how to survive in the nature, it is necessary to develop certain skills.
Building a shelter is the first skill. In cold areas you can dig the snow and make a big hole.
It will protects you from cold. Another way to build shelter is that;You can tie a few sticks
together and make the frame of the shelter.Then, make the frame of roof with stciks. Finally
cover the roof with leaves.
Making fire is the second skill. Always carry with you a waterproof matchers, a butane
lighter, a magnetic set for lighting fires.
Third skill is to find water and food.You can find water from rivers, small ponds, in the holes
or rocks, rain drops, snow, leaves. You can find food from; fishing, hunting insects, digging for
useful roots of plants, picking up fruits.
Signaling for help is another important skill. If you ever find yourself lost, signaling for
rescue is an option you should consider. SOS (Save Our Souls) is the best known international
distress signal. When signaling for help, the most noticeable signal is your fire. It is easily seen
at night. During the day, the smoke from your fire can be seen for many miles. On a sunny day,
a mirror can be a good signaling device. Any shiny object will serve as a signal.
It's essential that you have some basic principles of wilderness first aid and know how to
apply them, even under stress. First, remember to be calm! In the cut and bleeding stuations
try to control bleeding by placing a bandage or pressing firmly with the palm of your hand. If
the bone isn’t broken, lift the wounded limb higher than the victim’s heart. Splint the limb as it
lies.If you move it, it may worsen the situation.Place two splints on each side of the limb. You
can use sticks, newspaper or cardboard.Use bandages or cloth. Tie the splint in several
places;so the limb can not move.
We recommend you practice these skills, because just reading is not enough. When going into
the wilderness, it is your responsibility to have the proper knowledge and skills.
15

16. FOOD & NATURE
EDIBLE PLANTS IN SWEDEN
Spruce shoot ( Norway Spruce) The new shoots are best, they can be eaten immediately or
cooked, but also older shoots can be eaten after boiling.
Pine needles (Scots Pine) Pine needles are boiled and includes much vitamin C.
Polypody It is the root of the Polypody that are edible, both fresh but even better cooked, then it
is a bit bitter in taste. It tastes a little licorice.
Bulrush The root is edible, but you should boil it because bulrush mainly grows in nutrient-rich
rivers and lakes.
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17. Dandelion (Common Dandelion) The leaves of the dandelion is eaten as a salad, root can
be eaten if it’s boiled.
Birch Birch sap is sweet and nutritious, you take away a bit of the birch bark and make a hole
into the tree. Even the leaves on the birch is edible, they can be eaten fresh or cooked.
Cowberry The fruit is edible, tasty and nutritious. Bilberry fruit is edible, tasty and nutritious.
including iron-rich.
Raspberry and Blackberry: The berries are edible, tasty and nutritious.
Rosehip fruit is nutritious (vitamin C) and can be eaten immediately or cooked.
Hairy Burdock The root system is edible, but should be boiled first.
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18. Beard lichen Can be eaten immediately or cooked.
Nettle
The leafs from the Nettles can be eaten immediately or cooked.
EDIBLE PLANTS IN TURKEY
Acacia (Akasya)
Acacia is a spreading, usually short tree with spines and
alternate compound leaves.
Its young leaves, flowers, and pods are edible raw or cooked.
Almond (Badem)
The almond tree, which sometimes grows to 12.2 meters, looks like a
peach tree. The fresh almond fruit resembles a gnarled, unripe peach
and grows in clusters. The stone (the almond itself) is covered with a
thick, dry, woolly skin.
Banana (Muz)
These are treelike plants with several large leaves at the top. Their
flowers are borne in dense hanging clusters. Their fruits are edible raw
or cooked. They may be boiled or baked. You can boil their flowers and
eat them like a vegetable.
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19. Chesnut (Kestane)
Chestnuts are highly useful as survival food. Ripe nuts are
usually picked in autumn, although unripe nuts picked
while green may also be used for food. Perhaps the easiest
way to prepare them is to roast the ripe nuts in embers.
Hazelnut (Fındık)
Hazelnuts ripen in the autumn when you can crack them
open and eat the kernel. The dried nut is extremely
delicious. The nut's high oil content makes it a good survival
food. In the unripe stage, you can crack them open and eat
the fresh kernel.
Oaktree (Meşeağacı)
All parts are edible, but often contain large quantities of bitter
substances. White oak acorns usually have a better flavor than
red oak acorns. Gather and shell the acorns. Soak red oak
acorns in water for 1 to 2 days to remove the bitter substance.
You can speed up this process by putting wood ashes in the
water in which you soak the acorns. Boil the acorns or grind
them into flour and use the flour for baking. You can use acorns
that you baked until very dark as a coffee substitute.
EDIBLE PLANTS IN POLAND
Vulgare strawberry Fragaria vesca (Poziomka pospolita) :
Strawberry is a plant with the height of 5-15cm.Fruit can be processed
into jams, marmalades, juices and syrups.
Tea leaves can be harvested throughout the year, but the best are in
the autumn, when are reddish.
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20. White Clover Trifolium repens (kończyna biała)
White clover is a perennial plant of 15-45 cm.
Clover blossoms can be used for a refreshing cup of tea or
cooked like spinach. You can also add to cakes as filling.
Fragrant violet (fiołek).
It is a perennial with a short, creeping rhizome of runners.
It reaches the height of 5-10 cm. Edible young leaves are
harvested in March-April. They can be cooked or eaten raw.
The leaves are added to herbal soups and omlettes along with
other herbs.
Chicory Cichorium intybus (cykoria) :
Chicory is a perennial height of 30-150 cm.
Chicory root is very rich in nutrients - starch and insulin.
The best are the roots of young plants.
They can be cut, roasted and burned as excellent (bitter)
incorporated into the coffee.
Nettle Urtica dioica (pokrzywa zwyczajna) :
Nettle is a durable plant with the height of 40-100cm.
Creeping.
In early spring you can gather it to eat the young shoots
(about 15cm).
20

21. Cress meadow Cardamine pratensis (rzeżucha łąkowa) :
Cress is a perennial plant of 20-60cm. It is best to eat cress
(whole stems) chopped finely with butter on bread, It can be
added to the homogenized cheese and curd. You can sprinkle
it noodles, meat or add it into soups and sauces.
Elderberry Sambucus nigra (czrany bez) :
Elderberry, wild lilac also called as a shrub. Fruits are not suitable
for direct consumption, but you can do juice, marmalade, jam, jelly
and soup with them. Unripe fruits and other parts of the plant are
poisonous. The juice is a popular means of sweating and antitussive.
MARSH PURGATORY Stachys palustris (czyściec błotny).
Purgatory is a marsh plant durable, almost without smelling. It can
be eaten prepared like potatoes or asparagus – it is very tasty and
nutritious. They can also be eaten raw or dried. In the spring after
cooking, you can also eat young shoots.
21

22. How to Protect Ourselves in Nature
POISONOUS PLANTS
22

23. 23

24. WILD ANIMALS
24

25. 25

26. 26

27. 27

28. Let’s Prepare a Survival-Kit
A "survival kit" should really be adapted to the terrain and the climate
expected to stay in, but some things are useful almost anywhere. The things
that I choose to have with the description (survival-box) are suitable for
Swedish conditions but should be useful both in Poland and in Turkey. Note
that I do not have a knife in the survival-box, you should always wear a good
knife, and the knife is an obvious part of the survival equipment
Survival box (one part of the total survival kit)
I recommend a tin box with the approximate
dimensions of 12 * 8 * 4 cm, it will fit in a pocket
(the maximum size is 15 * 10 * 5 cm). It is better
to have a box of sheet metal because then you
can also use it as a small pan, but also as a
digging tool.
My "survival box" includes:
• Matches in a moisture-proof protection
• Fish-hooks, floats and fishing line
• Thin wire on a reel
• Needle and thread (strong thread), even safety pins
• Freezer bags, 5-7 l of water and food storage as well as moisture
protection
for your shoes
• Nails (5-inch nails; to produce weapons, traps, or "holes")
• A little soap (to keep clean is important, both to disease and the bacteria)
Other things that are good to have with them, except for the survival box,
in a "Survival Kit" are:
 Compass  A small hatchet
 Flashlight  A hat
 Multitool  First aid support
 Grinding stone for the  Elastic tie
knife
28

29. Matches should be kept completely dry. Matches in a waterproof film canister.
Fishing equipment: fishing line, fishing Thin wire on a reel, to build shelters,
hooks, leads, wine cork as a float, etc. repair or manufacture founder.
Needles, strong thread and safety pins. Freezer bags (5-7 l) to carry and
store water and gathered food or as
a shoe covers.
29

30. Nails, 5 inches, can be used for making Soap: It is always important to stay clean
"holes" but also in traps or hunting gear. to reduce the risk of infection and disease.
A good knife and a grindstone to keep A good multi-tool has many good
functions. tools and hunting tools sharp and crisp.
The above items are examples of good content in a survival box. Three
other things that one should always have with them is a first aid kit, an
elastic tie and a compass.
30